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Prabhu C P K, Nemakal M, Managa M, Nyokong T, Koodlur Sannegowda L. Symmetrically Substituted Zn and Al Phthalocyanines and Polymers for Photodynamic Therapy Application. Front Chem 2021; 9:647331. [PMID: 34249856 PMCID: PMC8263923 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.647331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N4 macrocyclic complexes of Al and Zn phthalocyanines with symmetrical imine and imidazole moiety at the periphery were synthesized. The synthesized ligands, complexes, and polymers were purified and characterized to study the structure of the molecule. These synthesized complexes were used for photodynamic therapy application as the diamagnetic Zn and Al have the ability to produce and stabilize singlet oxygen species. The synthesized N4 molecules of aluminum iminomethoxy phenyl phthalocyanine and aluminum ethyl phenyl benzimidazolephthalocyanine showed better activity against MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that this assay may be used as an early biomarker of clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshavananda Prabhu C P
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari, India
| | - Manjunatha Nemakal
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari, India
| | - Muthumuni Managa
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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2
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Dias LM, Sharifi F, de Keijzer MJ, Mesquita B, Desclos E, Kochan JA, de Klerk DJ, Ernst D, de Haan LR, Franchi LP, van Wijk AC, Scutigliani EM, Cavaco JEB, Tedesco AC, Huang X, Pan W, Ding B, Krawczyk PM, Heger M. Attritional evaluation of lipophilic and hydrophilic metallated phthalocyanines for oncological photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 216:112146. [PMID: 33601256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Oncological photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on photosensitizers (PSs) to photo-oxidatively destroy tumor cells. Currently approved PSs yield satisfactory results in superficial and easy-to-access tumors but are less suited for solid cancers in internal organs such as the biliary system and the pancreas. For these malignancies, second-generation PSs such as metallated phthalocyanines are more appropriate. Presently it is not known which of the commonly employed metallated phtahlocyanines, namely aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPC) and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPC) as well as their tetrasulfonated derivatives AlPCS4 and ZnPCS4, is most cytotoxic to tumor cells. This study therefore employed an attritional approach to ascertain the best metallated phthalocyanine for oncological PDT in a head-to-head comparative analysis and standardized experimental design. METHODS ZnPC and AlPC were encapsulated in PEGylated liposomes. Analyses were performed in cultured A431 cells as a template for tumor cells with a dysfunctional P53 tumor suppressor gene and EGFR overexpression. First, dark toxicity was assessed as a function of PS concentration using the WST-1 and sulforhodamine B assay. Second, time-dependent uptake and intracellular distribution were determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, respectively, using the intrinsic fluorescence of the PSs. Third, the LC50 values were established for each PS at 671 nm and a radiant exposure of 15 J/cm2 following 1-h PS exposure. Finally, the mode of cell death as a function of post-PDT time and cell cycle arrest at 24 h after PDT were analyzed. RESULTS In the absence of illumination, AlPC and ZnPC were not toxic to cells up to a 1.5-μM PS concentration and exposure for up to 72 h. Dark toxicity was noted for AlPCS4 at 5 μM and ZnPCS4 at 2.5 μM. Uptake of all PSs was observed as early as 1 min after PS addition to cells and increased in amplitude during a 2-h incubation period. After 60 min, the entire non-nuclear space of the cell was photosensitized, with PS accumulation in multiple subcellular structures, especially in case of AlPC and AlPCS4. PDT of cells photosensitized with ZnPC, AlPC, and AlPCS4 yielded LC50 values of 0.13 μM, 0.04 μM, and 0.81 μM, respectively, 24 h post-PDT (based on sulforhodamine B assay). ZnPCS4 did not induce notable phototoxicity, which was echoed in the mode of cell death and cell cycle arrest data. At 4 h post-PDT, the mode of cell death comprised mainly apoptosis for ZnPC and AlPC, the extent of which was gradually exacerbated in AlPC-photosensitized cells during 8 h. ZnPC-treated cells seemed to recover at 8 h post-PDT compared to 4 h post-PDT, which had been observed before in another cell line. AlPCS4 induced considerable necrosis in addition to apoptosis, whereby most of the cell death had already manifested at 2 h after PDT. During the course of 8 h, necrotic cell death transitioned into mainly late apoptotic cell death. Cell death signaling coincided with a reduction in cells in the G0/G1 phase (ZnPC, AlPC, AlPCS4) and cell cycle arrest in the S-phase (ZnPC, AlPC, AlPCS4) and G2 phase (ZnPC and AlPC). Cell cycle arrest was most profound in cells that had been photosensitized with AlPC and subjected to PDT. CONCLUSIONS Liposomal AlPC is the most potent PS for oncological PDT, whereas ZnPCS4 was photodynamically inert in A431 cells. AlPC did not induce dark toxicity at PS concentrations of up to 1.5 μM, i.e., > 37 times the LC50 value, which is favorable in terms of clinical phototoxicity issues. AlPC photosensitized multiple intracellular loci, which was associated with extensive, irreversible cell death signaling that is expected to benefit treatment efficacy and possibly immunological long-term tumor control, granted that sufficient AlPC will reach the tumor in vivo. Given the differential pharmacokinetics, intracellular distribution, and cell death dynamics, liposomal AlPC may be combined with AlPCS4 in a PS cocktail to further improve PDT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Mendes Dias
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China; CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Farangis Sharifi
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J de Keijzer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Mesquita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Desclos
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jakub A Kochan
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J de Klerk
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Daniël Ernst
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Lianne R de Haan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Leonardo P Franchi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) 2, Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albert C van Wijk
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enzo M Scutigliani
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - José E B Cavaco
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Antonio C Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Weiwei Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, PR China
| | - Baoyue Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Przemek M Krawczyk
- Department of Medical Biology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Martinez De Pinillos Bayona A, Mroz P, Thunshelle C, Hamblin MR. Design features for optimization of tetrapyrrole macrocycles as antimicrobial and anticancer photosensitizers. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:192-206. [PMID: 28205400 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) and harmless visible light that combine to form highly toxic reactive oxygen species that kill cells. Originally, a cancer therapy, PDT, now includes applications for infections. The most widely studied PS are tetrapyrrole macrocycles including porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, and phthalocyanines. The present review covers the design features in PS that can work together to maximize the PDT activity for various disease targets. Photophysical and photochemical properties include the wavelength and size of the long-wavelength absorption peak (for good light penetration into tissue), the triplet quantum yield and lifetime, and the propensity to undergo type I (electron transfer) or type II (energy transfer) photochemical mechanisms. The central metal in the tetrapyrrole macrocycle has a strong influence on the PDT activity. Hydrophobicity and charge are important factors that govern interactions with various types of cells (cancer and microbial) in vitro and the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in vivo. Hydrophobic structures tend to be water insoluble and require a drug delivery vehicle for maximal activity. Molecular asymmetry and amphiphilicity are also important for high activity. In vivo some structures possess the ability to selectively accumulate in tumors and to localize in the tumor microvasculature producing vascular shutdown after illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Martinez De Pinillos Bayona
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pawel Mroz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Connor Thunshelle
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Synthesis of highly water-soluble trisulfonated phthalocyanine with single carboxylic acid via palladium-catalyzed cyanation reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Distribution and retention of rose bengal and disulphonated aluminium phthalocyanine: a comparative study in unicellular eukaryote. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 16:319-30. [PMID: 23628090 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(92)80019-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/1992] [Accepted: 04/29/1992] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced video-fluorescence microscopy and microspectrofluorometry were used to characterize the internalization, distribution and retention of two photosensitizers, rose bengal--a xanthene dye--and disulphonated aluminium phthalocyanine in eukaryote Paramecium aurelia. Rose bengal, because of its anionic nature, cannot diffuse across the cell membrane and accumulates there preferentially. In a drug-free medium the membrane fluorescence disappears after a few minutes. Complexation of rose bengal with low density lipoproteins gives rise to a different fluorescence pattern, where, in addition to membrane localization and diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence, highly fluorescent endosomes are observed, which persisted for at least 1 h after drug treatment. Disulphonated aluminium phthalocyanine, on the contrary, seems to be directly internalized through an endocytotic process leading to the appearance of fluorescent endosomes, exhibiting a long persistence, together with cytoplasmic diffuse fluorescence. The presence of low density lipoproteins does not modify the internalization of the drug significantly, because of the very low yield of the complexation reaction. The potential of rose bengal as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy is discussed.
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Ranyuk E, Lebel R, Bérubé-Lauzière Y, Klarskov K, Lecomte R, van Lier JE, Guérin B. 68Ga/DOTA- and 64Cu/NOTA-Phthalocyanine Conjugates as Fluorescent/PET Bimodal Imaging Probes. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1624-33. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400257u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yves Bérubé-Lauzière
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
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Jiang Z, Chen M, Hu Y, Wang J, Chen G. Investigation on1O2generation ability of di-sulfonic phthalocyanine zinc isomers using an HPLC-CL system. LUMINESCENCE 2013; 28:922-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Meili Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Yanli Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Jian Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Guonan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
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PEEVA M, SHOPOVA M, MICHELSEN U, WÖHRLE D, PETROV G, DIDDENS H. In vitro and in vivo studies of new cationic Zn(II)-benzonaphthoporphyrazines as photosensitizers for PDT. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jpp.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Four recently synthesized cationic zinc(II)-benzonaphthaporphyrazines 1–4 were studied in vitro and in vivo for their photodynamic therapy (PDT) effectivity. The photophysical measurements showed that in solution and in Cremophor micelles all examined compounds exhibit very high absorption intensity in the spectral range between 680 to 750 nm. The fluorescence emission for 3 and 4 was very well expressed in different media, as well as in cell culture. The dark toxicity examinations on invasive human bladder carcinoma cell line EJ did not show any traces of toxicity. The investigations connected with the detection of their phototoxic capacity on the same cell line demonstrated very promising results especially with photosensitizers 3 and 4. The in vivo studies with these two compounds demonstrating high cell-phototoxic effect were carried out against Lewis lung carcinoma in mice after incorporation in Cremophor micelles. The excitation was done at the respective maximum absorption wavelength for each of the sensitizers at a fluence rate of 380 mW cm-2 and a fluence of 360 J cm-2. The phototherapeutic effect was evaluated through macroscopic observations (tumour growth delay) and by electron microscopy detection. According to these approaches the best effect (including tumour destroyment) was detected after PDT treatment with the cationic tribenzonaphthoporphyrazinato-zinc(II) 3. Typical features of random, but not of programmed, cell death necrosis were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. PEEVA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M. SHOPOVA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - U. MICHELSEN
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - D. WÖHRLE
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - G. PETROV
- Department of Physics, University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - H. DIDDENS
- Medical Laser Center GmbH, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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EDREI R, GOTTFRIED V, VAN LIER JE, KIMEL S. Sulfonated Phthalocyanines: Photophysical Properties, in vitro Cell Uptake and Structure-activity Relationships. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1409(199805/06)2:3<191::aid-jpp65>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium phthalocyanines sulfonated to a different degree ( AlPcS n) and consisting of various isomeric species were studied by spectroscopic techniques to determine their tendencies to form dimers and aggregates. These characteristics were compared with the cell-penetrating properties of the species, using the Ehrlich ascites mouse tumor cell line, to arrive at structure-activity relationships. AlPcS n preparations consisting of the least number of isomeric species exhibited the highest tendency to form dimers and aggregates, whereas the more complex preparations, consisting of many isomeric products, showed more consistent monomeric features in aqueous environments. Uptake in cells was shown to correlate well with the overall hydrophobicity of the preparation and inversely with its degree of aggregation in the extracellular environment. Among the purified, single isomeric AlPcS n the amphiphilic disulfonated AlPcS 2a , enriched in positional isomers featuring sulfonate groups on adjacent phthalic subunits, showed the best membrane-penetrating properties. Even higher cell uptake was observed for the AlPcS 2mix reflecting a combination of optimal lipophilicity and a low degree of aggregation. Similarly, in the case of AlPcS 4, the pure isomeric compound showed less cell uptake than the mixed isomeric preparation of similar hydrophobicity, reflecting the higher degree of aggregation invoked by its symmetrical structure. Our data indicate that mixed sulfonated phthalocyanine preparations may exert higher photodynamic efficacy in biological applications as compared to the pure isomeric constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. EDREI
- Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - V. GOTTFRIED
- Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - J. E. VAN LIER
- MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - S. KIMEL
- Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Sharman WM, van Lier JE. A new procedure for the synthesis of water-soluble tri-cationic and -anionic phthalocyanines. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of water-soluble tri-anionic and -cationic substituted phthalocyanines has been synthesized via iodinated boron subphthalocyanines. The latter were opened with differently substituted diiminoisoindolines via the Kobayashi ring expansion reaction followed by metal insertion to exclusively yield the asymmetrically 3:1 substituted iodinated zinc phthalocyanines. These iodinated phthalocyanines readily underwent palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions with terminal alkynes such as 5-hexynoic acid and 10-undecynoic acid to give anionic phthalocyanines, or with 2-ethynylpyridine and 3-ethynylpyridine followed by N -methylation to give cationic phthalocyanines. These novel asymmetrically substituted charged phthalocyanines could have interesting properties as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M. Sharman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Johan E. van Lier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Jiang Z, He W, Yao H, Wang J, Chen N, Huang J. Isomeric separation and identification of tetra-, tri-, and di-β-sulphonic phthalocyanine zinc complexes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611003069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, isomeric separation, and identification of β-sulphonic phthalocyanine zinc complexes were reported. While the sulphonic phthalocyanines have been studied extensively, the development of separation technology may enable deeper insights into their isomeric constitution. An ion-pair reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (IP-RP-HPLC) method was developed to separate the sulphonic phthalocyanine isomers. The results showed that the product of the condensation reaction is a mixture of all possible isomers with statistical distribution. Several isomers were obtained and structural determination was undertaken by NMR. Based on the IP-RP-HPLC elution sequence of these well-identified isomers, a relationship between the structure and efficiency was deduced: closely spaced intervals of sulphonic groups lead to higher hydrophobicity and shorter retention times on HPLC. Based on this relationship, each HPLC peak was assigned to the corresponding isomeric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jiang
- Institute of Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Wenyi He
- Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking 100050, P.R. China
| | - Huisheng Yao
- Institute of Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Naisheng Chen
- Institute of Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Institute of Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
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Lemay R, Tremblay-Morin JP, Ali H, Hunting D, van Lier JE, Paquette B. Synthesis and radiosensitizing properties of brominated tetrapyridine porphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brominated derivatives of tetrapyridinium copper porphyrin were prepared via bromination of the β-positions (pyrrole rings) and/or the peripheral alkyl side-chains attached to the pyridine moieties. The radiosensitizing properties of these new cationic, brominated porphyrins were tested on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in vitro using a 60 Co source or an X-ray irradiator. The non-brominated porphyrin and the porphyrin containing bromines at β-positions only were devoid of any radiosensitizing activity. However, a pronounced radiosensitizing effect was observed with the porphyrin containing bromo atoms at both β-positions and the peripheral side-chains. A similar radiosensitizing effect was detected for different radiation energies, suggesting that high energy photons could be used to treat tumors in conjunction with this novel brominated, porphyrin-based radiosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Lemay
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Tremblay-Morin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Hasrat Ali
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Darel Hunting
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Johan E. van Lier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Benoit Paquette
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Sekkat N, van den Bergh H, Nyokong T, Lange N. Like a bolt from the blue: phthalocyanines in biomedical optics. Molecules 2011; 17:98-144. [PMID: 22198535 PMCID: PMC6269082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to compile preclinical and clinical results on phthalocyanines (Pcs) as photosensitizers (PS) for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and contrast agents for fluorescence imaging. Indeed, Pcs are excellent candidates in these fields due to their strong absorbance in the NIR region and high chemical and photo-stability. In particular, this is mostly relevant for their in vivo activation in deeper tissular regions. However, most Pcs present two major limitations, i.e., a strong tendency to aggregate and a low water-solubility. In order to overcome these issues, both chemical tuning and pharmaceutical formulation combined with tumor targeting strategies were applied. These aspects will be developed in this review for the most extensively studied Pcs during the last 25 years, i.e., aluminium-, zinc- and silicon-based Pcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Sekkat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Hubert van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Photomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Norbert Lange
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lausanne/Geneva, Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.:+41-22-379-3335; Fax: +41-22-379-6567
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Mathews MS, Chighvinadze D, Gach HM, Uzal FA, Madsen SJ, Hirschberg H. Cerebral edema following photodynamic therapy using endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers in normal brain. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:892-900. [PMID: 22006731 PMCID: PMC4124831 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Failure of treatment for high-grade gliomas is usually due to local recurrence at the site of surgical resection indicating that a more aggressive form of local therapy such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be of benefit. The increase in brain edema following PDT using endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers was compared in terms of animal survival, MR imaging, and histopathological changes in normal brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fischer rats were exposed to increasing laser light treatment following intraperitoneal injection of either the photosensitizers 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate (AlPcS2a). Light treatment was applied either via an optical fiber inserted directly into the brain parenchyma or through a fiber applied to the surface of the intact skull. Edema development was followed by T2-weighted MR imaging. RESULTS ALA and AlPcS2a PDT resulted in a fluence dependent increase in cerebral edema and mortality. AlPcS2a PDT showed significant edema and mortality even at low fluences following interstitial light delivery, which was reduced with surface illumination. The mechanism of edema was determined to be vasogenic by response to steroid therapy and confirmed on histological images. CONCLUSIONS T2 and contrast enhanced T1 MRI scanning proved to be a highly effective and noninvasive modality in following the development of the edema reaction and the degree and time course of blood-brain barrier dysfunction thus allowing the use of fewer animals. ALA mediated PDT induced a lower edema reaction than that observed with the photosensitizer AlPcS2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon S Mathews
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, California.
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Berg K, Nordstrand S, Selbo PK, Tran DTT, Angell-Petersen E, Høgset A. Disulfonated tetraphenyl chlorin (TPCS2a), a novel photosensitizer developed for clinical utilization of photochemical internalization. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1637-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05128h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Dumoulin F, Durmuş M, Ahsen V, Nyokong T. Synthetic pathways to water-soluble phthalocyanines and close analogs. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Chen Z, Zhou S, Chen J, Deng Y, Luo Z, Chen H, Hamblin MR, Huang M. Pentalysine beta-carbonylphthalocyanine zinc: an effective tumor-targeting photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:890-8. [PMID: 20458713 PMCID: PMC2935799 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical phthalocyanine derivatives have been widely studied as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), targeting various tumor types. However, the preparation of unsymmetrical phthalocyanines is always a challenge due to the presence of many possible structural isomers. Herein we report a new unsymmetrical zinc phthalocyanine, pentalysine beta-carbonylphthalocyanine zinc (ZnPc-(Lys)(5)), that was prepared in large quantity and high purity. This is a water-soluble cationic photosensitizer and maintains a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation similar to that of unsubstituted zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc). Compared with anionic ZnPc counterparts, ZnPc-(Lys)(5) shows a higher level cellular uptake and 20-fold higher phototoxicity toward tumor cells. Pharmacokinetics and PDT studies of ZnPc-(Lys)(5) in S180 tumor-bearing mice showed a high ratio of tumor versus skin retention and significant tumor inhibition. This new molecular framework will allow synthetic diversity in the number of lysine residues incorporated and will facilitate future QSAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Shanyong Zhou
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Jincan Chen
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Yicai Deng
- Sun Yat-Sen University No. 1 Hospital, 58 Zhong Shan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 (China)
| | - Zhipu Luo
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston MA 02114 (USA)
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 (USA)
- Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Mingdong Huang
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 (China), Fax: (+86) 591-83714946
- China–Denmark Center for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao West Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 (China)
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Gupta S, Dwarakanath BS, Muralidhar K, Koru-Sengul T, Jain V. Non-monotonic changes in clonogenic cell survival induced by disulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine photodynamic treatment in a human glioma cell line. J Transl Med 2010; 8:43. [PMID: 20433757 PMCID: PMC2885318 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves excitation of sensitizer molecules by visible light in the presence of molecular oxygen, thereby generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) through electron/energy transfer processes. The ROS, thus produced can cause damage to both the structure and the function of the cellular constituents resulting in cell death. Our preliminary investigations of dose-response relationships in a human glioma cell line (BMG-1) showed that disulphonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS2) photodynamically induced loss of cell survival in a concentration dependent manner up to 1 microM, further increases in AlPcS2concentration (>1 microM) were, however, observed to decrease the photodynamic toxicity. Considering the fact that for most photosensitizers only monotonic dose-response (survival) relationships have been reported, this result was unexpected. The present studies were, therefore, undertaken to further investigate the concentration dependent photodynamic effects of AlPcS2. METHODS Concentration-dependent cellular uptake, sub-cellular localization, proliferation and photodynamic effects of AlPcS2 were investigated in BMG-1 cells by absorbance and fluorescence measurements, image analysis, cell counting and colony forming assays, flow cytometry and micronuclei formation respectively. RESULTS The cellular uptake as a function of extra-cellular AlPcS2 concentrations was observed to be biphasic. AlPcS2 was distributed throughout the cytoplasm with intense fluorescence in the perinuclear regions at a concentration of 1 microM, while a weak diffuse fluorescence was observed at higher concentrations. A concentration-dependent decrease in cell proliferation with accumulation of cells in G2+M phase was observed after PDT. The response of clonogenic survival after AlPcS2-PDT was non-monotonic with respect to AlPcS2 concentration. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results we conclude that concentration-dependent changes in physico-chemical properties of sensitizer such as aggregation may influence intracellular transport and localization of photosensitizer. Consequent modifications in the photodynamic induction of lesions and their repair leading to different modes of cell death may contribute to the observed non-linear effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Gupta
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi-110054, India.
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van Lier JE, Tian H, Ali H, Cauchon N, Hasséssian HM. Trisulfonated Porphyrazines: New Photosensitizers for the Treatment of Retinal and Subretinal Edema. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4107-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900350f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan E. van Lier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Hongjian Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Hasrat Ali
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Nicole Cauchon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Haroutioun M. Hasséssian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche Guy-Bernier, 5415 Boulevard de l’Assomption, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
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20
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Synthesis and spectral characteristics of cyclohexylmethoxy-substituted phthalocyanines of rare-earth elements. Russ Chem Bull 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-007-0385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Farrell TJ, Wilson BC, Patterson MS, Olivo MC. Comparison of the In Vivo Photodynamic Threshold Dose for Photofrin, Mono- and Tetrasulfonated Aluminum Phthalocyanine Using a Rat Liver Model. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Jancula D, Drábková M, Cerný J, Karásková M, Korínková R, Rakusan J, Marsálek B. Algicidal activity of phthalocyanines--screening of 31 compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008; 23:218-223. [PMID: 18214913 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines and their analogues show great potential as photodynamic agents producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially in medicine. However, their biocidal effects may also be employed to inhibit various undesirable organisms. This study explores their potential algicidal effects. The laboratory tests concern the effects of various phthalocyanine derivatives on the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and cyanobacterium Synechococcus nidulans. Their effects on one example of the sensitive nontarget aquatic organism-crustacean Daphnia magna were also screened. Among 31 tested compounds, the cationic phthalocyanines substituted with heterocycle exhibited the strongest effects on phytoplankton species, some of them even below the level of 1 mg/L, while effects on crustaceans ranged from 3.6 to more than 50 mg/L. These results show that some phthalocyanine derivatives can act as potent algicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jancula
- Centre for Cyanobacteria and Their Toxins, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kvetná 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic
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Luzyanin K, Kukushkin VY, Kopylovich MN, Nazarov AA, Galanski M, Pombeiro AJ. Novel and Mild Route to Phthalocyanines and 3-Iminoisoindolin-1-onesvia N,N-Diethylhydroxylamine-Promoted Conversion of Phthalonitriles and a Dramatic Solvent-Dependence of the Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Ball DJ, Mayhew S, Wood SR, Griffiths J, Vernon DI, Brown SB. A Comparative Study of the Cellular Uptake and Photodynamic Efficacy of Three Novel Zinc Phthalocyanines of Differing Charge. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Brasseur N, Langlois R, Madeleine CL, Ouellet R, Lier JE. Receptor-Mediated Targeting of Phthalocyanines to Macrophages Via Covalent Coupling to Native or Maleylated Bovine Serum Albumin. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Vittar NBR, Prucca CG, Strassert C, Awruch J, Rivarola VA. Cellular inactivation and antitumor efficacy of a new zinc phthalocyanine with potential use in photodynamic therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2192-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Moan J, Berg K, Kvam E, Western A, Malik Z, Rück A, Schneckenburger H. Intracellular localization of photosensitizers. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 146:95-107; discussion 107-11. [PMID: 2697539 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513842.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular localization of photosensitizers can be studied by different methods. One method involves homogenization of the cells followed by differential ultracentrifugation which leads to fractions enriched in nuclear, mitochondrial, and microsomal material as well as a supernatant fraction. More detailed information can be obtained by electron microscopy of cells exposed to light in the presence of photosensitizers. This method is based on the assumption that damage is primarily induced at intracellular sites where the concentration of photosensitizer is high. By irradiating the cells at 6 degrees C, where biochemical reactions are slow, and then incubating them for different times at 37 degrees C, it is possible to follow the development of damage. The amount of photosensitized damage to enzymes or cell functions whose localization in the cells is known gives information about the intracellular localization of the sensitizer. Fluorescence microscopy is the most direct method and is widely applicable because most photosensitizers fluoresce. Lipophilic dyes generally localize in membrane structures. In future more attention should be paid to the localization of dyes in lysosomes, as suggested by early reports. Mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane are other important loci for intracellular localization of sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moan
- Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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van Lier JE, Spikes JD. The chemistry, photophysics and photosensitizing properties of phthalocyanines. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 146:17-26; discussion 26-32. [PMID: 2697532 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513842.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) and naphthalocyanines (Ncs) are being extensively studied as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. They strongly absorb clinically useful red light, with maxima around 670 nm and 770 nm respectively. Chelated with appropriate diamagnetic metal ions, they exhibit high triplet yields and long triplet lifetimes. Energy transfer from the triplet dye to ground-state oxygen to yield singlet oxygen appears to be the main photosensitizing pathway in biological systems. Underivatized Pcs and Ncs can be incorporated in liposomes for in vivo administration. Sulphonation renders the dyes water soluble but also enhances dimerization to yield photochemically inactive aggregates. Tumour retention and cell membrane penetration of the dyes are strongly affected by the polarity of the macrocycle as well as the nature of the central metal ion and axial ligands. Among the sulphonated dyes, amphiphilic mono- and disulphonated derivatives exhibit particularly good cell membrane-penetrating properties, although the more highly sulphonated dyes show better tumour retention in vivo. At least in vitro, Pc dyes are more photoactive than the corresponding Nc dyes, which probably reflects the lower photostability of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E van Lier
- MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Feofanov A, Grichine A, Karmakova T, Kazachkina N, Pecherskih E, Yakubovskaya R, Luḱyanets E, Derkacheva V, Egret-Charlier M, Vigny P. Chelation with Metal is not Essential for Antitumor Photodynamic Activity of Sulfonated Phthalocyanines†¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750527cwmine2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Cauchon N, Nader M, Bkaily G, van Lier JE, Hunting D. Photodynamic activity of substituted zinc trisulfophthalocyanines: role of plasma membrane damage. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 82:1712-20. [PMID: 16906790 DOI: 10.1562/2005-12-13-ra-752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that variations in cellular phototoxicity among a series of alkynyl-substituted zinc trisulfophthalocyanines (ZnPcS3Cn) correlates with their hydrophobicity, with the most amphiphilic derivatives showing the highest cell uptake and phototoxicity. In this study we address the role of the plasma membrane in the photodynamic response as it relates to the overall hydrophobicity of the photosensitizer. The membrane tracker dye 1-[4(trimethylamino)phenyl]-6-phenylhexa-1,3,5-triene (TMA-DPH), which is incorporated into plasma membranes by endocytosis, was used to establish plasma membrane uptake by EMT-6 cells of the ZnPcS3C, by colocalization, and TMA-DPH membrane uptake rates after photodynamic therapy were used to quantify membrane damage. TMA-DPH colocalization patterns show plasma membrane uptake of the photosensitizers after short 1 h incubation periods. TMA-DPH plasma membrane uptake rates after illumination of the photosensitizer-treated cells show a parabolic relationship with photosensitizer hydrophobicity that correlates well with the phototoxicity of the ZnPcS3C,. After a 1 h incubation period, overall phototoxicity correlates closely with the postillumination rate of TMA-DPH incorporation into the cell membrane, suggesting a major role of plasma membrane damage in the overall PDT effect. In contrast, after a 24 h incubation, phototoxicity shows a stronger but imperfect correlation with total cellular photosensitizer uptake rather than TMA-DPH membrane uptake, suggesting a partial shift in the cellular damage responsible for photosensitization from the plasma membrane to intracellular targets. We conclude that plasma membrane localization of the amphiphilic ZnPcS3C6-C9 is a major factor in their overall photodynamic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cauchon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Juzeniene A, Moan J. The history of PDT in Norway Part one: Identification of basic mechanisms of general PDT. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2006; 4:3-11. [PMID: 25047184 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is now an established treatment of malignant and premalignant dysplasias. A number of first and second generation photosensitizers have been studied in Norway. The aim has been to improve PDT efficiency and applicability. Many critical details regarding the mechanisms of PDT were elucidated by researchers in Norway. In this review we focus on the most important findings related to these basic mechanisms, such as generation of singlet oxygen, estimations of its lifetime, the oxygen effect itself, the subcellular localization of photosensitizers with different properties, their photodegradation during PDT and their tumour selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Moan
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Physics, Oslo University, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Cauchon N, Nader M, Bkaily G, Lier JE, Hunting D. Photodynamic Activity of Substituted Zinc Trisulfophthalocyanines: Role of Plasma Membrane Damage. Photochem Photobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2006.tb09835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu W, Jensen TJ, Fronczek FR, Hammer RP, Smith KM, Vicente MGH. Synthesis and Cellular Studies of Nonaggregated Water-Soluble Phthalocyanines. J Med Chem 2005; 48:1033-41. [PMID: 15715471 DOI: 10.1021/jm049375b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble phthalocyanines are promising photosensitizers for application in cancer therapy and in the photoinactivation of viruses. The water-soluble zinc(II) phthalocyanines 5 and 6 were synthesized by converting the corresponding ester derivative 4 into the sodium carboxylate and carboxylic acid species. Compound 5 can be solubilized in water as a monomeric species, as demonstrated by UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. These compounds were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods and, in the case of 4, by X-ray crystallography. The water-soluble phthalocyanines were found to have low dark cytotoxicity toward V79 hamster fibroblasts and human HEp2 cells, to be phototoxic at low light and drug doses, to be taken up by cells in culture, and to localize intracellularly, mainly in the cell lysosomes. Conjugation of the anionic phthalocyanines with positively charged LipoGen liposomes resulted in effective delivery of these compounds into the nuclei of cells. It is concluded that these highly water-soluble phthalocyanines are promising sensitizers for the photodynamic therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Cauchon N, Tian H, Langlois R, La Madeleine C, Martin S, Ali H, Hunting D, van Lier JE. Structure−Photodynamic Activity Relationships of Substituted Zinc Trisulfophthalocyanines. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 16:80-9. [PMID: 15656578 DOI: 10.1021/bc049848t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To identify optimal features of metalated sulfophthalocyanine dyes for their use as photosensitizers in the photodynamic therapy of cancer, we synthesized a series of alkynyl-substituted trisulfonated phthalocyanines and compared their amphiphilic properties to a number of parameters related to their photodynamic potency. Varying the length of the substituted alkynyl side-chain modulates the hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the dyes providing a linear relationship between their n-octanol/water partition coefficients and retention times on reversed-phase HPLC. Aggregate formation of the dyes in aqueous solution increased with increasing hydrophobicity while monomer formation was favored by the addition of serum proteins or organic solvent. Trisulfonated zinc phthalocyanines bearing hexynyl and nonynyl substituents exhibited high cellular uptake with strong localization at the mitochondrial membranes, which coincided with effective photocytotoxicity toward EMT-6 murine mammary tumor cells. Further increase in the length of the alkynyl chains (dodecynyl, hexadecynyl) did not improve their phototoxicity, likely resulting from extensive aggregation of the dyes in aqueous medium and reduced cell uptake. Aggregation was evident from shifts in the electronic spectra and reduced capacity to generate singlet oxygen. When monomerized through the addition of Cremophor EL all sulfonated zinc phthalocyanines gave similar singlet oxygen yields. Accordingly, differences in the tendency of the dyes to aggregate do not appear to be a determining factor in their photodynamic potency. Our results confirm that the latter in particular relates to their amphiphilic properties, which facilitate cell uptake and intracellular localization at photosensitive sites such as the mitochondria. Combined, these factors play a significant role in the overall photodynamic potency of the dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cauchon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4, Canada
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35
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Feofanov A, Grichine A, Karmakova T, Kazachkina N, Pecherskih E, Yakubovskaya R, Luk'yanets E, Derkacheva V, Egret-Charlier M, Vigny P. Chelation with metal is not essential for antitumor photodynamic activity of sulfonated phthalocyanines. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 75:527-33. [PMID: 12017480 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)075<0527:cwmine>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that a central metal is essential for the efficiency of phthalocyanines in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Contrary to the set opinion, the results of the present study indicate that the metal-free sulfonated phthalocyanines (H2PcSn, where n is the number of sulfonate groups per molecule) possess a considerable photoactivity. The relative phototoxicities of H2PcS1.5, H2PcS2.4, H2PcS3.1 and H2PcS3.8 on HEp2 human epidermoid carcinoma cells were 3.3, 20, 3.3 and 1, respectively, thus demonstrating dependence of the activity on the sulfonation degree, known for metallo-PcSn. A significant delay in tumor growth and a decrease in tumor regrowth rate were observed in mice after PDT with H2PcS2.4. The antitumor effect declined in the order H2PcS2.4 > H2PcS3.1 > H2PcS1.5 and vanished for H2PcS3.8. We demonstrate here that the high photodynamic activity of H2PcS2.4 can be explained by its physicochemical properties in living cells and tissues. Thus, H2PcSn (n is about 2) can be considered as a new alternative in PDT of light-accessible neoplasms and further clinic-oriented studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Feofanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
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36
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Qualls MM, Thompson DH. Chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate delivered via acid-labile diplasmenylcholine-folate liposomes: intracellular localization and synergistic phototoxicity. Int J Cancer 2001; 93:384-92. [PMID: 11433404 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Folate-diplasmenylcholine (1,2-di-O-(Z-1'-hexadecenyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DPPlsC) liposomes have been shown to greatly enhance the potency of water-soluble antitumor agents via a selective folate-mediated uptake and acid-catalyzed endosomal escape mechanism (Rui et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998; 120:11213--18). This study describes an adaptation of this strategy for the delivery of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate ([AlPcS(4)](4-)), a water-soluble sensitizer used in photodynamic therapy, in a binary targeting scheme designed to enhance both its tumor selectivity and phototoxicity. [AlPcS(4)](4-)/DPPlsC:folate liposomes (9.8 microM bulk concentration, 2.5 mM intraliposomal concentration) were substantially more phototoxic to folate-deficient KB cells than 12.5 microM free [AlPcS(4)](4-) after a 30 min irradiation (630-910 nm). Considerable differences in phototoxicity were observed, however, between the commercially-available AlPcS(4)(4-) and an HPLC purified sample of [AlPcS(4)](4-) due to an increased tendency for the latter to aggregate. Experiments with [AlPcS(4)](4-)/DPPC:folate and folate-free [AlPcS(4)](4-)/DPPlsC liposomes (acid-insensitive and non-targeted controls, respectively) showed significantly reduced phototoxicities under the same illumination conditions. Our results imply that higher concentrations of water-soluble sensitizers can be delivered to target cells using the folate receptor-mediated pathway, which can change both the biodistribution and intracellular localization of the sensitizer when acid-labile DPPlsC liposomes are used as the delivery vehicle. Potential advantages of this approach include the use of lower bulk [AlPcS(4)](4-) concentrations, rapid plasma clearance of free [AlPcS(4)](4-), and better phototoxic responses, due to higher intracellular [AlPcS(4)](4-) concentrations combined with reduced collateral photodamage arising from misguided sensitizer accumulation, thereby enhancing the selective phototoxicity of PDT treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Qualls
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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37
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Tian H, Ali H, van Lier JE. Synthesis of water soluble trisulfonated phthalocyanines via palladium-catalysed cross coupling reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Vila A, Korytowski W, Girotti AW. Dissemination of peroxidative stress via intermembrane transfer of lipid hydroperoxides: model studies with cholesterol hydroperoxides. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 380:208-18. [PMID: 10900151 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) can be generated in cells when cholesterol (Ch) and other unsaturated lipids in cell membranes are degraded under conditions of oxidative stress. If LOOHs escape reductive detoxification by glutathione-dependent selenoperoxidases, they may undergo iron-catalyzed one-electron reduction to free radical species, thus triggering peroxidative chain reactions which exacerbate oxidative membrane damage. LOOHs are more polar than parent lipids and much longer-lived than free radical precursors or products. Accordingly, intermembrane transfer of LOOHs (analogous to that of unoxidized precursors) might be possible, and this could jeopardize acceptor membranes. We have investigated this possibility, using photoperoxidized [(14)C]Ch-labeled erythrocyte ghosts as cholesterol hydroperoxide (ChOOH) donors and unilamellar liposomes [e.g., dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine/Ch, 9:1 mol/mol] as acceptors. ChOOH material consisted mainly of 5alpha-hydroperoxide, a singlet oxygen adduct. Time-dependent transfer of ChOOH versus Ch at 37 degrees C was determined, using high-performance liquid and thin-layer chromatographic methods to analyze liposomal extracts for these species. A typical experiment in which the starting ChOOH/Ch mol ratio in ghosts was approximately 0.05 showed that the initial transfer rate of ChOOH was approximately 16 times greater than that of parent Ch. Using [(14)C]Ch as a reporter in liposome acceptors, we found that transfer-acquired ChOOHs, when exposed to a lipophilic iron chelate and ascorbate, could trigger strong peroxidative chain reactions, as detected by accumulation of [(14)C]Ch oxidation products. These findings support the hypothesis that intermembrane transfer of ChOOHs can contribute to their prooxidant membrane damaging and cytotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vila
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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39
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Rokitskaya TI, Block M, Antonenko YN, Kotova EA, Pohl P. Photosensitizer binding to lipid bilayers as a precondition for the photoinactivation of membrane channels. Biophys J 2000; 78:2572-80. [PMID: 10777753 PMCID: PMC1300846 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The photodynamic activity of sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanines (AlPcS(n), 1 </= n </= 4) was found to correlate with their affinity for membrane lipids. Adsorbing to the surface of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate induced the highest changes in their electrophoretic mobility. AlPcS(2) was also most efficient in mediating photoinactivation of gramicidin channels, as revealed by measurements of the electric current across planar lipid bilayers. The increase in the degree of sulfonation of phthalocyanine progressively reduced its affinity for the lipid bilayer as well as its potency of sensitizing gramicidin channel photoinactivation. The portion of photoinactivated gramicidin channels, alpha, increased with rising photosensitizer concentration up to some optimum. The concentration at which alpha was at half-maximum amounted to 80 nM, 30 nM, 200 nM, and 2 microM for AlPcS(1), AlPcS(2), AlPcS(3), and AlPcS(4), respectively. At high concentrations alpha was found to decrease, which was attributed to quenching of reactive oxygen species and self-quenching of the photosensitizer triplet state by its ground state. Fluoride anions were observed to inhibit both AlPcS(n) (2 </= n </= 4) binding to LUVs and sensitized photoinactivation of gramicidin channels. It is concluded that photosensitizer binding to membrane lipids is a prerequisite for the photodynamic inactivation of gramicidin channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Rokitskaya
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
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40
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Allen CM, Sharman WM, Madeleine CL, Weber JM, Langlois R, Ouellet R, Lier JE. Photodynamic Therapy: Tumor Targeting with Adenoviral Proteins. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ali
- MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
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42
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Maman N, Dhami S, Phillips D, Brault D. Kinetic and equilibrium studies of incorporation of di-sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine into unilamellar vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1420:168-78. [PMID: 10446300 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of cis-di-sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (PcS(2)Al) with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) unilamellar vesicles have been investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. At pH 7.0, PcS(2)Al incorporates into the vesicles with a high affinity constant (2.7x10(6) M(-1), in terms of phospholipid concentration). The fluorescence changes following rapid mixing of PcS(2)Al with vesicles are biphasic. The first phase is attributed to the entry of PcS(2)Al into the vesicles, as deduced from the linear dependence of the rate upon lipid concentration. More surprisingly, this rate is strongly pH dependent with a marked maximum around pH 7.3, a result interpreted in terms of the coordination state of the aluminum ion in aqueous solutions. At this pH, a hydroxide ion neutralizes the residual positive charge of the metal ion that remains unbalanced after coordination by the phthalocyanine cycle. A water molecule is likely to complete the metal coordination sphere. Only this form, PcAl(+)(OH(-))(OH(2)), with an uncharged core is quickly incorporated into the vesicles. The protonation of OH(-) or the deprotonation of the coordinated H(2)O leading to a positively or negatively charged core, respectively, account for the observed pH effect. Studies on the effect of cholesterol addition and exchange of PcS(2)Al between vesicles and albumin all indicate the absence of transfer of the phthalocyanine between the vesicle hemileaflets, a result expected from the presence of the two negatively charged sulfonated groups at the ring periphery. Instead, the slower kinetic phase is likely due to the movement of the phthalocyanine becoming more buried within the outer leaflet upon the loss of the water molecule coordinated to the aluminum ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maman
- Laboratoires de Photobiologie et de Biophysique, CNRS UMR 8646, INSERM U. 201, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
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43
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Brasseur N, Ouellet R, La Madeleine C, van Lier JE. Water-soluble aluminium phthalocyanine-polymer conjugates for PDT: photodynamic activities and pharmacokinetics in tumour-bearing mice. Br J Cancer 1999; 80:1533-41. [PMID: 10408394 PMCID: PMC2363166 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential use of unsubstituted aluminium phthalocyanine (AlClPc) as a sensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer has not been fully exploited in spite of its higher efficiency as compared to the sulphonated derivatives. This is largely due to the strong hydrophobic character of AlClPc which renders the material difficult to formulate for in vivo administration. We prepared two water-soluble derivatives of AlClPc by axial coordination of polyethyleneglycol (PEG, MW 2000) or polyvinylalcohol (PVA, MW 13,000-23,000) to the central aluminium ion. Their photodynamic activities were evaluated in vitro against the EMT-6 mouse mammary tumour cells and in vivo against the EMT-6 and the colon carcinoma Colo-26 tumours implanted intradermally in Balb/c mice. Pharmacokinetics were studied in the EMT-6 tumour-bearing mice. After 1 h incubation, the light dose required to kill 90% of cells (LD90) was at least three times less for AlClPc (Cremophor emulsion) as compared to AlPc-PEG and AlPc-PVA, while after 24 h incubation all three preparations were highly phototoxic. All three dye preparations induced complete EMT-6 tumour regression in 75-100% of animals at a low drug dose (0.25 micromol kg(-1)) following PDT (400 J cm(-2), 650-700 nm) at 24 h pi. Complete tumour regression in the Colo-26 tumour model was obtained in 30% of mice at a dose of 2 micromol kg(-1). In the non-cured animals, AlPc-PVA induced the most significant tumour growth delay. This dye showed a prolonged plasma half-life (6.8 h) as compared to AlClPc (2.6 h) and AlPc-PEG (23 min), lower retention by liver and spleen and higher tumour-to-skin and tumour-to-muscle ratios. Our data demonstrate that addition of hydrophilic axial ligands to AlPc, while modifying in vitro and in vivo kinetics, does not reduce the PDT efficiency of the parent molecule. Moreover, in the case of the polyvinylalcohol derivative, axial coordination confers advantageous pharmacokinetics to AlPc, which makes this photosensitizer a valuable, water soluble candidate drug for clinical PDT of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Brasseur
- MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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44
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Glycosylated derivatives of tetraphenyl porphyrin: photophysical characterization, self-aggregation and membrane binding. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Hu M, Brasseur N, Yildiz SZ, van Lier JE, Leznoff CC. Hydroxyphthalocyanines as potential photodynamic agents for cancer therapy. J Med Chem 1998; 41:1789-802. [PMID: 9599230 DOI: 10.1021/jm970336s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of benzyl-substituted phthalonitriles, substituted at the 3-, 4-, and 4,5-positions, underwent varied condensations with phthalonitrile to give a series of protected (monohydroxy- and polyhydroxyphthalocyaninato)zinc(II) derivatives which were readily cleaved to give several hydroxyphthalocyanines (ZnPc) (phthalocyanine phenol analogues). Their efficacy as sensitizers for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer was evaluated on the EMT-6 mammary tumor cell line. In vitro, the 2-hydroxy ZnPc (32) was the most active, followed by the 2,3- and 2,9-dihydroxy ZnPc (39 and 45), with the 2,9,16-trihydroxy ZnPc (33) exhibiting the least activity. In vivo, the monohydroxy derivative 32 and the 2,3-dihydroxy derivative 39 were both efficient in inducing tumor necrosis at 1 micromol kg-1, but complete tumor regression was poor, even at 2 micromol/kg. In contrast, the 2,9-dihydroxy isomer 45, at 2 micromol kg-1, induced tumor necrosis in all animals treated, with 75% complete regression. These results underline the importance of the position of the substituents on the Pc macrocycle to optimize tumor response and confirm the PDT potential of the unsymmetrical Pcs bearing functional groups on adjacent benzene rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hu
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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46
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Santos AE, Laranjinha JAN, Almeida LM. Sulfonated Chloroaluminum Phthalocyanine Incorporates into Human Plasma Lipoproteins: Photooxidation of Low-Density Lipoproteins. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb05214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Kudrevich S, Brasseur N, La Madeleine C, Gilbert S, van Lier JE. Syntheses and photodynamic activities of novel trisulfonated zinc phthalocyanine derivatives. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3897-904. [PMID: 9397170 DOI: 10.1021/jm9702488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of water-soluble, unsymmetrical, trisulfonated zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPcS3) as single products of the ring expansion of boron tri(4-sulfo)subphthalocyanine (SubPc) is reported. The novel, water-soluble trisulfo-SubPcB(OH) was prepared via hydrolysis of the tris(4-chlorosulfonyl)SubPcB(Br) which in turn was obtained from the condensation of 4-(chlorosulfonyl)phthalonitrile with BBr3 in 1-chlorobenzene. A number of ZnPcS3 analogues were prepared via the reaction of S3SubPcB (OH) with different diiminoisoindoline derivatives of increasing hydrophobicity. The reaction proceeds at relative low temperature with acceptable yields. Metalation of free base Pc's with zinc acetate dihydrate afforded the corresponding zinc complexes. Photodynamic activities were measured against the EMT-6 mouse mammary tumor cell line and compared to those of the known ZnPcS3 and ZnPcS4. Added (t-Bu)benzo and (t-Bu)naphtho groups increased the in vitro cell photoinactivation efficacy of the ZnPcS3, whereas addition of a fourth sulfobenzo or bulky diphenylpyrazino group decreased the activity of the parent molecule. The (t-Bu)naphthotrisulfobenzoporphyrazine induced the best in vivo photodynamic tumor control which, combined with its good solubility and broad absorption spectrum, renders this compound an interesting dye for photodynamic applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kudrevich
- MRC Group in the Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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48
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Stepanova NV, Zhorina LV, Chernyaeva EB. Likely mechanism of the hydrophobic sensitizer accumulation in tumor cells: mathematical models. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 64:832-7. [PMID: 8931382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb01843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two mathematical models describing the accumulation kinetics of hydrophobic sensitizers in the cell membrane and cytoplasm and the influence of intra- and extracellular pH values on intracellular accumulation are suggested. Numerical calculations were done for hematoporphyrin (Hp) as an example. When compared with the experimental data, both models gave satisfactory results describing the accumulation time and level. A biphasic character of the sensitizer accumulation process was obtained as a result of the difference in the accumulation times characteristic for the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. The ratio of characteristic times was determined by the ratio of membrane and cytoplasm volumes and a "water-lipid" partition coefficient reflecting the height of the membrane barrier for the sensitizer penetration through the plasma membrane lipid bilayer. Generally, the enhanced uptake of Hp molecules by cells was obtained when both extracellular and intracellular pH (pHin) values were lower than the physiological ones. A "selectivity" of accumulation was achieved in "tumor" cells for reasonable pHin values (about 6.0). But when compared with the experimental data, the value of selectivity was not high enough, indicating that, though the pH value is an important factor in Hp intracellular accumulation, it might be less important as a factor for selectivity of Hp accumulation in tumors.
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49
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Michelsen U, Kliesch H, Schnurpfeil G, Sobbi AK, Wöhrle D. Unsymmetrically substituted benzonaphthoporphyrazines: a new class of cationic photosensitizers for the photodynamic therapy of cancer. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 64:694-701. [PMID: 8863476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical zinc(II) complexes of benzonaphthoporphyrazines 5a-12a bearing between one and eight pyridyloxy substituents are synthesized by statistical tetramerization of 6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,3-naphthalenedicarbonitrile (1) with 4-(3-pyridyloxy)- or 4,5-bis-(3-pyridyloxy)-1,2-benzenedicarbonitrile (2, 3). Methylation of 5a-12a leads to the catianic pyridyloxybenzonaphthoporphyrazines 5b-12b having between one to eight positive charges. The Q-band transition in the visible spectra exhibits a bathochromic shift from 680 to 760 nm dependent upon the number of annelated naphthalene rings. The singlet oxygen quantum yields of the benzonaphthoporphyrazines determined by the dye-sensitized photooxidation of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofurane is surprisingly high (in the range of zinc phthalocyanine). The photooxidative stabilities of the photosensitizers described quantitatively by first-order kinetics decrease with the number of annelated naphtho groups. A linear correlation between the logarithm of the decomposition rate constant and the position of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-level of the photosensitizers is found. Destabilization of the HOMO leads to a decrease of the photostability. Due to their adjustable long wavelength absorption, their intramolecular polarity axis and their different hydrophilic/hydrophobic character, these novel compounds may be suitable photosensitizers for the photodynamic therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Michelsen
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Bremen, Germany
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50
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has, during the last quarter century, developed into a fully fledged biomedical field with its own association, the International Photodynamic Association (IPA) and regular conferences devoted solely to this topic. Recent approval of the first PDT sensitizer, Photofrin (porfimer sodium), by health boards in Canada, Japan, the Netherlands and United States for use against certain types of solid tumors represents, perhaps, the single most significant-indicator of the progress of PDT from a laboratory research concept to clinical reality. The approval of Photofrin will undoubtedly encourage the accelerated development of second-generation photosensitizers, which have recently been the subject of intense study. Many of these second-generation drugs show significant differences, when compared to Photofrin, in terms of treatment times postinjection, light doses and drug doses required for optimal results. These differences can ultimately be attributed to variations in either the quantum efficiency of the photosensitizer in situ, which is in turn affected by aggregation state, localized concentration of endogenous quenchers and primary photophysics of the dye, or the intratumoral and intracellular localization of the photosensitizer at the time of activation with light. The purpose of this review is to bring together data relating to the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of second-generation sensitizers and attempt to correlate this with structural and electronic features of these molecules. As this requires a clear knowledge of photosensitizer structure, only chemically well-characterized compounds are included, e.g. Photofrin and crude sulfonated phthalocyanines have been excluded as they are known to be complex mixtures. Nonporphyrin-based photosensitizers, e.g. rose bengal and the hypericins, have also been omitted to allow meaningful comparisons to be made between different compounds. As the intracellular distribution of photosensitizers to organelles and other subcellular structures can have a large effect on PDT efficacy, a section will be devoted to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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