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Pellosi MC, Suzukawa AA, Scalfo AC, Di Mascio P, Martins Pereira CP, de Souza Pinto NC, de Luna Martins D, Martinez GR. Effects of the melanin precursor 5,6-dihydroxy-indole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) on DNA damage and repair in the presence of reactive oxygen species. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 557:55-64. [PMID: 24893147 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Eumelanin is a heterogeneous polymer composed of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI). Studies have shown that DHICA promotes single strand breaks in plasmid DNA exposed to ultraviolet B radiation (UVB, 313 nm) and in DNA from human keratinocytes exposed to ultraviolet A radiation (UVA, 340-400 nm). Singlet molecular oxygen ((1)O2) is the main reactive species formed by UVA radiation on the skin. In this context, we now report that DHICA can cause single strand breaks in plasmid DNA even in the absence of light radiation. Interestingly, when DHICA was pre-oxidized by (1)O2, it lost this harmful capacity. It was also found that DHICA could interact with DNA, disturbing Fpg activity and decreasing its recognition of lesions by ∼50%. Additionally, the free nucleoside deoxyguanosine (dGuo) was used to evaluate whether DHICA would interfere with the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) and spiroiminodihydantoin (dSp) by (1)O2 or with the formation of 8-oxodGuo by hydroxyl radical (OH). We observed that when dGuo was oxidized by (1)O2 in the presence of DHICA, 8-oxodGuo formation was increased. However, when dGuo was oxidized by OH in the presence of DHICA, 8-oxodGuo levels were lower than in the absence of the precursor. Overall, our data reveal an important role for this eumelanin precursor in both the promotion and the protection of DNA damage and imply that it can impair DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Pellosi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências (Bioquímica), Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Andréia Akemi Suzukawa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências (Bioquímica), Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Glaucia Regina Martinez
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências (Bioquímica), Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Kanony C, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Ravanat JL, Vicendo P, Paillous N. Photosensitization of DNA Damage by a New Cationic Pyropheophorbide Derivative: Sequence-specific Formation of a Frank Scission¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770659poddba2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang X, Erb C, Flammer J, Nau WM. Absolute Rate Constants for the Quenching of Reactive Excited States by Melanin and Related 5,6-Dihydroxyindole Metabolites: Implications for Their Antioxidant Activity. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710524arcftq2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kvam E, Dahle J. The pheomelanin precursor 5-S-cysteinyldopa protects melanocytes from membrane damage induced by ultraviolet A radiation. Cancer Lett 2005; 221:131-4. [PMID: 15808398 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pheomelanin and pheomelanin precursors have been implicated as risk factors for induction of melanoma by ultraviolet radiation. The pheomelanin precursor, 5-S-cysteinyldopa, has been shown to sensitise DNA to oxidative damage by ultraviolet radiation. We here show that 5-S-cysteinyldopa significantly protects melanocytes from membrane damage (permeability) induced by ultraviolet A radiation. Thus, 5-S-cysteinyldopa, may at the same time sensitise DNA and protect membranes from damage induced by ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egil Kvam
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Kanony C, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Ravanat JL, Vicendo P, Paillous N. Photosensitization of DNA damage by a new cationic pyropheophorbide derivative: sequence-specific formation of a frank scission. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 77:659-67. [PMID: 12870853 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)077<0659:poddba>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pyropheophorbides are red-absorbing porphyrin-like photosensitizers that may interact with DNA either by intercalation or by external binding with self-stacking according to the value of the nucleotide to chromophore molar ratio (N/C). This article reports on the nature and sequence selectivity of the DNA damage photoinduced by a water-soluble chlorhydrate of aminopyropheophorbide. First, this pyropheophorbide is shown to induce on irradiation the cleavage of phiX174 DNA by both Type-I and -II mechanisms, suggested by scavengers and D2O effects. These conclusions are then improved by sequencing experiments performed on a 20-mer oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) irradiated at wavelengths >345 nm in the presence of the dye, N/C varying from 2.5 to 0.5. Oxidation of all guanine residues to the same extent is observed after piperidine treatment on both single- and double-stranded ODN. Moreover, unexpectedly, a remarkable sequence-selective cleavage occurring at a 5'-CG-3' site is detected before alkali treatment. This frank break is clearly predominant for a low nucleotide to chromophore molar ratio, corresponding to a self-stacking of the dye along the DNA helix. The electrophoretic properties of the band suggest that this lesion results from a sugar oxidation, which leads via a base release to a ribonolactone residue. The proposal is supported by high-performance liquid chromatography-matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry experiments that also reveal other sequence-selective frank scissions of lower intensity at 5'-GC-3' or other 5'-CG-3' sites. This sequence selectivity is discussed with regard to the binding selectivity of cationic porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kanony
- Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires, Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique, UMR CNRS 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse cedex, France
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Nofsinger JB, Weinert EE, Simon JD. Establishing structure-function relationships for eumelanin. Biopolymers 2002; 67:302-5. [PMID: 12012453 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation-dependent optical properties of eumelanin from human hair are examined. When aggregation is increased, the absorption spectrum extends to lower energy. The absorption spectra of oligomers isolated from black human hair and Sepia officinalis are comparable and are in quantitative agreement with the reported action spectra for photoinduced oxygen consumption and free-radical generation by eumelanin. The agreement between the optical properties of human hair and squid eumelanins suggests the fundamental molecular constituents of the pigments are similar and aggregation-dependent photophysical behavior is a general feature of all eumelanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brian Nofsinger
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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UV-induced pigmentation in human skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1568-461x(01)80053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Zhang X, Erb C, Flammer J, Nau WM. Absolute rate constants for the quenching of reactive excited states by melanin and related 5,6-dihydroxyindole metabolites: implications for their antioxidant activity. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 71:524-33. [PMID: 10818782 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)071<0524:arcftq>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The triplet-excited state of benzophenone and the singlet-excited state of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene (Fluorazophore-P) have been employed as kinetic probes to obtain information on the antioxidant activity of the skin and eye pigment melanin and its biogenetic precursors 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). The excited states were generated by the laser-flash photolysis technique and their reaction kinetics was examined by time-resolved transient absorption or fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. The reaction between triplet benzophenone and DHI produced with unit efficiency the corresponding 6O-centered semiquinone radical, which was characterized by its characteristic transient absorption. The quenching rate constants for DHI (3.1-8.4 x 10(9) M-1 s-1) and DHICA (3.3-5.5 x 10(9) M-1 s-1) were near the diffusion-controlled limit, indicating excellent antioxidant properties. Kinetic solvent effects were observed. The reactivity of synthetic melanin, assessed through the quenching rate constant of Fluorazophore-P and normalized to the number of monomer units, was more than one order of magnitude lower (2.7 x 10(8) M-1 s-1) than that of its precursors. The trend of the quenching rate constants, i.e. DHI > DHICA approximately alpha-tocopherol > melanin, along with the preferential solubility of DHICA in aqueous environments, serves to account for several experimental results from biochemical studies on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by these natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Departement Chemie, Universität Basel, Switzerland
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Kvam E, Tyrrell RM. The role of melanin in the induction of oxidative DNA base damage by ultraviolet A irradiation of DNA or melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:209-13. [PMID: 10469305 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly pigmented, dark skin is more resistant to the harmful effects of solar ultraviolet radiation than light-colored human skin. The extent to which tanning protects skin from harmful effects including induction of skin cancer is not known, however. We have investigated whether the skin pigment, melanin, sensitizes or protects isolated DNA or nuclear DNA in melanoma cells from the induction of the premutagenic oxidative DNA base damage, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, by ultraviolet A irradiation. Synthetic eumelanin sensitized isolated DNA to induction of the oxidative DNA base damage by ultraviolet A, but it also induced the oxidative DNA base damage in the dark. To study the role of natural melanin in mammalian melanoma cells in the induction of oxidative DNA base damage, melanin synthesis was modulated 5-7-fold in the human melanoma cells GLL19 and IGR1 (which contain both pheomelanin and eumelanin) as well as in the mouse melanoma cells B16 (which contain mainly eumelanin). Increased melanin synthesis clearly did not protect against ultraviolet A-induced oxidative DNA base damage in cells. On the contrary, the human melanoma cells with high melanin content accumulated two times more 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine after ultraviolet A irradiation than cells with low melanin content. Furthermore, preirradiation of the human melanoma cells, IGR1, with ultraviolet A 4 h before a second ultraviolet A exposure produced an altered amount of induced 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine dependent on the melanin content of the cells. We conclude that stimulation of melanin synthesis, but probably not melanin itself, increases the susceptibility of human melanoma cells to induction of premutagenic oxidative DNA base damage by ultraviolet A irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kvam
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, U.K
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Kipp C, Young AR. The Soluble Eumelanin Precursor 5,6-Dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic Acid Enhances Oxidative Damage in Human Keratinocyte DNA after UVA Irradiation. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb07989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marrot L, Belaidi JP, Meunier JR, Perez P, Agapakis-Causse C. The Human Melanocyte as a Particular Target for UVA Radiation and an Endpoint for Photoprotection Assessment. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Identification and characterisation of the genes involved in melanin pigment formation, together with the study of how their action is influenced by exposure to UV radiation, is providing a molecular understanding of the process of skin photoprotection through tanning. The mechanisms underlying this change in epidermal melanin involve both a transcriptional response of the pigmentation genes and post-translational control of the melanin biosynthetic pathway. UV rays are known to interact with numerous molecules within cells, and among these the photochemical reactions involving lipids and DNA are implicated in modulating melanogenesis. The combination of DNA damage, the formation of diacylglycerol, and the action of the melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor are all likely to be involved in UV-induced tanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Sturm
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Wenczl E, Van der Schans GP, Roza L, Kolb RM, Timmerman AJ, Smit NP, Pavel S, Schothorst AA. (Pheo)melanin photosensitizes UVA-induced DNA damage in cultured human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:678-82. [PMID: 9764853 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The question of whether melanins are photoprotecting and/or photosensitizing in human skin cells continues to be debated. To evaluate the role of melanin upon UVA irradiation, DNA single-strand breaks (ssb) were measured in human melanocytes differing only in the amount of pigment produced by culturing at two different concentrations, basic (0.01 mM) or high (0.2 mM), of L-tyrosine, the main precursor of melanin. In parallel, pheo- and total melanin contents of the cells were determined. Identical experiments were performed with two melanocyte cultures derived from a skin type I and a skin type VI individual. For the first time the correlation between UVA-induced genotoxicity and pheo-/total melanin content has been investigated. We observed that cultured in basic medium, the skin type VI melanocytes contained 10 times more total melanin and about seven times more pheomelanin than the skin type I melanocytes. Elevation of tyrosine level in the culture medium resulted in an increase of both pheo- and total melanin levels in both melanocyte cultures; however, the melanin composition of skin type I melanocytes became more pheomelanogenic, whereas that of skin type VI melanocytes remained the same. The skin type VI melanocytes cultured in basic medium demonstrated a very high sensitivity (1.18 ssb per 10(10) Da per kJ per m2) toward UVA that is probably related to their high pheo- and total melanin content. Their UVA sensitivity, however, did not change after increasing their melanin content by culturing at high tyrosine concentration. In contrast, the skin type I melanocytes demonstrated a low sensitivity (0.04 ssb per 10(10) Da per kJ per m2) toward UVA when cultured in basic medium, but increasing their melanin content resulted in a 3-fold increase in their UVA sensitivity (0.13 ssb per 10(10) Da per kJ per m2). These results demonstrate that UVA-irradiated cultured human melanocytes are photosensitized by their own synthesized chromophores, most likely pheomelanin and/or melanin intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wenczl
- Department of Dermatology, Kun Street Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Armitage
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890
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Kipp C, Lewis EJ, Young AR. Furocoumarin-induced Epidermal Melanogenesis Does Not Protect Against Skin Photocarcinogenesis in Hairless Mice. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb05175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Human skin, especially the epidermis, contains several major solar ultraviolet-radiation- (UVR-) absorbing endogenous chromophores including DNA, urocanic acid, amino acids, melanins and their precursors and metabolites. The lack of solubility of melanins prevents their absorption spectra being defined by routine techniques. Indirect spectroscopic methods show that their spectral properties depend on the stimulus for melanogenesis. The photochemical consequences of UVR absorption by some epidermal chromophores are relatively well understood whereas we lack a detailed understanding of the consequent photobiological and clinical responses. Skin action spectroscopy is not a reliable way of relating a photobiological outcome to a specific chromophore but is important for UVR hazard assessment. Exogenous chromophores may be administered to the skin in combination with UVR exposure for therapeutic benefit, or as sunscreens for the prevention of sunburn and possibly skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Young
- Department of Photobiology, St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London UK.
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Kinley JS, Brunborg G, Moan J, Young AR. Photoprotection by furocoumarin-induced melanogenesis against DNA photodamage in mouse epidermis in vivo. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65:486-91. [PMID: 9077137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The photoprotective properties of furocoumarin plus UVA-induced epidermal melanogenesis were assessed in hairless mice. The ear and dorsal surfaces were topically treated with 6,4,4'-trimethylangelicin (TMA), 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) or psoralen and exposed to UVA for 12 consecutive week-days. The TMA treatment induced intense tanning whereas modest tanning was seen with the other compounds. Seven days after the last treatment, the mice were challenged with a DNA damaging dose of UV radiation. Single strand breaks (SSB) in epidermal DNA were assessed by alkaline elution. Photoprotection was assessed by comparing SSB in furocoumarin-treated mice with control mice (vehicle plus UVA and also no treatment). No photoprotection was seen, with any compound, in dorsal epidermis despite intense pigmentation induced by TMA. Modest photoprotection with all compounds was seen in ear epidermis that was independent of the level of pigmentation. These data show that induced melanogenesis is not always associated, with photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kinley
- Department of Photobiology, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Césarini
- Inserm, laboratoire de recherche sur les tumeurs de la peau humaine, Fondation A de Rothschild, Paris, France
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