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Nicolás-Morala J, Alonso-Juarranz M, Barahona A, Terrén S, Cabezas S, Falahat F, Gilaberte Y, Gonzalez S, Juarranz A, Mascaraque M. Comparative response to PDT with methyl-aminolevulinate and temoporfin in cutaneous and oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7025. [PMID: 38528037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous and Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC, HNSCC) are among the most prevalent cancers. Both types of cancer can be treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) by using the photosensitizer Temoporfin in HNSCC and the prodrug methyl-aminolevulinate (MAL) in CSCC. However, PDT is not always effective. Therefore, it is mandatory to correctly approach the therapy according to the characteristics of the tumour cells. For this reason, we have used cell lines of CSCC (A431 and SCC13) and HNSCC (HN5 and SCC9). The results obtained indicated that the better response to MAL-PDT was related to its localization in the plasma membrane (A431 and HN5 cells). However, with Temoporfin all cell lines showed lysosome localization, even the most sensitive ones (HN5). The expression of mesenchymal markers and migratory capacity was greater in HNSCC lines compared to CSCC, but no correlation with PDT response was observed. The translocation to the nucleus of β-catenin and GSK3β and the activation of NF-κβ is related to the poor response to PDT in the HNSCC lines. Therefore, we propose that intracellular localization of GSK3β could be a good marker of response to PDT in HNSCC. Although the molecular mechanism of response to PDT needs further elucidation, this work shows that the most MAL-resistant line of CSCC is more sensitive to Temoporfin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nicolás-Morala
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Alonso-Juarranz
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Barahona
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Terrén
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Cabezas
- Oncology Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Falahat
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - S Gonzalez
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Juarranz
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Mascaraque
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
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Lynch J, Wang Y, Li Y, Kavdia K, Fukuda Y, Ranjit S, Robinson CG, Grace CR, Xia Y, Peng J, Schuetz JD. A PPIX-binding probe facilitates discovery of PPIX-induced cell death modulation by peroxiredoxin. Commun Biol 2023; 6:673. [PMID: 37355765 PMCID: PMC10290680 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While heme synthesis requires the formation of a potentially lethal intermediate, protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), surprisingly little is known about the mechanism of its toxicity, aside from its phototoxicity. The cellular protein interactions of PPIX might provide insight into modulators of PPIX-induced cell death. Here we report the development of PPB, a biotin-conjugated, PPIX-probe that captures proteins capable of interacting with PPIX. Quantitative proteomics in a diverse panel of mammalian cell lines reveal a high degree of concordance for PPB-interacting proteins identified for each cell line. Most differences are quantitative, despite marked differences in PPIX formation and sensitivity. Pathway and quantitative difference analysis indicate that iron and heme metabolism proteins are prominent among PPB-bound proteins in fibroblasts, which undergo PPIX-mediated death determined to occur through ferroptosis. PPB proteomic data (available at PRIDE ProteomeXchange # PXD042631) reveal that redox proteins from PRDX family of glutathione peroxidases interact with PPIX. Targeted gene knockdown of the mitochondrial PRDX3, but not PRDX1 or 2, enhance PPIX-induced death in fibroblasts, an effect blocked by the radical-trapping antioxidant, ferrostatin-1. Increased PPIX formation and death was also observed in a T-lymphoblastoid ferrochelatase-deficient leukemia cell line, suggesting that PPIX elevation might serve as a potential strategy for killing certain leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kanisha Kavdia
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sabina Ranjit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Christy R Grace
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Youlin Xia
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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Yang TS, Hsiao YC, Chiang YF, Chang CJ. Imaging and Histopathological Analysis of Microvascular Angiogenesis in Photodynamic Therapy for Oral Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041110. [PMID: 36831454 PMCID: PMC9954751 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to use imaging and histopathological analysis to characterize and monitor microvascular responses to photodynamic therapy (PDT). In vivo chicken chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) and a stimulated malignant oral lesions animal model were used to determine the blood flow and the biological activities of Photofrin® (2.5 mg/kg) exposed to different laser power densities at 630 nm. The vascular changes, the velocity of the blood flow, the speckle flow index (SFI) of fluorescence changes, and ultrastructure damage in the microvasculature before and after PDT were recorded. The subcellular localization of Photofrin® revealed satisfactory uptake throughout the cytoplasm of human red blood cells at 10 s and 20 s before PDT. The mean blood-flow velocities of the veins and arteries were 500 ± 40 and 1500 ± 100 μm/s, respectively. A significant decrease in the velocities of the blood flow in the veins and arteries was detected in the CAM model after PDT. The veins and arteries of CAMs, exposed to the power densities of 80, 100, and 120 mW/cm2, had average blood-flow velocities of 100 ± 20, 60 ± 10, and 0 μm/s and 300 ± 50, 150 ± 30, and 0 μm/s, respectively. In the stimulated malignant oral lesions animal model, the treated tumors exhibited hemorrhage and red blood cell extravasation after PDT. The oxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin levels decreased, which resulted in a decrease in tissue oxygen saturation, while the deoxyhemoglobin levels increased. PDT using Photofrin® has the ability to cause the destruction of the targeted microvasculature under nonthermal mechanisms selectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Sen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- School of Dental Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Hsiao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Chiang
- Medical School, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cheng-Jen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Sorrin AJ, Ruhi MK, Ferlic NA, Karimnia V, Polacheck WJ, Celli JP, Huang HC, Rizvi I. Photodynamic Therapy and the Biophysics of the Tumor Microenvironment. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:232-259. [PMID: 31895481 PMCID: PMC7138751 DOI: 10.1111/php.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) provides opportunities to modulate tumor physiology, enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents, impact immune response and overcome resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemistry-based, nonthermal modality that produces reactive molecular species at the site of light activation and is in the clinic for nononcologic and oncologic applications. The unique mechanisms and exquisite spatiotemporal control inherent to PDT enable selective modulation or destruction of the TME and cancer cells. Mechanical stress plays an important role in tumor growth and survival, with increasing implications for therapy design and drug delivery, but remains understudied in the context of PDT and PDT-based combinations. This review describes pharmacoengineering and bioengineering approaches in PDT to target cellular and noncellular components of the TME, as well as molecular targets on tumor and tumor-associated cells. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of mechanical stress in the context of targeted PDT regimens, and combinations, for primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Sorrin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Mustafa Kemal Ruhi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Nathaniel A. Ferlic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Vida Karimnia
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - William J. Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Celli
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Huang-Chiao Huang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Li Z, Wang C, Deng H, Wu J, Huang H, Sun R, Zhang H, Xiong X, Feng M. Robust Photodynamic Therapy Using 5-ALA-Incorporated Nanocomplexes Cures Metastatic Melanoma through Priming of CD4 +CD8 + Double Positive T Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1802057. [PMID: 30886812 PMCID: PMC6402398 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Advanced melanoma can rarely be cured. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) readily eradicates the primary melanoma but has limited ability to destroy the spreading tumor cells unless supported by other combinative interventions to augment systemic antitumor immunity. Based on the previously synthesized penetration-enhancing biomaterials, a topically administered nanoformulation is developed, which profoundly assists 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in circumventing skin barrier to be selectively delivered to tumor cells. After endocytosis, accumulated 5-ALA is efficiently metabolized to a photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) which stimulates a large production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) under illumination. Accompanied by the robust inflammatory responses followed by primary tumor destruction, CD4+CD8+ double positive T cells are highly boosted to harness host immunity to purge metastases in lymphoid organs. Compared with dacarbazine and programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibody, this treatment in advanced melanoma murine models, achieves a striking curable rate of 90% without melanoma prognostic markers LDH and S-100B detection, followed by a relapse-free survival rate of 83.33% in 300 days. Moreover, the cured mice's immune system function recovers to an extent similar to healthy mice without prolonged or exaggerated inflammation. This study using the synergistic biomaterials approach may thus render 5-ALA-mediated PDT a potentially curative therapy for advanced melanoma in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Cuifeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Huihui Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Huan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Ran Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510282P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central LaboratoryRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan430060P. R. China
| | - Min Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and EvaluationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
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Schwake M, Nemes A, Dondrop J, Schroeteler J, Schipmann S, Senner V, Stummer W, Ewelt C. In-Vitro Use of 5-ALA for Photodynamic Therapy in Pediatric Brain Tumors. Neurosurgery 2018; 83:1328-1337. [PMID: 29538709 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light irradiation (635 nm) of cells containing protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) after 5- aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) pretreatment causes cell death via different pathways including apoptosis and necrosis, as previously demonstrated for malignant glioma cells. OBJECTIVE To elucidate whether various malignant pediatric brain tumors, which have been shown to accumulate PPIX, would also be susceptible to photodynamic therapy (PDT). METHODS Medulloblastoma (DAOY, UW228), pNET (PFSK-1), and rhabdoid tumor (BT16) cell lines were incubated with 5-ALA in variable concentrations for 4 h. Consequently, cells were irradiated by 635 nm diode laser light. After 12 h, cell viability was measured by WST-1 testing and these results were compared to control cells incubated with 5-ALA without irradiation or irradiation only without prior incubation with 5-ALA. RESULTS We demonstrated significant cell death in malignant pediatric tumor cells after incubation with 5-ALA and laser irradiation in comparison to control groups. In all cell lines, we noticed significant cell death above a 5-ALA concentration of 50 μg/ml (P < .05). Neither 5-ALA incubation alone nor irradiation alone caused cell death. DAOY and PFSK cell lines were more susceptible than UW228 and BT16 cells. CONCLUSION We conclude that PDT causes cell death with higher PPIX concentrations after exposure to 5-ALA in vitro in accordance to similar studies with glioma cells. This indicates that PDT might be feasible for eliminating brain tumor cells in malignant pediatric brain tumors. Additionally, we noticed a dependency between fluorescence intensity and death rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwake
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andrei Nemes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jana Dondrop
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | - Volker Senner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Walter Stummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christian Ewelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Schroeteler J, Ewelt C, Wölfer J, Schipmann S, Schwake M, Stummer W. 5 ALA-PDT in neurosurgery. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Kim S, Tachikawa T, Fujitsuka M, Majima T. Far-red fluorescence probe for monitoring singlet oxygen during photodynamic therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11707-15. [PMID: 25075870 DOI: 10.1021/ja504279r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen ((1)O2), molecular oxygen in the lowest excited state, has a critical role in the cell-killing mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although (1)O2 phosphorescence measurement has been mainly used to monitor (1)O2 formation during PDT, its intensity is far insufficient to obtain two-dimensional images of intracellular (1)O2 with the subcellular spatial resolution using the currently available near-IR detector. Here, we propose a new far-red fluorescence probe of (1)O2, namely, Si-DMA, composed of silicon-containing rhodamine and anthracene moieties as a chromophore and a (1)O2 reactive site, respectively. In the presence of (1)O2, fluorescence of Si-DMA increases 17 times due to endoperoxide formation at the anthracene moiety. With the advantage of negligible self-oxidation by photoirradiation (ΦΔ < 0.02) and selective mitochondrial localization, Si-DMA is particularly suitable for imaging (1)O2 during PDT. Among three different intracellular photosensitizers (Sens), Si-DMA could selectively detect the (1)O2 that is generated by 5-aminolevulinic acid-derived protoporphyrin IX, colocalized with Si-DMA in mitochondria. On the other hand, mitochondria-targeted KillerRed and lysosomal porphyrins could not induce fluorescence change of Si-DMA. This surprising selectivity of Si-DMA response depending on the Sens localization and photosensitization mechanism is caused by a limited intracellular (1)O2 diffusion distance (∼300 nm) and negligible generation of (1)O2 by type-I Sens, respectively. For the first time, we successfully visualized (1)O2 generated during PDT with a spatial resolution of a single mitochondrial tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Kim
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
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Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one-photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 1:279-93. [PMID: 25048432 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1317] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of non-toxic dyes or photosensitizers (PS) in combination with harmless visible light that is known as photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been known for over a hundred years, but is only now becoming widely used. Originally developed as a tumor therapy, some of its most successful applications are for non-malignant disease. In a series of three reviews we will discuss the mechanisms that operate in the field of PDT. Part one discusses the recent explosion in discovery and chemical synthesis of new PS. Some guidelines on how to choose an ideal PS for a particular application are presented. The photochemistry and photophysics of PS and the two pathways known as Type I (radicals and reactive oxygen species) and Type II (singlet oxygen) photochemical processes are discussed. To carry out PDT effectively in vivo, it is necessary to ensure sufficient light reaches all the diseased tissue. This involves understanding how light travels within various tissues and the relative effects of absorption and scattering. The fact that most of the PS are also fluorescent allows various optical imaging and monitoring strategies to be combined with PDT. The most important factor governing the outcome of PDT is how the PS interacts with cells in the target tissue or tumor, and the key aspect of this interaction is the subcellular localization of the PS. Examples of PS that localize in mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes are given. Finally the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid as a natural precursor of the heme biosynthetic pathway, stimulates accumulation of the PS protoporphyrin IX is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Castano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tatiana N Demidova
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Larisch P, Verwanger T, Linecker M, Krammer B. The interrelation between a pro-inflammatory milieu and fluorescence diagnosis or photodynamic therapy of human skin cell lines. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Fabricius S, Lerche CM, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC. The relation between methyl aminolevulinate concentration and inflammation after photodynamic therapy in healthy volunteers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:117-23. [PMID: 22785615 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and pain are well known adverse-effects in photodynamic therapy (PDT). There is currently a tendency towards introducing lower concentrations of the photosensitizer than used in the standard treatment for various indications. The aim of this study was to investigate whether reduced concentrations of methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) can reduce inflammation (erythema) during PDT treatment. We measured the formation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) using fluorescence and monitored both erythema and pain during and after PDT treatment with conventional 16% MAL and threee reduced concentrations of 2, 0.75, and 0.25% in twenty-four healthy volunteers. We found that lowering the MAL concentration reduced PpIX fluorescence and erythema after PDT treatment. There was a strong correlation (R(2) = 0.70) between the PpIX fluorescence and erythema after treatment. A further increase in erythema after PDT was dependent on pre-treatment skin erythema. PpIX fluorescence could explain 70% of the increase in erythema (P < 0.0005). Pain and post-treatment hyperpigmentation can be reduced but not eliminated by limiting the MAL concentration. An efficacy study of PDT with these three reduced concentrations has not been performed.
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12
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In vitro analysis of photosensitizer accumulation for assessment of applicability of fluorescence diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of epidermolysis bullosa patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:521281. [PMID: 23509735 PMCID: PMC3591193 DOI: 10.1155/2013/521281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of inherited skin disorders characterized by blistering following mechanical trauma. Chronic wounds of EB patients often lead to tumors such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Early diagnosis may prevent its invasive growth--frequently the reason of premature mortality of EB-patients. Early detection of tumors is achieved by fluorescence diagnosis (FD), where photosensitizers localize selectively in tumors and fluoresce upon illumination. Excessive accumulation of photosensitizers in inflamed areas, as occasionally found at chronic wounds and tumors due to inflammatory processes, leads to false-positive results in FD. This study analyzed accumulation kinetics of the photosensitizers hypericin and endogenous protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in different skin cell lines including the three EB subtypes under normal and proinflammatory conditions (stimulated with TNF-alpha). The aim was to assess the applicability of FD of SCC in EB. All cell lines accumulate hypericin or PpIX mostly increasing with incubation time, but with different kinetics. SCC cells of recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB) accumulate less hypericin or PpIX than nonmalignant RDEB cells. Nevertheless, tumor selectivity in vivo might be existent. Non-EB cell lines are more active concerning photosensitizer enrichment. Proinflammatory conditions of skin cell lines seem to have no major influence on photosensitizer accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- IAN J. MACDONALD
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - THOMAS J. DOUGHERTY
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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14
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Ekroll IK, Gederaas OA, Helander L, Hjelde A, Melø TB, Johnsson A. Photo induced hexylaminolevulinate destruction of rat bladder cells AY-27. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1072-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Silva JN, Galmiche A, Tomé JPC, Boullier A, Neves MGPMS, Silva EMP, Capiod JC, Cavaleiro JAS, Santus R, Mazière JC, Filipe P, Morlière P. Chain-dependent photocytotoxicity of tricationic porphyrin conjugates and related mechanisms of cell death in proliferating human skin keratinocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1373-85. [PMID: 20691164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a poor treatment option for nodular basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. As a result, the search for new photosensitizers with better effectiveness is of current interest. The photocytotoxicity of conjugates (P-R) of a water-soluble tri-cationic porphyrin (P-H) having similar efficiency of production of singlet oxygen, the PDT cytotoxin, has been assessed in vitro. Links between uptake, intracellular localization, photooxidative stress, photocytotoxicity and ability to induce programmed cell death are established. Conjugates bearing methyl (P-Me), Di-O-isopropylidene-(-d-galactopyranosyl (P-OGal) or N,N'-dicyclohexylureidooxycarbonyl (P-DDC) chains are efficiently taken-up by proliferating NCTC 2544 keratinocytes. The relative order of photocytotoxicity is P-OGal >P-DDC=P-Me≫P-H. The photocytotoxic potential of P-Me, P-OGal and P-DDC equals that of endogenous protoporphyrin IX induced by δ-aminolevulinic acid or its esters, the pro-drugs currently employed for PDT of skin lesions. Microfluorometry shows that P-Me, P-OGal, and P-DDC localize in endocytotic or pinocytotic vesicles but not in mitochondria or nucleus. Absence of annexin V binding, caspase activation or chromatin condensation suggests that cell photosensitization by P-R does not induce apoptosis. On the other hand, P-OGal photocytotoxicity correlates with appearance of multiple vesicles that have hallmarks of autophagy compartments, being decorated with the marker LC3 in cells transfected with an expression vector encoding GFP-LC3. p38 and JNK phosphorylation and inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation suggest close relationship between mortality of NCTC 2544 keratinocytes and MAPK pathway impairment. Given their potentially easy formulation, water-soluble P-R are promising powerful photosensitizers for PDT of skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Nuno Silva
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Clinica Universitária de Dermatologia, Lisboa, Portugal
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16
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Tada-Oikawa S, Oikawa S, Hirayama J, Hirakawa K, Kawanishi S. DNA Damage and Apoptosis Induced by Photosensitization of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphyrinviaSinglet Oxygen Generation. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1391-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Giuliano EA, Ota J, Tucker SA. Photodynamic therapy: basic principles and potential uses for the veterinary ophthalmologist. Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10:337-43. [PMID: 17970993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of photochemical reactions mediated through the interaction of photosensitizing agents, light and oxygen. PDT, while now commonly used in physician ophthalmology and oncology, is uncommonly used for the veterinary ophthalmic patient. It is an emerging new therapy in veterinary ophthalmology for the treatment of periocular tumors. This article reviews the basic principles of PDT to provide the veterinary ophthalmologic community with a succinct reference for this emerging treatment modality in our field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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18
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Wang S, Wang X, Shi W, Wang K, Ma H. Detection of local polarity and conformational changes at the active site of rabbit muscle creatine kinase with a new arginine-specific fluorescent probe. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1784:415-22. [PMID: 18082150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe, 3-(4-chloro-6-p-glyoxal-phenoxy-1,3,5-triazinylamino)-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenazine (CGTDP), is synthesized for selective labeling of active-site arginine residues. The probe comprises a neutral red moiety as a polarity-sensitive fluorophore and a phenylglyoxal unit as an arginine-specific labeling group. The probe exhibits a sensitive response of shift of fluorescence maximum emission wavelength to solvent polarity only instead of pH or temperature, which leads to the use of the probe in detecting the local polarity and conformational changes of the active site of rabbit muscle creatine kinase (CK) denatured by pH or temperature. The polarity of the active site domain has been first found to correspond to a dielectric constant of about 44, and the conformational change of the active site directly revealed by CGTDP occurs far before that of CK as a whole disclosed by the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence during acid or thermal denaturation. The present strategy may provide a useful method to detect the local polarity and conformational changes of the active sites of many enzymes that employ arginine residues as anion recognition sites under different denaturation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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19
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Microvascular effects of Photofrin®-induced photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2007; 4:95-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Bagdonas S, Ma LW, Iani V, Rotomskis R, Juzenas P, Moan J. Phototransformations of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-induced Protoporphyrin IX in vitro: A Spectroscopic Study¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720186poaaip2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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22
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Singh MK. Rotational Relaxation of Neutral Red in Alkanes: Effect of Solvent Size on Probe Rotation¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720438rronri2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Singh MK, Pal H, Sapre AV. Studies on the Radiolytically Produced Transients of Neutral Red: Triplet and Reduced Radicals. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710044sotrpt2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Selbo PK, Kaalhus O, Sivam G, Berg K. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-based Photochemical Internalization of the Immunotoxin MOC31-gelonin Generates Synergistic Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740303aabpio2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Singh MK, Pal H, Sapre AV. Interaction of the Excited Singlet State of Neutral Red with Aromatic Amines. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710300iotess2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Mik EG, Stap J, Sinaasappel M, Beek JF, Aten JA, van Leeuwen TG, Ince C. Mitochondrial PO2 measured by delayed fluorescence of endogenous protoporphyrin IX. Nat Methods 2006; 3:939-45. [PMID: 17060918 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen is the primary oxidant in biological systems. The ultimate destination of oxygen in vivo is the mitochondria where it is used in oxidative phosphorylation. The ability of this process to produce an amount of high-energy phosphates adequate to sustain life highly depends on the available amount of oxygen. Despite a vast array of techniques to measure oxygen, major (patho)physiological questions remain unanswered because of the unavailability of quantitative techniques to measure mitochondrial oxygen in situ. Here we demonstrate that mitochondrial PO(2) can be directly measured in living cells by harnessing the delayed fluorescence of endogenous protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), thereby providing a technique with the potential for a wide variety of applications. We applied this technique to different cell lines (V-79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts, HeLa cells and IMR 32-K1 neuroblastoma cells) and present the first direct measurements of the oxygen gradient between the mitochondria and the extracellular volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egbert G Mik
- Department of Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Spectrophotometric determination of conditional acidity constant as a function of β-cyclodextrin concentration for some organic acids using rank annihilation factor analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Furiga A, Olivier D, Baud’huin M, Bourre L, Bugaj A, Patrice T. The influence of storage conditions on delta amino levulinic acid induced toxicity and phototoxicity in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2006; 3:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(06)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dong SY, Ma HM, Duan XJ, Chen XQ, Li J. Detection of Local Polarity of α-Lactalbumin by N-Terminal Specific Labeling with a New Tailor-Made Fluorescent Probe. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:161-6. [PMID: 15707371 DOI: 10.1021/pr049814v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To detect the local polarity such as the N-terminal domain of a protein molecule, 3-(4-chloro-6-hydrazino-1,3,5-triazinylamino)-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenazine has been designed and synthesized as a polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe by using an s-triazine ring as a backbone, neutral red and hydrazine as a polarity-sensitive fluorophore, and a labeling group, respectively. The fluorescence properties of the probe have been characterized. The probe has the following features: (1) stable in various solvents; (2) the long-wavelength emission of >550 nm that can avoid the interferences of the background fluorescence shorter than 500 nm from common biomacromolecules; and (3) the maximum emission wavelength (lambda(em)) sensitive to solvent polarity only but not to pH and temperature. The hydrazino group in such a probe reacts readily with an active carbonyl produced by transamination of a protein molecule, leading to N-terminal specific attachment of the fluorophore and thereby allowing the monitoring of local polarity. With this probe, the polarity of the N-terminal domain in both native and heat-denatured alpha-lactalbumin has been first determined, which corresponds to that with a dielectric constant of about 16, and the hydrophobic core near the N-terminus is found to be conservative for heating. The present strategy may provide a general method to study the local environmental changes of a protein molecule under different denaturation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ying Dong
- Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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30
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Choi JP, Bard AJ. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence 73: acid–base properties, electrochemistry, and electrogenerated chemiluminescence of neutral red in acetonitrile. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Zhang SJ, Zhang ZX. 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy in leukemia cell HL60. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 79:545-50. [PMID: 15291307 DOI: 10.1562/mu-03-32.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A study to explore the optimal experimental parameters and the photosensitization of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) in promyelocytic leukemia cell HL60 has been conducted, in which HL60 cells and their control groups, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), first are incubated with different concentrations of ALA in dark for different periods of time and then followed by irradiating with different wavebands for different fluences. Fluorescence microscope and spectrofluorometer have been used to detect the fluorescence of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) endogenously produced by ALA. The response of the cells to ALA-PDT was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2-5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (interval between irradiation and the MTT assay is 24 h) and by flow cytometry (the length of time between irradiation and the flow assay is 30 min). MTT results will reflect the relative number of metabolically active mitochondria in the population. Propidium iodide uptake in flow cytometry will test for membrane damage. The results of parameter experiments were obtained: 1 x 10(5)/mL HL60 cell was first incubated with 1 mmol/L ALA in dark for 4 h and the maximum fluorescence of PpIX level appeared; then irradiated with 410 nm (4 mW/cm2) for 14.4 J/cm2 and maximum photodamage to membrane and mitochondrial function of HL60 cell resulted. With the normal granulocytes, such response was not detected. Therefore a hypothetical idea can be brought forward that ALA-based PDT can be used for inactivation of leukemia cell HL60 and these optimal parameters may be useful for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Juan Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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32
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Tsai T, Hong RL, Tsai JC, Lou PJ, Ling IF, Chen CT. Effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy on MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells. Lasers Surg Med 2004; 34:62-72. [PMID: 14755426 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been proposed as an alternative approach in overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. To verify whether 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated PDT is effective in MDR cells, we studied the protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) content, intracellular localization, and phototoxicity in human breast cancer cells MCF-7 and derived MDR subline, MCF-7/ADR. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS The fluorescence kinetics of ALA-induced PpIX was evaluated by spectrofluorometer. The phototoxicity of MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells was determined by tetrazolium (MTT) assays and clonogenic assay. Furthermore, Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) binding assays were performed to analyze the characteristics of cell death after ALA-PDT. RESULTS MCF-7/ADR accumulated a lower level of PpIX as compared to parental MCF-7 cells. Significant phototoxicity was observed in MCF-7 and increased in a fluence-dependent manner with LD(50) around 8 J/cm(2). Compared to its parental counterpart, MCF-7/ADR cells were less sensitive to ALA photodynamic treatment and PDT-induced cytotoxicity did not increase in a dose responsive manner as the concentration of ALA increased or the fluence of light increased. ALA-PDT was less effective for MCF-7/ADR cells than MCF-7 cells even under the condition when these two cell lines contained the similar amounts of PpIX. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that, except for the MDR related characteristics, MCF-7/ADR cells might possess intrinsic mechanisms that render them less sensitive to ALA-PDT induced phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuimin Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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33
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Lang K, Bolsen K, Stahl W, Ruzicka T, Sies H, Lehmann P, Fritsch C. The 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrin biosynthesis in benign and malignant cells of the skin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2001; 65:29-34. [PMID: 11748002 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In fluorescence diagnosis and photodynamic therapy of neoplastic tissues 5-aminolevulinic acid is used to synthesize endogenous porphyrins as photosensitizers. The efficacy of neoplastic tissues to fluorescence diagnosis and photodynamic therapy is thought to be dependent on the total level of intralesional formed porphyrins. The available profiles of porphyrin metabolites in normal and in neoplastic cell lines after administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid vary considerably. Thus, this is the first in-vitro study which compares the porphyrin biosynthesis in normal skin cells (HaCaT, fibroblasts) with melanoma cells (Bro, SKMel-23, SKMel-28). After incubation with 1 mM 5-aminolevulinic acid, kinetics of porphyrin levels and metabolites were determined in the cells and the corresponding supernatants. Exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid induced porphyrin formation in all cells with maximum values after an incubation period of 16-36 h. Increase of porphyrin levels varied from 10- to 80-fold (SKMel-28>HaCaT>fibroblasts>SKMel-23>>Bro) with minimum 1.5 times higher levels of porphyrins in the supernatants than in the cells. In cells and supernatants protoporphyrin and coproporphyrin were the predominantly formed porphyrin metabolites. Metastatic melanoma cells (SKMel-23, SKMel-28) accumulated much higher porphyrin levels than primary melanoma cells (Bro). In conclusion, by optimizing the treatment modalities, especially the light source, topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) could become a treatment alternative of melanoma metastases in progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lang
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Selbo PK, Kaalhus O, Sivam G, Berg K. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photochemical internalization of the immunotoxin MOC31-gelonin generates synergistic cytotoxic effects in vitro. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:303-10. [PMID: 11547569 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0303:aabpio>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel method for the endosomal or lysosomal release of membrane-impermeable molecules into the cytosol of target cells. This novel technology is based on the photodynamically induced rupture of endocytic vesicles preloaded with molecules of therapeutic interest. PCI of the ribosome-inactivating plant toxin gelonin and the immunotoxin monoclonal antibody 31 (MOC31) gelonin has been performed previously by the use of the endocytic vesicle-localizing photosensitizers TPPS2a and AIPcS2a and light, demonstrating synergistic toxicity against the more than 20 different cell lines tested, most of them of neoplastic origin. In this study we demonstrate that 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is also capable of inducing PCI of MOC31-gelonin in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line WiDr. The cells were incubated with 1 mM 5-ALA for up to 8 h in serum-free medium and from 24 to 96 h in serum-containing medium. Fluorescence microscopical studies indicate a partial plasma membrane localization of PpIX when 5-ALA was applied under serum-free conditions. This plasma membrane localization was not seen when 5-ALA was given in the presence of serum. There was a granular component of the PpIX localization in addition to a diffuse cytoplasmic localization. The granular component resembled the localization of the fluorescent dye conjugate Alexa-gelonin and the lysosomal localizing dye acridine orange. Our present results provide evidence for an endocytic vesicle-associated fraction of PpIX after 5-ALA incubation of the WiDr cells. We demonstrate that PCI, by combining 5-ALA, MOC31-gelonin and light, induces a synergistic cytotoxic effect against the WiDr cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Selbo
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Li W, Zhang WJ, Ohnishi K, Yamada I, Ohno R, Hashimoto K. 5-Aminolaevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy in multidrug resistant leukemia cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2001; 60:79-86. [PMID: 11470562 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To verify if photodynamic therapy (PDT) could overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) when it it applied to eradicate minimal residual disease in patients with leukemia, we investigated the fluorescence kinetics of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and the effect of subsequent photodynamic therapy on MDR leukemia cells, which express P-glycoprotein (P-gp), as well as on their parent cells. Evaluation of PpIX accumulation by flow cytometry showed that PpIX accumulated at higher levels in mdr-1 gene-transduced MDR cells (NB4/MDR) and at lower levels in doxorubicin-induced MDR cells (NOMO-1/ADR) than in their parent cells. A P-gp inhibitor could not increase PpIX accumulation. Measurement of extracellular PpIX concentration by fluorescence spectrometry showed that P-gp did not mediate the fluorescence kinetics of ALA-induced PpIX production. Assessment of ferrochelatase activity using high-performance liquid chromatography indicated that PpIX accumulation in drug-induced MDR cells was probably regulated by this enzyme. Assessment of phototoxicity of PDT using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that PDT was effective in NB4, NB4/MDR, NOMO-1 and NOMO-1/ADR cells, which accumulated high levels of PpIX, but not effective in K562 and K562/ADR cell lines, which accumulated relatively low levels of PpIX. These findings demonstrate that P-gp does not mediate the ALA-fluorescence kinetics, and multidrug resistant leukemia cells do not have cross-resistance to ALA-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 3600 Handa-cho, 431-3192, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Berg K. Chapter 8 Basic principles of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy. COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOSCIENCES 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1568-461x(01)80112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Rotational reorientation times of a polar molecule neutral red (NR) have been measured in n-alkanes using steady-state fluorescence depolarization technique. The rotational dynamics of NR in alkanes is described by the Stokes-Einstein-Debye hydrodynamic theory with slip boundary condition. However, we have observed that as the size of the solvent molecule becomes bigger than the size of the solute molecule, the probe molecule experiences reduced friction and the experimentally measured reorientation times are shorter than those predicted by the hydrodynamic theory. These size effects have been analyzed using quasihydrodynamic theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Singh
- Spectroscopy Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, India.
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Bagdonas S, Ma LW, Iani V, Rotomskis R, Juzenas P, Moan J. Phototransformations of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX in vitro: a spectroscopic study. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:186-92. [PMID: 10946571 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0186:poaaip>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human adenocarcinoma cells of the line WiDr were incubated with 5-aminolevulinic acid to induce protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and then exposed to laser light of wavelength 635 nm. The PpIX fluorescence decreased with increasing exposure. The decay rate was slightly dependent on the initial PpIX concentration. The PpIX fluorescence was halved by a fluence of about 40 J/cm2. Several fluorescing photoproducts were formed. The main one, supposedly the chlorine-type photoprotoporphyrin (Ppp), had a fluorescence excitation spectrum stretching out to about 680 nm with a maximum at around 668 nm. The formation kinetics of this product was dependent on the initial PpIX concentration. Moreover, it was selectively bleached by exposure to light at 670 nm. A photoproduct with an emission maximum at 652 nm, different from Ppp, remained after this exposure. Traces of a photoproduct(s) with fluorescence emission slightly blue-shifted compared with that of PpIX, supposedly water-soluble porphyrins, were also detected after light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bagdonas
- Department of Biophysics, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Chang CJ, Sun CH, Liaw LH, Berns MW, Nelson JS. In vitro and in vivo photosensitizing capabilities of 5-ALA versus photofrin in vascular endothelial cells. Lasers Surg Med Suppl 2000; 24:178-86. [PMID: 10229148 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9101(1999)24:3<178::aid-lsm2>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for complicated hemangiomas. The photosensitizing activities of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and Photofrin were evaluated in vitro with human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MEC) and in vivo with the chicken cox comb. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro absorption and photosensitizing activities of 5-ALA and Photofrin were examined in a MEC culture system. The percentages of MEC killed by different drug concentrations at a wavelength of 630 nm were measured by either live/dead or lactate dehydrogenase-released assays. Similarly, the in vivo biological activities of 5-ALA and Photofrin exposed to different total light dosages at 630 nm were studied by determining the amount of necrosis produced in chicken combs. RESULTS MEC incubated with 5-ALA at a concentration of 35 microg/ml and exposed to laser light at 630 nm at a power density of 100 mW/cm2 showed a 50% cell kill. MEC incubated with Photofrin at a concentration of 3.5 microg/ml and exposed to laser light at 630 nm at a power density of 100 mW/cm2 showed a 50% cell kill. Chicken combs that received 200 mg/kg of 5-ALA exposed to laser light at 630 nm at a power density of 100 mW/cm2 had an injury depth of 362.5+/-27.6 microm at histologic examination. Combs exposed to a power density of 100 or 120 mW/cm2 showed injury depths of 732.5+/-29.1 and 792.5+/-36.0 microm, respectively. Chicken combs that received 2.5 mg/kg of Photofrin exposed to laser light at 630 nm at a power density of 80 mW/cm2 had an injury depth of 535.6+/-22.3 microm at histologic examination. Combs exposed to a power density of 100 or 120 mW/cm2 showed injury depths of 795.8+/-32.5 and 805.2+/-49.1 microm, respectively. CONCLUSION Both 5-ALA and Photofrin have the capability to destroy MEC in vitro and vasculature in vivo. However, Photofrin achieved a higher degree of cell kill and tissue destruction at lower drug concentrations and at lower power densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Chang
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Quenching of neutral red (NR; neutral form of the dye) fluorescence by a number of aromatic amines has been investigated in acetonitrile solutions. The bimolecular quenching constants (kq) obtained from steady-state and time-resolved measurements for a particular donor-acceptor pair are seen to be the same within experimental error. Correlation of the changes in the kq values with the oxidation potentials of the donors (amines) indicates that electron transfer (ET) is the mechanism operative in the present systems. Direct evidence for ET has been obtained from picosecond transient absorption studies on a suitable amine-NR pair. Experimentally determined kq values are seen to correlate well with the free energy changes (delta G0) for the ET reactions, within the frame-work of the Marcus outer sphere ET theroy. From the correlation between the experimentally determined and theoretically calculated kq values, it appears that solvent reorganization plays a major role in governing ET dynamics in the systems investigated.
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Fuchs J, Weber S, Kaufmann R. Genotoxic potential of porphyrin type photosensitizers with particular emphasis on 5-aminolevulinic acid: implications for clinical photodynamic therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28:537-48. [PMID: 10719235 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses exogenously administered photosensitizers activated by light to induce cell death or modulation of immunological cascades, presumably via formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) mediated photosensitization is increasingly used for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer and other indications including benign skin disorders. Long-term side effects of this investigational modality are presently unknown. Just as tumor treatments such as ionizing radiation and chemotherapy can cause secondary tumor induction, PDT may potentially have a carcinogenic risk. Evaluation of the biological effects of ALA in absence of activating light and analysis of the mechanism of ALA-PDT and porphyrin-type photosensitizers mediated photosensitization indicate that this therapy has a pro-oxidant and genotoxic potential. However, porphyrin type molecules also possess antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. ALA-PDT delays photocarcinogenesis in mice, and topical ALA alone does not increase skin cancer incidence in these animals. Patients with increased tissue levels of ALA have an increased incidence of internal carcinoma, however, it is not clear whether this relationship is casual or causal. There is no evidence indicating higher rates of skin cancer in patients with photosensitivity diseases due to presence of high protoporphyrin IX (PP) levels in skin. Overall, the presently available data indicate that the risk for secondary skin carcinoma after topical ALA-PDT seems to be low, but further studies must be carried out to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of ALA-PDT in conditions predisposed to skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fuchs
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Singh MK, Pal H, Sapre AV. Studies on the radiolytically produced transients of neutral red: triplet and reduced radicals. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 71:44-52. [PMID: 10649888 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)071<0044:sotrpt>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The spectral and kinetic properties of reduced radicals and the triplet state of neutral red (NR), a phenazine-based dye, have been investigated using pulse radiolysis technique. A mixed water-isopropanol-acetone solvent has been used to study the reduced radicals of NR for a wide pH range of about 1-13, due to limitation of solubility of the dye in aqueous solutions particularly above pH 8. From pH-dependent absorption studies it has been established that the reduced radicals of NR can exist in four different prototropic forms in solution. Three pKa values for the corresponding prototropic equilibria have been estimated. The formation and decay rate constants of reduced radicals have also been measured. The triplet state characteristics of the dye have been investigated in neat benzene solutions, both in the presence and in the absence of triplet sensitizers. The T1-->Tn absorption spectrum and decay kinetics of the triplet state have been measured. The triplet state energy (ET) of NR in benzene have been estimated to be within 36-42 kcal mol-1, using an energy transfer method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Singh
- Spectroscopy Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, India
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Lee S, Kollias N, McAuliffe DJ, Flotte TJ, Doukas AG. Topical drug delivery in humans with a single photomechanical wave. Pharm Res 1999; 16:1717-21. [PMID: 10571277 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018954015441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assess the feasibility of in vivo topical drug delivery in humans with a single photomechanical wave. METHODS Photomechanical waves were generated with a 23 nsec Q-switched ruby laser. In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy was used as an elegant non-invasive assay of transport of 5-aminolevulinic acid into the skin following the application of a single photomechanical wave. RESULTS The barrier function of the human stratum corneum in vivo may be modulated by a single (110 nsec) photomechanical compression wave without adversely affecting the viability and structure of the epidermis and dermis. Furthermore, the stratum corneum barrier always recovers within minutes following a photomechanical wave. The application of the photomechanical wave did not cause any pain. The dose delivered across the stratum corneum depends on the peak pressure and has a threshold at approximately 350 bar. A 30% increase in peak pressure, produced a 680% increase in the amount delivered. CONCLUSIONS Photomechanical waves may have important implications for transcutaneous drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA.
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Matroule JY, Hellin AC, Morliere P, Fabiano AS, Santus R, Merville MP, Piette J. Role of Nuclear Factor-KB in Colon Cancer Cell Apoptosis Mediated by Aminopyropheophorbide Photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ouedraogo G, Morliere P, Bazin M, Santus R, Kratzer B, Miranda MA, Castell JV. Lysosomes Are Sites of Fluoroquinolone Photosensitization in Human Skin Fibroblasts: A Microspectrofluorometric Approach*. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb07979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Singh MK, Pal H, Bhasikuttan AC, Sapre AV. Photophysical Properties of the Cationic Form of Neutral Red. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Radakovic-Fijan S, Rappersberger K, Tanew A, Hönigsmann H, Ortel B. Ultrastructural changes in PAM cells after photodynamic treatment with delta-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrins or photosan. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112:264-70. [PMID: 10084300 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the combination of a photosensitizing drug (Ps) with light in the presence of oxygen leading to the generation of reactive molecular species and destruction of cancer cells. In this study we compared PDT with two Ps, the hematoporphyrin derivative Photosan (Ph) and delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced endogenous protoporphyrin IX, with respect to mitochondrial function and ultrastructural alterations. The effects of PDT were investigated in PAM 212 cells after different Ps incubation times, light doses, and post-treatment periods. Both Ps induced a light dose-dependent impairment of the mitochondrial function with the dose-response curve being steep for ALA and flat for Ph. The prolongation of the incubation time from 4 to 20 h resulted in an increased reduction of mitochondrial activity after ALA PDT but not after Ph PDT. Treatment with an irradiation dose that decreased mitochondrial activity by 50% (IC50) led to early and profound changes of mitochondrial morphology in ALA photosensitized cells, whereas photosensitization with Ph resulted in more pronounced alterations of lysosomes. We conclude that at bioequivalent sublethal PDT exposures of PAM 212 cells, ALA-induced damage is primarily restricted to mitochondria, whereas Ph-induced cytotoxicity is mediated by damage of the lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Radakovic-Fijan
- Division of Special and Environmental Dermatology, University of Vienna, Austria
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Matroule JY, Bonizzi G, Morlière P, Paillous N, Santus R, Bours V, Piette J. Pyropheophorbide-a methyl ester-mediated photosensitization activates transcription factor NF-kappaB through the interleukin-1 receptor-dependent signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:2988-3000. [PMID: 9915837 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.5.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyropheophorbide-a methyl ester (PPME) is a second generation of photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy. We demonstrated that PPME photosensitization activated NF-kappaB transcription factor in colon cancer cells. Unexpectedly, this activation occurred in two separate waves, i.e. a rapid and transient one and a second slower but sustained phase. The former was due to photosensitization by PPME localized in the cytoplasmic membrane which triggered interleukin-1 receptor internalization and the transduction pathways controlled by the interleukin-1 type I receptor. Indeed, TRAF6 dominant negative mutant abolished NF-kappaB activation by PPME photosensitization, and TRAF2 dominant negative mutant was without any effect, and overexpression of IkappaB kinases increased gene transcription controlled by NF-kappaB. Oxidative stress was not likely involved in the activation. On the other hand, the slower and sustained wave could be the product of the release of ceramide through activation of the acidic sphingomyelinase. PPME localization within the lysosomal membrane could explain why ceramide acted as second messenger in NF-kappaB activation by PPME photosensitization. These data will allow a better understanding of the molecular basis of tumor eradication by photodynamic therapy, in particular the importance of the host cell response in the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Matroule
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Pathology B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Chang CJ, Lee YH, Yang JY, Weng CJ, Wei FC. Pilot in vitro toxicity study of 5-ALA and Photofrin in microvascular endothelial cell cultures. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LASER MEDICINE & SURGERY 1998; 15:83-7. [PMID: 9612183 DOI: 10.1089/clm.1997.15.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Complicated hemangiomas are unique problems in which intervention with the proper laser can be an ideal solution. In this study we evaluated the toxicity of 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and Photofrin using in vitro models. The in vitro toxicity of 5-ALA and Photofrin was examined in a microvascular endothelial cell (MEC) culture system. The measurement of the percentage of MEC killed by various drug concentration using fluorescence viability assay. MEC incubated with 5-ALA at various concentrations for evaluation of dark toxicity showed less than a 50% cell kill. A comparison of different intervals of subcultured MEC showed that the early subculture (3 days after primary culture) is more vulnerable than later subculture (7 days after). Cells treated with Photofrin at various concentrations exhibited less than 50% cell kill (dark toxicity). The comparison of different intervals of subculture (3 days and 7 days after primary culture) showed a result similar to that of 5-ALA. All controls showed 0% cell kill. In conclusion, both 5-ALA and Photofrin are capable of destroying human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Drug concentrations and the power density for photodynamic therapy should be considered and will be included in our subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Chang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
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