1
|
Aebisher D, Rogóż K, Myśliwiec A, Dynarowicz K, Wiench R, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Bartusik-Aebisher D. The use of photodynamic therapy in medical practice. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1373263. [PMID: 38803535 PMCID: PMC11129581 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1373263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy, especially for tumors near sensitive areas, demands precise treatment. This review explores photodynamic therapy (PDT), a method leveraging photosensitizers (PS), specific wavelength light, and oxygen to target cancer effectively. Recent advancements affirm PDT's efficacy, utilizing ROS generation to induce cancer cell death. With a history spanning over decades, PDT's dynamic evolution has expanded its application across dermatology, oncology, and dentistry. This review aims to dissect PDT's principles, from its inception to contemporary medical applications, highlighting its role in modern cancer treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Kacper Rogóż
- English Division Science Club, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Angelika Myśliwiec
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Rafał Wiench
- Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Bytom, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Bytom, Poland
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of The Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang L, Liu C, Wang X, Ma S, Liu F, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Shen M, Wu X, Wu Q, Gong C. Tumor-specific activated nano-domino-CRISPR to amplify intrinsic oxidative and activate endogenous apoptosis for spatiotemporally specific therapy. Biomaterials 2023; 295:122056. [PMID: 36805243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
As a non-invasive modality with unique spatiotemporal selectivity, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a candidate in cancer treatment. Nevertheless, intrinsic anti-oxidative stress factors represented by the up-regulated B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) and the attenuated-PDT activity along the light path are still the major concerns, therefore exploring the PDT-based synergistic and augmented strategies is challenging but imperative. Here, a tumor-specific activated nano-domino-CRISPR (TAN) is fabricated and coloaded with chlorins e6 (Ce6) and CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid targeting Bcl-2 gene to amplify intrinsic oxidative and activate endogenous apoptosis for spatiotemporally specific therapy. Inert TAN acting as the first domino is activated in enzyme-abundant intracellular environment to strip the shell. The activated TAN pushes the subsequent dominos, encompassing orderly efficient lysosomal escape, gene delivery, precise disruption of Bcl-2 protein and PDT effect induced by the shell containing Ce6 with light to trigger further domino effects. For tumor cells located superficial sites, down-regulated Bcl-2 reduces cellular GSH content and potentiates oxidative stress of PDT. Cells located deep sites are triggered endogenous apoptosis by disruption of Bcl-2. The high anti-tumor efficacy of TAN is demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our work offers a valuable emerging approach for conquering the therapeutical deficiency of PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Shuang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Furong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Meiling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Changyang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu Y, Ding L, Zheng C, Li H, Wu M, Sun Y, Liu X, Zhang X, Zeng Y. Targeted co-delivery of a photosensitizer and an antisense oligonucleotide based on an activatable hyaluronic acid nanosystem with endogenous oxygen generation for enhanced photodynamic therapy of hypoxic tumors. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:419-430. [PMID: 36115655 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment modality with advantages of minimal invasiveness, repeatable therapy, and mild systemic toxicity. However, the limited bioavailability of photosensitizer (PS), tumor hypoxia, and the presence of antiapoptotic proteins in cancer cells, has hampered the efficiency of PDT. To address these limitations, herein, we developed a hyaluronic acid (HA) based nanosystem (HA-Ce6-Hemin@DNA-Protamine NPs, HCH@DP) loaded with chlorin e6 (Ce6, as PS), hemin (as mimetic catalase) and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) anti-apoptosis protein via a simple electrostatic self-assembly method for enhanced PDT of hypoxic solid tumors. The HCH@DP can target deliver the PS and ASO to tumor cells via cancer cell overexpressed HA receptors (i.e., CD44 or RHAMM). The Ce6 was released from HA-ss-Ce6 (HSC conjugates) after the reaction of cleavable disulfide bond with glutathione (GSH), which recovered the fluorescence and phototoxicity of Ce6 upon laser irradiation. Meanwhile, the catalase-mimicking hemin (degradation of HA-eda-hemin by hyaluronidase) decomposed the tumor overdressed endogenous H2O2 to oxygen, which relieved tumor hypoxia and further overcome hypoxia-associated resistance of PDT. Furthermore, the inhibition of Bcl-2 expression by Bcl-2 ASO also greatly improved the cellular sensitivity to PDT. Both in vitro and in vivo results showed the tumor cell targeting ability, hypoxia relief and significantly enhanced antitumor PDT efficacy of HCH@DP for hypoxic tumor cells upon laser irradiation. Thus, by improving the target delivery of PS and ASO, relieving tumor hypoxia, and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, this HCH@DP nanosystem achieved enhanced PDT efficiency against hypoxic tumors. In general, our work provided a promising strategy to increase the utilization of key components (PS and oxygen) of PDT and the cell sensitivity to PDT by targeting co-delivery PS and oligonucleotides to tumor cells via a biocompatible HA based carrier, thereby achieving efficiently PDT treatment of hypoxic solid tumors with potential translation possibility. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The efficiency of PDT against solid tumor is severely restricted by the limited bioavailability of photosensitizer, tumor hypoxia, and the presence of antiapoptotic proteins in cancer cells. Herein, we have developed an activatable hyaluronic acid (HA) based nanosystem (HA-Ce6-Hemin@DNA-Protamine NPs, HCH@DP) via a simple electrostatic self-assembly method for PDT treatment of hypoxic solid tumors. The HCH@DP enabled to target co-delivery of photosensitizer and antisense oligonucleotide to tumor cells, overcoming tumor hypoxia through in situ oxygen production and improving cellular sensitivity by efficiently reducing anti-apoptosis effect of cancer cells for synergistically enhancing PDT efficiency. This work suggests a promising strategy to develop small molecule drug and oligonucleotides co-delivery nanoplatforms for efficiently PDT treatment of hypoxic solid tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Wu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Lei Ding
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, PR China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Li
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Ming Wu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Yupeng Sun
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China.
| | - Yongyi Zeng
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China; Liver Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Light-Activated Protoporphyrin IX-Based Polysilsesquioxane Nanoparticles Induce Ferroptosis in Melanoma Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092324. [PMID: 34578640 PMCID: PMC8470003 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticle-based materials to improve the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat cancer has been a burgeoning field of research in recent years. Polysilsesquioxane (PSilQ) nanoparticles with remarkable features, such as high loading of photosensitizers, biodegradability, surface tunability, and biocompatibility, have been used for the treatment of cancer in vitro and in vivo using PDT. The PSilQ platform typically shows an enhanced PDT performance following a cell death mechanism similar to the parent photosensitizer. Ferroptosis is a new cell death mechanism recently associated with PDT that has not been investigated using PSilQ nanoparticles. Herein, we synthesized a protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-based PSilQ platform (PpIX-PSilQ NPs) to study the cell death pathways, with special focus on ferroptosis, during PDT in vitro. Our data obtained from different assays that analyzed Annexin V binding, glutathione peroxidase activity, and lipid peroxidation demonstrate that the cell death in PDT using PpIX-PSilQ NPs is regulated by apoptosis and ferroptosis. These results can provide alternative approaches in designing PDT strategies to enhance therapeutic response in conditions stymied by apoptosis resistance.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang K, Yu B, Pathak JL. An update in clinical utilization of photodynamic therapy for lung cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:1154-1160. [PMID: 33442413 PMCID: PMC7797657 DOI: 10.7150/jca.51537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide, with nearly 1.8 million-diagnosis and 1.59 million deaths. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy in individual or combination are commonly used to treat lung cancers. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a highly selective method for the destruction of cancer cells by exerting cytotoxic activity on malignant cells. PDT has been the subject of numerous clinical studies and has proven to be an effective strategy for cancer therapy. Clinical studies revealed that PDT could prolong survival in patients with inoperable cancers and significantly improve quality of life. For inoperable lung cancer cases, PDT could be an effective therapy. Despite the clinical success reported, PDT is still currently underutilized to treat lung cancer and other tumors. PTD is still a new treatment approach for lung cancer mainly due to the lack of enough clinical research evaluating its' effectiveness and side effects. In this review, we discuss the current prospects and future potentials of PDT in lung cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- International Medicine Center, Tianjin Hospital, 406 south of JieFang road, HeXi District, Tianjin, China
| | - Boxin Yu
- International Medicine Center, Tianjin Hospital, 406 south of JieFang road, HeXi District, Tianjin, China
| | - Janak L. Pathak
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510182, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Afrasiabi S, Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. The Photomodulation Activity of Metformin Against Oral Microbiome. J Lasers Med Sci 2019; 10:241-250. [PMID: 31749953 PMCID: PMC6817791 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2019.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the periodontium, which results in the inflammatory destruction of supporting structures around teeth and is closely associated with the development of systemic disease. Due to a wide variety of antibiotic resistance periodontopathic bacteria, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive adjunctive therapeutic modality that is capable of destroying the whole range of microbes. Metformin (Metf) is an antidiabetic drug, and recent studies suggest that cancer patients who receive Metf and are exposed to radiotherapy and chemotherapy show better outcomes. Our surveys in this review introduce Metf as a potent stimulus in increasing the efficacy of PDT in the induction of destruction in microbial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afrasiabi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dąbrowski JM. Reactive Oxygen Species in Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanisms of Their Generation and Potentiation. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
8
|
Investigation of cell death mechanisms in human lymphatic endothelial cells undergoing photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 14:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
9
|
MicroRNAs associated with the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in biliary tract cancer cell lines. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20134-57. [PMID: 25380521 PMCID: PMC4264160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a palliative treatment option for unresectable hilar biliary tract cancer (BTC) showing a considerable benefit for survival and quality of life with few side effects. Currently, factors determining the cellular response of BTC cells towards PDT are unknown. Due to their multifaceted nature, microRNAs (miRs) are a promising analyte to investigate the cellular mechanisms following PDT. For two photosensitizers, Photofrin® and Foscan®, the phototoxicity was investigated in eight BTC cell lines. Each cell line (untreated) was profiled for expression of n=754 miRs using TaqMan® Array Human MicroRNA Cards. Statistical analysis and bioinformatic tools were used to identify miRs associated with PDT efficiency and their putative targets, respectively. Twenty miRs correlated significantly with either high or low PDT efficiency. PDT was particularly effective in cells with high levels of clustered miRs 25-93*-106b and (in case of miR-106b) a phenotype characterized by high expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin and high proliferation (cyclinD1 and Ki67 expression). Insensitivity towards PDT was associated with high miR-200 family expression and (for miR-cluster 200a/b-429) expression of differentiation markers Ck19 and Ck8/18. Predicted and validated downstream targets indicate plausible involvement of miRs 20a*, 25, 93*, 130a, 141, 200a, 200c and 203 in response mechanisms to PDT, suggesting that targeting these miRs could improve susceptibility to PDT in insensitive cell lines. Taken together, the miRNome pattern may provide a novel tool for predicting the efficiency of PDT and-following appropriate functional verification-may subsequently allow for optimization of the PDT protocol.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abu-Yousif AO, Moor ACE, Zheng X, Savellano MD, Yu W, Selbo PK, Hasan T. Epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted photosensitizer selectively inhibits EGFR signaling and induces targeted phototoxicity in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 321:120-7. [PMID: 22266098 PMCID: PMC3356439 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Targeted photosensitizer delivery to EGFR-expressing cells was achieved in the present study using a high purity, targeted photoimmunoconjugate (PIC). When the PDT agent, benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD) was coupled to an EGFR-targeting antibody (cetuximab), we observed altered cellular localization and selective phototoxicity of EGFR-positive cells, but no phototoxicity of EGFR-negative cells. Cetuximab in the PIC formulation blocked EGF-induced activation of the EGFR and downstream signaling pathways. Our results suggest that photoimmunotargeting is a useful dual strategy for the selective destruction of cancer cells and also exerts the receptor-blocking biological function of the antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan O. Abu-Yousif
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anne C. E. Moor
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark D. Savellano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Weiping Yu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology (Bartlett Hall 314), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Celli JP, Solban N, Liang A, Pereira SP, Hasan T. Verteporfin-based photodynamic therapy overcomes gemcitabine insensitivity in a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 43:565-74. [PMID: 22057484 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cancer is notoriously difficult to treat and resistant to virtually all therapeutics including gemcitabine, the standard front line agent for palliative chemotherapy. Early clinical studies point to a potential role for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the management of this deadly disease. Here we examine PDT with verteporfin for treatment of cells that are nonresponsive to gemcitabine and identify intracellular and extracellular factors that govern sensitivity to each modality. STUDY DESIGN Using MTS we assess cytotoxicity of verteporfin-PDT in gemcitabine-treated nonresponsive populations from a panel of five pancreatic cancer cell lines representing a range of tumor histopathology and origin. We conduct Western blots for pro-/anti-apoptotic proteins bax and Bcl-XL to identify factors relevant to PDT and gemcitabine sensitivity. To examine the role of extracellular matrix influences we compare response to each modality in traditional cell culture conditions and cells grown on a laminin-rich basement membrane. RESULTS All cell lines have gemcitabine nonresponsive populations (17-33%) at doses up to 1 mM while moderate total verteporfin PDT doses (1-6 µM J/cm2) produce nearly complete killing. Our data shows that cells that are nonresponsive to sustained gemcitabine incubation are sensitive to verteporfin PDT indicating that the latter is agnostic to gemcitabine sensitivity. Verteporfin-based PDT decreases Bcl-XL and increases the bax/Bcl-XL ratio toward a pro-apoptotic balance. Insensitivity to gemcitabine is increased in cells that are adherent to basement membrane relative to traditional tissue culture conditions. CONCLUSIONS Collectively these results indicate the ability of verteporfin-based PDT to bypass intracellular and extracellular cues leading to gemcitabine resistance and point to the emerging role of this therapy for treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Celli
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tomek M, Akiyama T, Dass CR. Role of Bcl-2 in tumour cell survival and implications for pharmacotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1695-702. [PMID: 23146031 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bcl-2 is a protein that inhibits apoptosis, leading to cell survival. The Bcl-2 family has six different anti-apoptotic proteins, three pro-apoptotic proteins that are similar in structure, and other integrating proteins that function as promotors or inhibitors in the progression of apoptosis. In this discussion paper, we provide an overview of apoptosis, the role of Bcl-2 in normal cellular and molecular processes, and the role of Bcl-2 in tumour cell survival. It focuses primarily on anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, its activation in cancer, the manner in which it regulates the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of apoptosis, and its broad molecular interactions with other critical proteins in the cell. Certain cancer treatments are reviewed and related directions for the future are presented. KEY FINDINGS Apoptosis is common to all organisms - for eukaryotes it is a normal process of development and regeneration. The rate at which apoptosis occurs is critical to the survival of the organism, as too much can lead to the onset of degenerative diseases such as dementia, and too little may lead to cancer. FKBP-38 is a binding protein that has been discovered to be upregulated in highly aggressive cancers and binds to Bcl-2 rather than the pro-apoptotics to induce a state of hyper-mitosis. A short binding protein (Nur-77) provides new insights into Bcl-2 'masking'. Nurr-77 binds to Bcl-2 and exposes the BH3 domain, transforming it from a cancer promoter to an unorthodox cancer inhibitor. This presents in itself an interesting and exciting opportunity - increasing the rate of apoptosis in neoplastic cells that are usually protected by Bcl-2 activity at the mitochondria. SUMMARY Development of drugs in the form of BH3-only and BH123 mimetic drugs provide a interesting avenue for cancer therapy for the future. Drugs that can either promote, or mimic anti-IAP activity such as Smac/Diablo would certainly be productive, thereby inducing apoptosis. Medicinal usage which can effectively suppress FKBP38 in Bcl-2-dependent cancers would provide further arsenal to combat apoptotic irregularities, particularly a treatment that is more dominant than kinetin riboside. WAVE-1 inhibitors may effectively suppress the phosphorylation of Bcl-2, thereby potentially reducing hyper-mitosis and increasing apoptosis. Recent findings shed molecular light on PDT, namely ER stress, and potential for anti-cancer therapy via either apoptosis or autophagy. A drug that can effectively upregulate Nurr-77, thereby masking the anti-apoptotic properties of Bcl-2, would indeed be life-saving for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Tomek
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Celli JP, Solban N, Liang A, Pereira SP, Hasan T. Verteporfin-based photodynamic therapy overcomes gemcitabine insensitivity in a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:565-574. [PMID: 22057484 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.v43.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cancer is notoriously difficult to treat and resistant to virtually all therapeutics including gemcitabine, the standard front line agent for palliative chemotherapy. Early clinical studies point to a potential role for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the management of this deadly disease. Here we examine PDT with verteporfin for treatment of cells that are nonresponsive to gemcitabine and identify intracellular and extracellular factors that govern sensitivity to each modality. STUDY DESIGN Using MTS we assess cytotoxicity of verteporfin-PDT in gemcitabine-treated nonresponsive populations from a panel of five pancreatic cancer cell lines representing a range of tumor histopathology and origin. We conduct Western blots for pro-/anti-apoptotic proteins bax and Bcl-XL to identify factors relevant to PDT and gemcitabine sensitivity. To examine the role of extracellular matrix influences we compare response to each modality in traditional cell culture conditions and cells grown on a laminin-rich basement membrane. RESULTS All cell lines have gemcitabine nonresponsive populations (17-33%) at doses up to 1 mM while moderate total verteporfin PDT doses (1-6 µM J/cm2) produce nearly complete killing. Our data shows that cells that are nonresponsive to sustained gemcitabine incubation are sensitive to verteporfin PDT indicating that the latter is agnostic to gemcitabine sensitivity. Verteporfin-based PDT decreases Bcl-XL and increases the bax/Bcl-XL ratio toward a pro-apoptotic balance. Insensitivity to gemcitabine is increased in cells that are adherent to basement membrane relative to traditional tissue culture conditions. CONCLUSIONS Collectively these results indicate the ability of verteporfin-based PDT to bypass intracellular and extracellular cues leading to gemcitabine resistance and point to the emerging role of this therapy for treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Celli
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Agostinis P, Berg K, Cengel KA, Foster TH, Girotti AW, Gollnick SO, Hahn SM, Hamblin MR, Juzeniene A, Kessel D, Korbelik M, Moan J, Mroz P, Nowis D, Piette J, Wilson BC, Golab J. Photodynamic therapy of cancer: an update. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61:250-81. [PMID: 21617154 PMCID: PMC3209659 DOI: 10.3322/caac.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3284] [Impact Index Per Article: 252.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved, minimally invasive therapeutic procedure that can exert a selective cytotoxic activity toward malignant cells. The procedure involves administration of a photosensitizing agent followed by irradiation at a wavelength corresponding to an absorbance band of the sensitizer. In the presence of oxygen, a series of events lead to direct tumor cell death, damage to the microvasculature, and induction of a local inflammatory reaction. Clinical studies revealed that PDT can be curative, particularly in early stage tumors. It can prolong survival in patients with inoperable cancers and significantly improve quality of life. Minimal normal tissue toxicity, negligible systemic effects, greatly reduced long-term morbidity, lack of intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms, and excellent cosmetic as well as organ function-sparing effects of this treatment make it a valuable therapeutic option for combination treatments. With a number of recent technological improvements, PDT has the potential to become integrated into the mainstream of cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Agostinis
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cell Death Research & Therapy Laboratory, Catholic University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium,
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway, ;
| | - Keith A. Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA, ;
| | - Thomas H. Foster
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,
| | - Albert W. Girotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226-3548, USA,
| | - Sandra O. Gollnick
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA,
| | - Stephen M. Hahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA, ;
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA, ;
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway, ;
| | - David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201, USA,
| | | | - Johan Moan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway, ;
- Institute of Physics, University of Oslo, Blindern 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA, ;
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, ;
| | - Jacques Piette
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Virology & Immunology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège Belgium,
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Ontario Cancer Institute/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada,
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, ;
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department 3, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Grzanka D, Marszałek A, Izdebska M, Gackowska L, Andrzej Szczepanski M, Grzanka A. Actin Cytoskeleton Reorganization Correlates with Cofilin Nuclear Expression and Ultrastructural Changes in CHO AA8 Cell Line after Apoptosis and Mitotic Catastrophe Induction by Doxorubicin. Ultrastruct Pathol 2011; 35:130-8. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2010.548113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
16
|
Yoon I, Park HS, Cui BC, Kim JH, Shim YK. Synthesis and Photodynamic Activities of Pyrazolyl and Cyclopropyl Derivatives of Purpurin-18 Methyl Ester and Purpurin-18-N-butylimide. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.1.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Price M, Kessel D. On the use of fluorescence probes for detecting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species associated with photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:051605. [PMID: 21054079 PMCID: PMC2945737 DOI: 10.1117/1.3484258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are frequently employed for the detection of different reactive oxygen and nitrogen species formed during the irradiation of photosensitized cells and tissues. Investigators often interpret the results in terms of information provided with the different probes without examining specificity or determinants of fluorogenic reactions. We examine five fluorescent probes in a cell-free system: reduced 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, dihydroethidine, dihydrorhodamine, 3'-(p aminophenyl) fluorescein (APF), and 4',5'-diaminofluorescein. Of these, only APF demonstrates a high degree of specificity for a single reactive species. There is a substantial influence of peroxidase activity on all fluorogenic interactions. The fluorescence of the photosensitizing agent also must be taken into account in evaluating results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Price
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Program, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Price M, Terlecky SR, Kessel D. A role for hydrogen peroxide in the pro-apoptotic effects of photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 85:1491-6. [PMID: 19659920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the first reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during irradiation of photosensitized cells is almost invariably singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), other ROS have been implicated in the phototoxic effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Among these are superoxide anion radical (*O2(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (*OH). In this study, we investigated the role of H2O2 in the pro-apoptotic response to PDT in murine leukemia P388 cells. A primary route for detoxification of cellular H2O2 involves the peroxisomal enzyme catalase. Inhibition of catalase activity by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole led to an increased apoptotic response. PDT-induced apoptosis was impaired by addition of an exogenous recombinant catalase analog (CAT-skl) that was specifically designed to enter cells and more efficiently localize in peroxisomes. A similar effect was observed upon addition of 2,2'-bipyridine, a reagent that can chelate Fe+2, a co-factor in the Fenton reaction that results in the conversion of H2O2 to *OH. These results provide evidence that formation of H2O2 during irradiation of photosensitized cells contributes to PDT efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Price
- Cancer Biology Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ferenc P, Solár P, Kleban J, Mikes J, Fedorocko P. Down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Akt induced by combination of photoactivated hypericin and genistein in human breast cancer cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 98:25-34. [PMID: 19932626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Presented experiment considers combination of genistein and photodynamic therapy with hypericin with a view to achieve higher therapeutic outcome in human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, both identified in our conditions as photodynamic therapy resistant. Since genistein is known to suppress Bcl-2 expression, we predicted that photodynamic therapy with hypericin might benefit from mutual therapeutic combination. In line with our expectations, combined treatment led to down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax in both cell lines as well as to suppression of Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation induced by photoactivated hypericin in MCF-7 cells. Although Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation was not stimulated by photodynamic therapy with hypericin in MDA-MB-231 cells, it was effectively suppressed in combination. Variations in cell death signaling favoring apoptosis were indeed accompanied by cell cycle arrest in G(2)/M-phase, activation of caspase-7, PARP cleavage and increased occurrence of cells with apoptotic morphology of nucleus. All these events corresponded with suppression of proliferation and significantly lowered clonogenic ability of treated cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that pre-treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein may significantly improve the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with hypericin in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ferenc
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safárik University, Moyzesova 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
While the concept of photodynamic therapy dates from 1900, and there have been periodic re-discoveries, the clinical era really began with the studies by Dougherty and associates in the early 1970s. This report relates my encounter with the field of PDT, along with experimental approaches to the elucidation of pertinent phototoxic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kessel D, Price M, Reiners JJ. The Bcl-2 antagonist HA14-1 forms a fluorescent albumin complex that can be mistaken for several oxidized ROS probes. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:1272-6. [PMID: 18513234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The proapoptotic effects of the Bcl-2 antagonist HA14-1 are believed to derive from its affinity for the hydrophobic groove on Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L), thereby displacing proapoptotic factors, e.g. Bax and Bak. We have reported that HA14-1 promotes the efficacy of low-dose photodynamic therapy (PDT). A recent report proposed that the proapoptotic activity of HA14-1 reflects its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when incubated in an aqueous environment. This later study, like several other HA14-1 investigations, relied on the use of fluorescent probes for ROS detection. We found that HA14-1 reacts with the albumin in serum to yield a fluorescent product. After correcting for this effect, the putative formation of ROS by HA14-1 could not be demonstrated with the fluorescent probes H(2)DCFDA, dihydroethidium or dihydrorhodamine. Indeed, the fluorescence excitation/emission spectra of HA14-1 encompassed the excitation/emission wavelengths used to detect these ROS probes. Cells cultured in a medium supplemented with ovalbumin, instead of serum, underwent apoptosis following HA14-1 addition, but did not exhibit fluorescence. Hence, HA14-1 fluorescence was unrelated to its proapoptotic activity. We conclude that the enhancement of PDT by HA14-1 reflects a pharmacologic effect, rather than its direct contribution of ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|