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Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang Q, Zhuang Z, Ma Z, Liu L, Wang G, Wang D, Zheng X. Synergy of Photogenerated Electrons and Holes toward Efficient Photocatalytic Urea Synthesis from CO 2 and N 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405637. [PMID: 38825570 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Directly coupling N2 and CO2 to synthesize urea by photocatalysis paves a sustainable route for urea synthesis, but its performance is limited by the competition of photogenerated electrons between N2 and CO2, as well as the underutilized photogenerated holes. Herein, we report an efficient urea synthesis process involving photogenerated electrons and holes in respectively converting CO2 and N2 over a redox heterojunction consisting of WO3 and Ni single-atom-decorated CdS (Ni1-CdS/WO3). For the photocatalytic urea synthesis from N2 and CO2 in pure water, Ni1-CdS/WO3 attained a urea yield rate of 78 μM h-1 and an apparent quantum yield of 0.15 % at 385 nm, which ranked among the best photocatalytic urea synthesis performance reported. Mechanistic studies reveal that the N2 was converted into NO species by ⋅OH radicals generated from photogenerated holes over the WO3 component, meanwhile, the CO2 was transformed into *CO species over the Ni site by photogenerated electrons. The generated NO and *CO species were further coupled to form *OCNO intermediate, then gradually transformed into urea. This work emphasizes the importance of reasonably utilizing photogenerated holes in photocatalytic reduction reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yida Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230029, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei, 050018, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230029, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zechao Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhentao Ma
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Limin Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Gongming Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xusheng Zheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230029, China
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2
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El-Shahat M, Abdelhameed RM. Urea production via photocatalytic coupling of mixed gases (CO 2/NH 3) using Mo(MnO 4) 5 supported on Ce-BTC as nano-composite catalyst. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15608. [PMID: 38971874 PMCID: PMC11227513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Urea used in fertilization and feed supplement, as well as a starting material for the manufacture of plastics and drugs. Urea is most commonly produced by reacting carbon dioxide with ammonia at high temperature. Photocatalysis has gained attention as a sustainable pathway for performing urea. This work focus on designing very active photocatalysts based on cerium organic framework (Ce-BTC) doped with metal oxide nanoparticles (molybdenum permanganate, Mo(MnO4)5) for production of urea from coupling of ammonia with carbon dioxide. The prepared materials were characterized using different spectral analysis and the morphology was analysed using microscopic data. The effect of catalyst loading on the production rate of urea was investigated and the obtained results showed speed rate of urea production with high production yield at low temperature. The recyclability tests confirmed the sustainability of the prepared photocatlysts (Mo(MnO4)5@Ce-BTC) which supported the beneficial of the photocatalysis process in urea production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud El-Shahat
- Photochemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Reda M Abdelhameed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
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Song X, Basheer C, Xia Y, Li J, Abdulazeez I, Al-Saadi AA, Mofidfar M, Suliman MA, Zare RN. One-step Formation of Urea from Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Using Water Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25910-25916. [PMID: 37966066 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Water (H2O) microdroplets are sprayed onto a graphite mesh covered with a CuBi2O4 coating using a 1:1 mixture of N2 and CO2 as the nebulizing gas. The resulting microdroplets contain urea [CO(NH2)2] as detected by both mass spectrometry and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. This gas-liquid-solid heterogeneous catalytic system synthesizes urea in one step on the 0.1 ms time scale. The conversion rate reaches 2.7 mmol g-1 h-1 at 25 °C and 12.3 mmol g-1 h-1 at 65 °C, with no external voltage applied. Water microdroplets serve as the hydrogen source and the electron transfer medium for N2 and CO2 in contact with CuBi2O4. Water-gas and water-solid contact electrification are speculated to drive the reaction process. This strategy couples N2 fixation and CO2 utilization in an ecofriendly process to produce urea, converting a greenhouse gas into a value-added product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Chanbasha Basheer
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan Li
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ismail Abdulazeez
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Saadi
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mohammed Altahir Suliman
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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4
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Song H, Chipoco Haro DA, Huang PW, Barrera L, Hatzell MC. Progress in Photochemical and Electrochemical C-N Bond Formation for Urea Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2944-2953. [PMID: 37856878 PMCID: PMC10634294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusHere, we discuss recent advances and pressing challenges in achieving sustainable urea synthesis. Urea stands out as the most prevalent nitrogen-based fertilizer used across the globe, making up over 50% of all manufactured fertilizers. Historically, the Bosch-Meiser process has been the go-to chemical manufacturing method for urea production. This procedure, characterized by its high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, reacts ammonia with carbon dioxide to form ammonium carbamate. Subsequently, this ammonium carbamate undergoes dehydration, facilitated by heat, producing solid urea. A concerning aspect of this method is its dependency on fossil fuels, as nearly all the process heat comes from nonrenewable sources. Consequently, the Bosch-Meiser process leaves behind a considerable carbon footprint. Current estimates predict that unchecked, carbon emissions from urea production alone might skyrocket, reaching a staggering 286 MtCO2,eq/yr by 2050. Such projections paint a clear picture regarding the necessity for more eco-friendly, sustainable urea production methods. Recently, the scientific community has shown growing interest in forming C-N bonds using alternative methods. Shifting toward photochemical or electrochemical processes, as opposed to traditional thermal-based processes, promises the potential for complete electrification of urea synthesis. This shift toward process electrification is not just an incremental change; it represents a groundbreaking advancement, the first of many steps, toward achieving deep decarbonization in the chemical manufacturing sector. Since the turn of 2020, there has been a surge in research focusing on photochemical and electrochemical urea synthesis. These methods capitalize on co-reduction of carbon dioxide with nitrogenous reactants like NOx and N2. Despite the progress, there are significant challenges that hinder these processes from reaching their full potential. In this comprehensive review, we shed light on the advances made in electrified C-N bond formation. More importantly, we focus on the invaluable insights gathered over the years, especially concerning catalytic reaction mechanisms. We have dedicated a section to underline key focal areas for up-and-coming research, emphasizing catalyst, electrolyte, and reactor design. It is undeniable that catalyst design remains at the heart of the matter, as managing the co-reduction of two distinct reactants (CO2 and nitrogenous species) is complex. This process results in a myriad of intermediates, which must be adeptly managed to both maintain catalyst activity and avoid catalyst deactivation. Moreover, the electrolytes play a pivotal role, essentially dictating the creation of optimal microenvironments that drive reaction selectivity. Finally, reactor engineering stands out as crucial to ensure optimal mass transport for all involved reactants and subsequent products. We touch upon the broader environmental ramifications of urea production and bring to light potential obstacles for alternative synthesis routes. A notable mention is the urgency of accelerating the uptake and large-scale implementation of renewable energy sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakhyeon Song
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Danae A. Chipoco Haro
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Po-Wei Huang
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Luisa Barrera
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Marta C. Hatzell
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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5
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Li D, Xu N, Zhao Y, Zhou C, Zhang LP, Wu LZ, Zhang T. A Reliable and Precise Protocol for Urea Quantification in Photo/Electrocatalysis. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200561. [PMID: 35789080 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To comply with the trend toward green and sustainable development of the fine chemical industry, multitudinous promising technologies (e.g., photocatalysis and electrocatalysis) are beginning to dabble in the green synthesis of fine chemicals, particularly urea synthesis. Whilst numerous advances are made in mechanistic understanding, the low yield reported so far also imposes more stringent requirements on the reliability and anti-interference of the detection method. Herein, the applicability of frequently used methods for urea quantification is methodically compared. In terms of the experimental results, a precise and methodical protocol for urea quantification or evaluation in photo/electrocatalysis is explored and established, with emphasis on screening quantitative methods under specific conditions and indispensable isotopic tracing experiments. The budding urea photo/electrosynthesis urgently demands a rigorous protocol, including the rapid isotopic identification and evaluation criteria, capable of promoting healthy development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ning Xu
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yunxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Tierui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Ronchetti R, Moroni G, Carotti A, Gioiello A, Camaioni E. Recent advances in urea- and thiourea-containing compounds: focus on innovative approaches in medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1046-1064. [PMID: 34355177 PMCID: PMC8293013 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea and thiourea represent privileged structures in medicinal chemistry. Indeed, these moieties constitute a common framework of a variety of drugs and bioactive compounds endowed with a broad range of therapeutic and pharmacological properties. Herein, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art of urea and thiourea-containing pharmaceuticals. We also review the diverse approaches pursued for (thio)urea bioisosteric replacements in medicinal chemistry applications. Finally, representative examples of recent advances in the synthesis of urea- and thiourea-based compounds by enabling chemical tools are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ronchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
| | - Giada Moroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy +39 075 5855161 +39 075 5855129
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7
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Chen C, Zhu X, Wen X, Zhou Y, Zhou L, Li H, Tao L, Li Q, Du S, Liu T, Yan D, Xie C, Zou Y, Wang Y, Chen R, Huo J, Li Y, Cheng J, Su H, Zhao X, Cheng W, Liu Q, Lin H, Luo J, Chen J, Dong M, Cheng K, Li C, Wang S. Coupling N 2 and CO 2 in H 2O to synthesize urea under ambient conditions. Nat Chem 2020; 12:717-724. [PMID: 32541948 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of nitrogen fertilizers has been estimated to have supported 27% of the world's population over the past century. Urea (CO(NH2)2) is conventionally synthesized through two consecutive industrial processes, N2 + H2 → NH3 followed by NH3 + CO2 → urea. Both reactions operate under harsh conditions and consume more than 2% of the world's energy. Urea synthesis consumes approximately 80% of the NH3 produced globally. Here we directly coupled N2 and CO2 in H2O to produce urea under ambient conditions. The process was carried out using an electrocatalyst consisting of PdCu alloy nanoparticles on TiO2 nanosheets. This coupling reaction occurs through the formation of C-N bonds via the thermodynamically spontaneous reaction between *N=N* and CO. Products were identified and quantified using isotope labelling and the mechanism investigated using isotope-labelled operando synchrotron-radiation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A high rate of urea formation of 3.36 mmol g-1 h-1 and corresponding Faradic efficiency of 8.92% were measured at -0.4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Li Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Qiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Shiqian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Dafeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yanyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Ru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jia Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Weiren Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China.
| | - Hongzhen Lin
- i-LAB, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials and Center for Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Conggang Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China.
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Saravanakumar D, Song J, Lee S, Hur NH, Shin W. Electrocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrate Ions to Urea by a Titania-Nafion Composite Electrode. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:3999-4003. [PMID: 28834605 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
CO2 and nitrate ions were successfully converted to urea by a TiO2 -Nafion nanocomposite electrode under ambient conditions. The composite electrode was constructed by dropcasting the mixture of P25 titania and Nafion solution on an indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) electrode. When the electrode was electrolyzed in CO2 -saturated 0.1 m KNO3 (pH 4.5) solution at -0.98 V versus Ag/AgCl, urea was formed with a Faradaic efficiency of 40 %. The other reduced products obtained were NH3 , CO, and H2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Saravanakumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, India
- Department of Chemistry and Korea Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea
| | - Jieun Song
- Department of Chemistry and Korea Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea
| | - Sunhye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Korea Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea
| | - Nam Hwi Hur
- Department of Chemistry and Korea Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea
| | - Woonsup Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Korea Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea
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Medford AJ, Hatzell MC. Photon-Driven Nitrogen Fixation: Current Progress, Thermodynamic Considerations, and Future Outlook. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Medford
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Marta C. Hatzell
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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