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Liu F, Chen Y, Huang Y, Jin Q, Ji J. Nanomaterial-based therapeutics for enhanced antifungal therapy. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39192670 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01484g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology in antifungal therapy is gaining increasing attention. Current antifungal drugs have significant limitations, such as severe side effects, low bioavailability, and the rapid development of resistance. Nanotechnology offers an innovative solution to address these issues. This review discusses three key strategies of nanotechnology to enhance antifungal efficacy. Firstly, nanomaterials can enhance their interaction with fungal cells via ingenious surface tailoring of nanomaterials. Effective adhesion of nanoparticles to fungal cells can be achieved by electrostatic interaction or specific targeting to the fungal cell wall and cell membrane. Secondly, stimuli-responsive nanomaterials are developed to realize smart release of drugs in the specific microenvironment of pathological tissues, such as the fungal biofilm microenvironment and inflammatory microenvironment. Thirdly, nanomaterials can be designed to cross different physiological barriers, effectively addressing challenges posed by skin, corneal, and blood-brain barriers. Additionally, some new nanomaterial-based strategies in treating fungal infections are discussed, including the development of fungal vaccines, modulation of macrophage activity, phage therapy, the application of high-throughput screening in drug discovery, and so on. Despite the challenges faced in applying nanotechnology to antifungal therapy, its significant potential and innovation open new possibilities for future clinical antifungal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Yongcheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Yue Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Qiao Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Rd, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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López-Marmolejo AL, Hernández-Chávez MJ, Gutiérrez-Escobedo G, Selene Herrera-Basurto M, Mora-Montes HM, De Las Peñas A, Castaño I. Microevolution of Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabrata) during an infection. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 172:103891. [PMID: 38621582 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabrata) is an emergent and opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes and persists in different niches within its human host. In this work, we studied five clinical isolates from one patient (P7), that have a clonal origin, and all of which come from blood cultures except one, P7-3, obtained from a urine culture. We found phenotypic variation such as sensitivity to high temperature, oxidative stress, susceptibility to two classes of antifungal agents, and cell wall porosity. Only isolate P7-3 is highly resistant to the echinocandin caspofungin while the other four isolates from P7 are sensitive. However, this same isolate P7-3, is the only one that displays susceptibility to fluconazole (FLC), while the rest of the isolates are resistant to this antifungal. We sequenced the PDR1 gene which encodes a transcription factor required to induce the expression of several genes involved in the resistance to FLC and found that all the isolates encode for the same Pdr1 amino acid sequence except for the last isolate P7-5, which contains a single amino acid change, G1099C in the putative Pdr1 transactivation domain. Consistent with the resistance to FLC, we found that the CDR1 gene, encoding the main drug efflux pump in C. glabrata, is highly overexpressed in the FLC-resistant isolates, but not in the FLC-sensitive P7-3. In addition, the resistance to FLC observed in these isolates is dependent on the PDR1 gene. Additionally, we found that all P7 isolates have a different proportion of cell wall carbohydrates compared to our standard strains CBS138 and BG14. In P7 isolates, mannan is the most abundant cell wall component, whereas β-glucan is the most abundant component in our standard strains. Consistently, all P7 isolates have a relatively low cell wall porosity compared to our standard strains. These data show phenotypic and genotypic variability between clonal isolates from different niches within a single host, suggesting microevolution of C. glabrata during an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L López-Marmolejo
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí CP 78216, Mexico
| | - Marco J Hernández-Chávez
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí CP 78216, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Escobedo
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí CP 78216, Mexico
| | - M Selene Herrera-Basurto
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí CP 78216, Mexico
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, Gto CP36050, Mexico
| | - Alejandro De Las Peñas
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí CP 78216, Mexico
| | - Irene Castaño
- IPICYT, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí CP 78216, Mexico
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Yolin Angel PASR, Jeyakumar P, Jasmin Suriya AR, Sheena A, Karuppiah P, Periyasami G, Stalin A, Murugan K. Topical antifungal keratitis therapeutic potential of Clitoria ternatea Linn. flower extract: phytochemical profiling, in silico modelling, and in vitro biological activity assessment. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1343988. [PMID: 38328419 PMCID: PMC10849212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1343988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fungal keratitis (FK) poses a severe threat to vision, potentially leading to blindness if not promptly addressed. Clitoria ternatea flower extracts have a history of use in Ayurvedic and Indian traditional medicines, particularly for treating eye ailments. This study investigates the antifungal and antibiofilm effects of Clitoria ternatea flower extracts on the FK clinical isolate Coniochaeta hoffmannii. Structural details and key compound identification were analysed through FTIR and GC-MS. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Clitoria ternatea flower extracts were determined using broth dilution and well plate techniques. Biofilm inhibitory activity was assessed through microscopic evaluation, while anti-irritant and cytotoxic properties were evaluated using CAE-EI and MTT assays. Through GC-MS and FT-IR analysis the compounds dissolved in the extract and their functional group were studied, and their toxicity screening and pharmacokinetic prediction were conducted in silico. Subsequently, compounds with high corneal permeability were further identified, and molecular docking and simulation studies at 150 ns were used to investigate their interactions with fungal virulence factors and human inflammatory proteins. Results and Discussion At a concentration of 250 µg/mL, the Clitoria ternatea flower extract displayed effective biofilm inhibition. MIC and MFC values were determined as 500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. CAE-EI and MTT assays indicated no significant irritant and cytotoxic effects up to a concentration of 3 mg/mL. Compounds like 9,9-dimethoxybicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4-dione showed high corneal permeability with strong and stable interactions with fungal virulence cellobiose dehydrogenase, endo β 1,4 xylanase, and glucanase, as well as corneal inflammation-associated human TNF-α and Interleukin IL-1b protein targets. The findings indicate that extracts from C. ternatea flowers could be formulated for an effective and safe alternative for developing new topical FK therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palanisamy Jeyakumar
- Biofilm and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Raj Jasmin Suriya
- Biofilm and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aliyas Sheena
- Biofilm and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponmurugan Karuppiah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Antony Stalin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kasi Murugan
- Biofilm and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Romo JA, Tomihiro M, Kumamoto CA. Pre-colonization with the fungus Candida glabrata exacerbates infection by the bacterial pathogen Clostridioides difficile in a murine model. mSphere 2023; 8:e0012223. [PMID: 37358292 PMCID: PMC10449511 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00122-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The contributions of commensal fungi to human health and disease are not well understood. Candida species such as C. albicans and C. glabrata are opportunistic pathogenic fungi and common colonizers of the human intestinal tract. They have been shown to affect the host immune system and interact with the gut microbiome and pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, Candida species could be expected to play important ecological roles in the host gastrointestinal tract. Previously, our group demonstrated that pre-colonization of mice with C. albicans protected them against lethal C. difficile infection (CDI). Here, we show that mice pre-colonized with C. glabrata succumbed to CDI more rapidly than mice that were not pre-colonized suggesting an enhancement in C. difficile pathogenesis. Further, when C. difficile was added to pre-formed C. glabrata biofilms, an increase in matrix and overall biomass was observed. These effects were also shown with C. glabrata clinical isolates. Interestingly, the presence of C. difficile increased C. glabrata biofilm susceptibility to caspofungin, indicating potential effects on the fungal cell wall. Defining this intricate and intimate relationship will lead to an understanding of the role of Candida species in the context of CDI and novel aspects of Candida biology. IMPORTANCE Most microbiome studies have only considered the bacterial populations while ignoring other members of the microbiome such as fungi, other eukaryotic microorganisms, and viruses. Therefore, the role of fungi in human health and disease has been significantly understudied compared to their bacterial counterparts. This has generated a significant gap in knowledge that has negatively impacted disease diagnosis, understanding, and the development of therapeutics. With the development of novel technologies, we now have an understanding of mycobiome composition, but we do not understand the roles of fungi in the host. Here, we present findings showing that Candida glabrata, an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that colonizes the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, can impact the severity and outcome of a Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in a murine model. These findings bring attention to fungal colonizers during CDI, a bacterial infection of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús A. Romo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Makenzie Tomihiro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carol A. Kumamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Corrêa-Junior D, Bastos de Andrade I, Alves V, Avellar-Moura I, Brito de Souza Rabello V, Valdez AF, Nimrichter L, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Ribeiro de Sousa Araújo G, Almeida-Paes R, Frases S. Unveiling the Morphostructural Plasticity of Zoonotic Sporotrichosis Fungal Strains: Possible Implications for Sporothrix brasiliensis Virulence and Pathogenicity. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:701. [PMID: 37504690 PMCID: PMC10381685 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by Sporothrix species, with Sporothrix brasiliensis as a prevalent pathogen in Latin America. Despite its clinical importance, the virulence factors of S. brasiliensis and their impact on the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis are still poorly understood. This study evaluated the morphostructural plasticity of S. brasiliensis, a fungus that causes sporotrichosis. Three cell surface characteristics, namely cell surface hydrophobicity, Zeta potential, and conductance, were assessed. Biofilm formation was also analyzed, with measurements taken for biomass, extracellular matrix, and metabolic activity. In addition, other potential and poorly studied characteristics correlated with virulence such as lipid bodies, chitin, and cell size were evaluated. The results revealed that the major phenotsypic features associated with fungal virulence in the studied S. brasiliensis strains were chitin, lipid bodies, and conductance. The dendrogram clustered the strains based on their overall similarity in the production of these factors. Correlation analyses showed that hydrophobicity was strongly linked to the production of biomass and extracellular matrix, while there was a weaker association between Zeta potential and size, and lipid bodies and chitin. This study provides valuable insights into the virulence factors of S. brasiliensis and their potential role in the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Corrêa-Junior
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
| | - Iara Bastos de Andrade
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Alves
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
| | - Igor Avellar-Moura
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Brito de Souza Rabello
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Fernandes Valdez
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Glauber Ribeiro de Sousa Araújo
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Canto-Canché B, Burgos-Canul YY, Chi-Chuc D, Tzec-Simá M, Ku-González A, Brito-Argáez L, Carrillo-Pech M, De Los Santos-Briones C, Canseco-Pérez MÁ, Luna-Moreno D, Beltrán-García MJ, Islas-Flores I. Moonlight-like proteins are actually cell wall components in Pseudocercospora fijiensis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:232. [PMID: 37349471 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall protects fungi against threats, both biotic and abiotic, and plays a role in pathogenicity by facilitating host adhesion, among other functions. Although carbohydrates (e.g. glucans, chitin) are the most abundant components, the fungal cell wall also harbors ionic proteins, proteins bound by disulfide bridges, alkali-extractable, SDS-extractable, and GPI-anchored proteins, among others; the latter consisting of suitable targets which can be used for fungal pathogen control. Pseudocercospora fijiensis is the causal agent of black Sigatoka disease, the principal threat to banana and plantain worldwide. Here, we report the isolation of the cell wall of this pathogen, followed by extensive washing to eliminate all loosely associated proteins and conserve those integrated to its cell wall. In the HF-pyridine protein fraction, one of the most abundant protein bands was recovered from SDS-PAGE gels, electro-eluted and sequenced. Seven proteins were identified from this band, none of which were GPI-anchored proteins. Instead, atypical (moonlight-like) cell wall proteins were identified, suggesting a new class of atypical proteins, bound to the cell wall by unknown linkages. Western blot and histological analyses of the cell wall fractions support that these proteins are true cell wall proteins, most likely involved in fungal pathogenesis/virulence, since they were found conserved in many fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Yamily Yazmin Burgos-Canul
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Deysi Chi-Chuc
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
- Escuela Telebachillerato Comunitario de Xcunya, Calle 20, Mérida, México
| | - Miguel Tzec-Simá
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Angela Ku-González
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Ligia Brito-Argáez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Mildred Carrillo-Pech
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - César De Los Santos-Briones
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México
| | - Miguel Ángel Canseco-Pérez
- Dirección de Investigación, Evaluación y Posgrado, Universidad Tecnológica de Tlaxcala, Carretera a el Carmen Xalplatlahuaya s/n. El Carmen Xalplatlahuaya, Tlaxcala, Huamantla, C.P. 90500, Mexico
| | - Donato Luna-Moreno
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica AC, División de Fotónica, Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Gto, C.P. 37150, México
| | | | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Mérida, A.C., Yucatán, C.P. 97205, México.
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Chen D, Kamran M, Chen S, Xing J, Qu Z, Liu C, Ren Z, Cai X, Chen X, Xu J. Two nucleotide sugar transporters are important for cell wall integrity and full virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:374-390. [PMID: 36775579 PMCID: PMC10013753 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall polysaccharides play key roles in fungal development, virulence, and resistance to the plant immune system, and are synthesized from many nucleotide sugars in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi secretory system. Nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) are responsible for transporting cytosolic-derived nucleotide sugars to the ER lumen for processing, but their roles in plant-pathogenic fungi remain to be revealed. Here, we identified two important NSTs, NST1 and NST2, in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Both NSTs were localized in the ER, which was consistent with a function in transporting nucleotide sugar for processing in the ER. Sugar transport property analysis suggested that NST1 is involved in transportation of mannose and glucose, while NST2 is only responsible for mannose transportation. Accordingly, deletion of NSTs resulted in a significant decrease in corresponding soluble saccharides abundance and defect in sugar utilization. Moreover, both NSTs played important roles in cell wall integrity, were involved in asexual development, and were required for full virulence. The NST mutants exhibited decreasing external glycoproteins and exposure of inner chitin, which resulted in activation of the host defence response. Altogether, our results revealed that two sugar transporters are required for fungal cell wall polysaccharides accumulation and full virulence of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceHunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangshaChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant ProtectionPlant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceHunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangshaChina
| | - Zhiguang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Caiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhiyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiao‐Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jingbo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceHunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangshaChina
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Cell wall dynamics stabilize tip growth in a filamentous fungus. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001981. [PMID: 36649360 PMCID: PMC9882835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyphal tip growth allows filamentous fungi to colonize space, reproduce, or infect. It features remarkable morphogenetic plasticity including unusually fast elongation rates, tip turning, branching, or bulging. These shape changes are all driven from the expansion of a protective cell wall (CW) secreted from apical pools of exocytic vesicles. How CW secretion, remodeling, and deformation are modulated in concert to support rapid tip growth and morphogenesis while ensuring surface integrity remains poorly understood. We implemented subresolution imaging to map the dynamics of CW thickness and secretory vesicles in Aspergillus nidulans. We found that tip growth is associated with balanced rates of CW secretion and expansion, which limit temporal fluctuations in CW thickness, elongation speed, and vesicle amount, to less than 10% to 20%. Affecting this balance through modulations of growth or trafficking yield to near-immediate changes in CW thickness, mechanics, and shape. We developed a model with mechanical feedback that accounts for steady states of hyphal growth as well as rapid adaptation of CW mechanics and vesicle recruitment to different perturbations. These data provide unprecedented details on how CW dynamics emerges from material secretion and expansion, to stabilize fungal tip growth as well as promote its morphogenetic plasticity.
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López-Ramírez LA, Martínez-Duncker I, Márquez-Márquez A, Vargas-Macías AP, Mora-Montes HM. Silencing of ROT2, the Encoding Gene of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Glucosidase II, Affects the Cell Wall and the Sporothrix schenckii-Host Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1220. [PMID: 36422041 PMCID: PMC9692468 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is a member of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade and one of the most common etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous fungal infection that affects both animal and human beings. Like other fungal pathogens, the Sporothrix cell wall is composed of structural polysaccharides and glycoproteins that are covalently modified with both N-linked and O-linked glycans. Thus far, little is known about the N-linked glycosylation pathway in this organism or its contribution to cell wall composition and interaction with the host. Here, we silenced ROT2, which encodes the catalytic subunit of the endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase II, a processing enzyme key for the N-linked glycan core processing. Silencing of ROT2 led to the accumulation of the Glc2Man9GlcNAC2 glycan core at the cell wall and a reduction in the total content of N-linked glycans found in the wall. However, the highly silenced mutants showed a compensatory mechanism with increased content of cell wall O-linked glycans. The phenotype of mutants with intermediate levels of ROT2 silencing was more informative, as they showed changes in the cell wall composition and exposure of β-1.3-glucans and chitin at the cell surface. Furthermore, the ability to stimulate cytokine production by human mononuclear cells was affected, along with the phagocytosis by human monocyte-derived macrophages, in a mannose receptor-, complement receptor 3-, and TLR4-dependent stimulation. In an insect model of experimental sporotrichosis, these mutant cells showed virulence attenuation. In conclusion, S. schenckii ROT2 is required for proper N-linked glycosylation, cell wall organization and composition, and interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz A. López-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Anayeli Márquez-Márquez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Ana P. Vargas-Macías
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
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10
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Pathogenesis and Pathology of COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: What Is New and Why. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2022; 16:206-220. [PMID: 36193101 PMCID: PMC9520103 DOI: 10.1007/s12281-022-00443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review There is global increase in the incidence of mucormycosis. However, a sudden increase in the COVID-associated mucormycosis (CAM) was noted, particularly in India, during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The interplay of factors involved in the pathogenesis is complex. In this review, the influence of pre-existing disease, exaggerated risk factors, altered milieu due to COVID-19 itself and the consequences of its treatment on the host pathogen interactions leading to the disease and morphology of the fungus will be highlighted. Recent Findings Hyperglycemia, acidosis, available free iron, lowered host defenses, and the fungal virulence factors promote the growth of Mucorales. There is a high background prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in India. Uncontrolled or undiagnosed DM, COVID-19 itself, and inappropriate administration of corticosteroids in high doses and for prolonged periods result in hyperglycemia. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and metabolic acidosis due to hypoxia or renal failure contribute to acidic pH and dissociate bound iron from serum proteins. The host defenses are lowered due to COVID-19-induced immune dysregulation, hyperglycemia itself, and administration of corticosteroids and immune suppressants for the treatment of COVID-19. The altered metabolic milieu in the local microenvironment of nose and paranasal sinuses (PNS) promotes specific interaction of glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP-78) on host cells with spore coat protein homologue (CotH 3) on Mucorales resulting in rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) as the predominant clinical form in CAM. The pathology is extensive soft tissue involvement with angioinvasion and perineural invasion. Melanized hyphae and sporangia were seen on histopathology, which is unique to CAM. While many factors favor the growth of Mucorales in CAM, hyperglycemia, hyperferritinemia, and administration of hyperbaric oxygen result in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inadequate humidification results in dehydration. Melanization is possibly the adaptive and protective mechanism of Mucorales to escape the unfavorable conditions due to the treatment of COVID-19. Summary High background prevalence of DM, inappropriate administration of corticosteroids and immune dysregulation due to COVID-19 favor the growth of Mucorales in CAM. Melanization of Mucorales hyphae and sporangia on histopathology probably represent adaptive and protective mechanism due to the treatment with hyperbaric oxygen with inadequate humidification as well as the metabolic alterations.
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Sun CQ, Peng J, Yang LB, Jiao ZL, Zhou LX, Tao RY, Zhu LJ, Tian ZQ, Huang MJ, Guo G. A Cecropin-4 Derived Peptide C18 Inhibits Candida albicans by Disturbing Mitochondrial Function. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:872322. [PMID: 35531288 PMCID: PMC9075107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global burden of fungal infections and related health risk has accelerated at an incredible pace, and multidrug resistance emergency aggravates the need for the development of new effective strategies. Candida albicans is clinically the most ubiquitous pathogenic fungus that leads to high incidence and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), in this context, represent promising alternatives having potential to be exploited for improving human health. In our previous studies, a Cecropin-4-derived peptide named C18 was found to possess a broader antibacterial spectrum after modification and exhibit significant antifungal activity against C. albicans. In this study, C18 shows antifungal activity against C. albicans or non-albicans Candida species with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 4∼32 μg/ml, and clinical isolates of fluconazole (FLZ)-resistance C. tropicalis were highly susceptible to C18 with MIC value of 8 or 16 μg/ml. Additionally, C18 is superior to FLZ for killing planktonic C. albicans from inhibitory and killing kinetic curves. Moreover, C18 could attenuate the virulence of C. albicans, which includes damaging the cell structure, retarding hyphae transition, and inhibiting biofilm formation. Intriguingly, in the Galleria mellonella model with C. albicans infection, C18 could improve the survival rate of G. mellonella larvae to 70% and reduce C. albicans load from 5.01 × 107 to 5.62 × 104 CFU. For mechanistic action of C18, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cytosolic Ca2 + increased in the presence of C18, which is closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Meanwhile, mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm) loss and ATP depletion of C. albicans occurred with the treatment of C18. We hypothesized that C18 might inhibit C. albicans via triggering mitochondrial dysfunction driven by ROS generation and Ca2 + accumulation. Our observation provides a basis for future research to explore the antifungal strategies and presents C18 as an attractive therapeutic candidate to be developed to treat candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Qin Sun
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Peng
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Long-Bing Yang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zheng-Long Jiao
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Luo-Xiong Zhou
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Ru-Yu Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Tian
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming-Jiao Huang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guo Guo
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Guo Guo,
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12
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Tripathi A, Nahar A, Sharma R, Kanaskie T, Al-Hebshi N, Puri S. High iron-mediated increased oral fungal burden, oral-to-gut transmission, and changes to pathogenicity of Candida albicans in oropharyngeal candidiasis. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2044110. [PMID: 35251523 PMCID: PMC8896197 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2044110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aim Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Tripathi
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anubhav Nahar
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rishabh Sharma
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trevor Kanaskie
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nezar Al-Hebshi
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sumant Puri
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Li R, Zhu L, Liu D, Wang W, Zhang C, Jiao S, Wei J, Ren L, Zhang Y, Gou X, Yuan X, Du Y, Wang ZA. High molecular weight chitosan oligosaccharide exhibited antifungal activity by misleading cell wall organization via targeting PHR transglucosidases. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 285:119253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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14
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Tamez-Castrellón AK, van der Beek SL, López-Ramírez LA, Martínez-Duncker I, Lozoya-Pérez NE, van Sorge NM, Mora-Montes HM. Disruption of protein rhamnosylation affects the Sporothrix schenckii-host interaction. Cell Surf 2021; 7:100058. [PMID: 34308006 PMCID: PMC8258688 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a fungal disease caused by the members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade, and one of the etiological agents is Sporothrix schenckii. The cell wall of this organism has been previously analyzed and thus far is known to contain an inner layer composed of chitin and β -glucans, and an outer layer of glycoproteins, which are decorated with mannose and rhamnose-containing oligosaccharides. The L-rhamnose biosynthesis pathway is common in bacteria but rare in members of the Fungi kingdom. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to disrupt this metabolic route to assess the contribution of rhamnose during the S. schenckii-host interaction. We identified and silenced in S. schenckii a functional ortholog of the bacterial rmlD gene, which encodes for an essential reductase for the synthesis of nucleotide-activated L-rhamnose. RmlD silencing did not affect fungal growth or morphology but decreased cell wall rhamnose content. Compensatory, the β-1,3-glucan levels increased and were more exposed at the cell surface. Moreover, when incubated with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the RmlD silenced mutants differentially stimulated cytokine production when compared with the wild-type strain, reducing TNFα and IL-6 levels and increasing IL-1 β and IL-10 production. Upon incubation with human monocyte-derived macrophages, the silenced strains were more efficiently phagocytosed than the wild-type strain. In both cases, our data suggest that rhamnose-based oligosaccharides are ligands that interact with TLR4. Finally, our findings showed that cell wall rhamnose is required for the S. schenckii virulence in the G. mellonella model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma K. Tamez-Castrellón
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Samantha L. van der Beek
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Medical Microbiology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luz A. López-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Mor. 62209, Mexico
| | - Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Nina M. van Sorge
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Medical Microbiology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
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15
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Elya C, De Fine Licht HH. The genus Entomophthora: bringing the insect destroyers into the twenty-first century. IMA Fungus 2021; 12:34. [PMID: 34763728 PMCID: PMC8588673 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-021-00084-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Entomophthora consists of highly host-specific pathogens that cause deadly epizootics in their various insect hosts. The most well-known among these is the "zombie fly" fungus E. muscae, which, like other Entomophthora species, elicits a series of dramatic behaviors in infected hosts to promote optimal spore dispersal. Despite having been first described more than 160 years ago, there are still many open questions about Entomophthora biology, including the molecular underpinnings of host behavior manipulation and host specificity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of the biology of Entomophthora fungi and enumerates the most pressing outstanding questions that should be addressed in the field. We briefly review the discovery of Entomophthora and provide a summary of the 21 recognized Entomophthora species, including their type hosts, methods of transmission (ejection of spores after or before host death), and for which molecular data are available. Further, we argue that this genus is globally distributed, based on a compilation of Entomophthora records in the literature and in online naturalist databases, and likely to contain additional species. Evidence for strain-level specificity of hosts is summarized and directly compared to phylogenies of Entomophthora and the class Insecta. A detailed description of Entomophthora's life-cycle and observed manipulated behaviors is provided and used to summarize a consensus for ideal growth conditions. We discuss evidence for Entomophthora's adaptation to growth exclusively inside insects, such as producing wall-less hyphal bodies and a unique set of subtilisin-like proteases to penetrate the insect cuticle. However, we are only starting to understand the functions of unusual molecular and genomic characteristics, such as having large > 1 Gb genomes full of repetitive elements and potential functional diploidy. We argue that the high host-specificity and obligate life-style of most Entomophthora species provides ample scope for having been shaped by close coevolution with insects despite the current general lack of such evidence. Finally, we propose six major directions for future Entomophthora research and in doing so hope to provide a foundation for future studies of these fungi and their interaction with insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Elya
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Henrik H De Fine Licht
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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16
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Thrombin-Derived C-Terminal Peptide Reduces Candida-Induced Inflammation and Infection In Vitro and In Vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0103221. [PMID: 34424043 PMCID: PMC8522777 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01032-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections due to the opportunistic fungus Candida have been on the rise in the last decades, especially in immunocompromised individuals and hospital settings. Unfortunately, the treatments available today are limited. Thrombin-derived C-terminal peptide (TCP-25) is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects. In this work, we, for the first time, demonstrate the ability of TCP-25 ability to counteract Candidain vitro and in vivo. Using a combination of viable count assay (VCA), radial diffusion assay (RDA), and fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy analyses, TCP-25 was found to exert a direct fungicidal activity. An inhibitory activity of TCP-25 on NF-κB activation induced by both zymosan alone and heat-killed C. albicans was demonstrated in vitro using THP-1 cells, and in vivo using NF-κB reporter mice. Moreover, the immunomodulatory property of TCP-25 was further substantiated in vitro by analyzing cytokine responses in human blood stimulated with zymosan, and in vivo employing a zymosan-induced peritonitis model in C57BL/6 mice. The therapeutic potential of TCP-25 was demonstrated in mice infected with luminescent C. albicans. Finally, the binding between TCP-25 and zymosan was investigated using circular dichroism spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence analysis. Taken together, our results show that TCP-25 has a dual function by inhibiting Candida as well as the associated zymosan-induced inflammation. The latter function is accompanied by a change in secondary structure upon binding to zymosan. TCP-25, therefore, shows promise as a novel drug candidate against Candida infections.
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17
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Lok B, Adam MAA, Kamal LZM, Chukwudi NA, Sandai R, Sandai D. The assimilation of different carbon sources in Candida albicans: Fitness and pathogenicity. Med Mycol 2021; 59:115-125. [PMID: 32944760 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal yeast commonly found on the skin and in the body. However, in immunocompromised individuals, the fungi could cause local and systemic infections. The carbon source available plays an important role in the establishment of C. albicans infections. The fungi's ability to assimilate a variety of carbon sources plays a vital role in its colonization, and by extension, its fitness and pathogenicity, as it often inhabits niches that are glucose-limited but rich in alternative carbon sources. A difference in carbon sources affect the growth and mating of C. albicans, which contributes to its pathogenicity as proliferation helps the fungi colonize its environment. The carbon source also affects its metabolism and signaling pathways, which are integral parts of the fungi's fitness and pathogenicity. As a big percentage of the carbon assimilated by C. albicans goes to cell wall biogenesis, the availability of different carbon sources will result in cell walls with variations in rigidity, adhesion, and surface hydrophobicity. In addition to the biofilm formation of the fungi, the carbon source also influences whether the fungi grow in yeast- or mycelial-form. Both forms play different roles in C. albicans's infection process. A better understanding of the role of the carbon sources in C. albicans's pathogenicity would contribute to more effective treatment solutions for fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Lok
- Infectomics Cluster, Advance Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mowaffaq Adam Ahmad Adam
- Infectomics Cluster, Advance Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Laina Zarisa Mohd Kamal
- Infectomics Cluster, Advance Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nwakpa Anthony Chukwudi
- Infectomics Cluster, Advance Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rosline Sandai
- Faculty of Languages and Communication, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Doblin Sandai
- Infectomics Cluster, Advance Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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18
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Wan J, He M, Hou Q, Zou L, Yang Y, Wei Y, Chen X. Cell wall associated immunity in plants. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:3. [PMID: 37676546 PMCID: PMC10429498 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against pathogens. The plant cell wall usually undergoes dynamic remodeling as an immune response to prevent infection by pathogens. In this review, we summarize advances on relationship between cell wall and immunity in plants. In particular, we outline current progresses regarding the regulation of the cell wall components, including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, on plant disease resistance. We also discuss the impacts of cell wall-derived cellodextrin, oligogalacturonic acid and xyloglucan/xylan oligosaccharides as potent elicitors or signal molecules to trigger plant immune response. We further propose future studies on dissecting the molecular regulation of cell wall on plant immunity, which have potentials in practical application of crop breeding aiming at improvement of plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxue Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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García-Carnero LC, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Salazar-García LM, Lozoya-Pérez NE, González-Hernández SE, Tamez-Castrellón AK. Recognition of Fungal Components by the Host Immune System. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:245-264. [PMID: 31889486 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666191231105546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
By being the first point of contact of the fungus with the host, the cell wall plays an important role in the pathogenesis, having many molecules that participate as antigens that are recognized by immune cells, and also that help the fungus to establish infection. The main molecules reported to trigger an immune response are chitin, glucans, oligosaccharides, proteins, melanin, phospholipids, and others, being present in the principal pathogenic fungi with clinical importance worldwide, such as Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Sporothrix schenckii. Knowledge and understanding of how the immune system recognizes and responds to fungal antigens are relevant for the future research and development of new diagnostic tools and treatments for the control of mycosis caused by these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C García-Carnero
- Department of Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Department of Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luis M Salazar-García
- Department of Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- Department of Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Alma K Tamez-Castrellón
- Department of Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Hammad NM, Abdelhadi AA, Fawzy MM, Marei A. Complement component 3c and tumor necrosis factor-α systemic assessment after Candida antigen immunotherapy in cutaneous warts. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1673-1681. [PMID: 32594377 PMCID: PMC7688774 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous warts are the commonest benign lesion produced by human papillomavirus. Lesions often regress spontaneously yet have a high rate of recurrence. They impair patients' quality of life and carry the potential risk of cancer. Nowadays, Candida antigen immunotherapy has become an encouraging therapeutic modality for warts. We tried to assess the role of the complement pathway and T helper 1 immune response in clinical response to Candida antigen immunotherapy via complement component 3c (C3c) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, respectively. METHODS A total of 44 patients with cutaneous warts were enrolled in the study. Patients were injected with Candida antigen at 2-week interval until complete clearance of the lesion or for a maximum of 5 sessions. Blood samples were collected before initiation and after completion of immunotherapy. C3 and C4 were measured using an automated turbidimetric method. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), C3c, and TNF-α were measured using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. RESULTS A total of 56.4%, 17.9%, and 25.7% of the patients showed complete, partial, and no response to immunotherapy, respectively. Lesions on the dorsum of the foot and sole showed significant clearance (p value = 0.037). All patients had no deficient C3, C4, and MBL serum levels. C3c and TNF-α serum levels were significantly higher in non-responder group (p value < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). C3c and TNF-α serum levels were strongly correlated in all the studied patients (r = 0.8, p value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Candida antigen immunotherapy is an effective therapeutic modality for cutaneous warts. C3c and TNF-α serum levels were higher in patients who failed to respond to immunotherapy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT04399577 , May 2020 "retrospectively registered".
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Hammad
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Amina A Abdelhadi
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manal M Fawzy
- Dermatology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ayman Marei
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Rajestary R, Landi L, Romanazzi G. Chitosan and postharvest decay of fresh fruit: Meta‐analysis of disease control and antimicrobial and eliciting activities. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:563-582. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Rajestary
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences Marche Polytechnic University Via Brecce Bianche 10 Ancona Italy
| | - Lucia Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences Marche Polytechnic University Via Brecce Bianche 10 Ancona Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences Marche Polytechnic University Via Brecce Bianche 10 Ancona Italy
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22
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Dias LP, Santos ALE, Araújo NMS, Silva RRS, Santos MHC, Roma RR, Rocha BAM, Oliveira JTA, Teixeira CS. Machaerium acutifolium lectin alters membrane structure and induces ROS production in Candida parapsilosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:19-25. [PMID: 32599250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are a group of widely distributed and structurally heterogeneous proteins of nonimmune origin. These proteins have the ability to interact with glycans present on cell surfaces and elicit diverse biological activities. Machaerium acutifolium lectin (MaL) is an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-binding lectin that exhibits antinociceptive activity via transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). Lectins that have the ability to recognize and interact with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues are potential candidates for studies of fungicidal activity. In this work, we show that MaL has antifungal activity against Candida species, and we describe its mode of action towards Candida parapsilosis. MaL inhibited the growth of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. However, MaL was more potent against C. parapsilosis. The candidacidal mode of action of MaL on C. parapsilosis involves enhanced cell permeabilization, alteration of the plasma membrane proton-pumping ATPase function (H+-ATPase), induction of oxidative stress, and DNA damage. MaL also exhibited antibiofilm activity and noncytotoxicity to Vero cells. These results indicate that MaL is a promising candidate for the future development of a new, natural, and safe drug for the treatment of infections caused by C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P Dias
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ana L E Santos
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Nadine M S Araújo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Romério R S Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria H C Santos
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Renato R Roma
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Bruno A M Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jose T A Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Claudener S Teixeira
- Instituto de Formação de Educadores, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Brejo Santo, Ceará, Brazil.
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23
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Stanford FA, Voigt K. Iron Assimilation during Emerging Infections Caused by Opportunistic Fungi with emphasis on Mucorales and the Development of Antifungal Resistance. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111296. [PMID: 33143139 PMCID: PMC7693903 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a key transition metal required by most microorganisms and is prominently utilised in the transfer of electrons during metabolic reactions. The acquisition of iron is essential and becomes a crucial pathogenic event for opportunistic fungi. Iron is not readily available in the natural environment as it exists in its insoluble ferric form, i.e., in oxides and hydroxides. During infection, the host iron is bound to proteins such as transferrin, ferritin, and haemoglobin. As such, access to iron is one of the major hurdles that fungal pathogens must overcome in an immunocompromised host. Thus, these opportunistic fungi utilise three major iron acquisition systems to overcome this limiting factor for growth and proliferation. To date, numerous iron acquisition pathways have been fully characterised, with key components of these systems having major roles in virulence. Most recently, proteins involved in these pathways have been linked to the development of antifungal resistance. Here, we provide a detailed review of our current knowledge of iron acquisition in opportunistic fungi, and the role iron may have on the development of resistance to antifungals with emphasis on species of the fungal basal lineage order Mucorales, the causative agents of mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Adelina Stanford
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology–Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology–Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans Knöll Institute, Jena Microbial Resource Collection Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-532-1395; Fax: +49-3641-532-2395
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Gurdaswani V, Ghag SB, Ganapathi TR. FocSge1 in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 is essential for full virulence. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:255. [PMID: 32795268 PMCID: PMC7427899 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fusarium wilt disease of banana is one of the most devastating diseases and was responsible for destroying banana plantations in the late nineteenth century. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is the causative agent. Presently, both race 1 and 4 strains of Foc are creating havoc in the major banana-growing regions of the world. There is an urgent need to devise strategies to control this disease; that is possible only after a thorough understanding of the molecular basis of this disease. Results There are a few regulators of Foc pathogenicity which are triggered during this infection, among which Sge1 (Six Gene Expression 1) regulates the expression of effector genes. The protein sequence is conserved in both race 1 and 4 strains of Foc indicating that this gene is vital for pathogenesis. The deletion mutant, FocSge1 displayed poor conidial count, loss of hydrophobicity, reduced pigmentation, decrease in fusaric acid production and pathogenicity as compared to the wild-type and genetically complemented strain. Furthermore, the C-terminal domain of FocSge1 protein is crucial for its activity as deletion of this region results in a knockout-like phenotype. Conclusion These results indicated that FocSge1 plays a critical role in normal growth and pathogenicity with the C-terminal domain being crucial for its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Gurdaswani
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400 098, India
| | - Siddhesh B Ghag
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai campus, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, 400 098, India.
| | - Thumballi R Ganapathi
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
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Tripathi A, Liverani E, Tsygankov AY, Puri S. Iron alters the cell wall composition and intracellular lactate to affect Candida albicans susceptibility to antifungals and host immune response. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10032-10044. [PMID: 32503842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogen Candida albicans has a complex cell wall consisting of an outer layer of mannans and an inner layer of β-glucans and chitin. The fungal cell wall is the primary target for antifungals and is recognized by host immune cells. Environmental conditions such as carbon sources, pH, temperature, and oxygen tension can modulate the fungal cell wall architecture. Cellular signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, are responsible for sensing environmental cues and mediating cell wall alterations. Although iron has recently been shown to affect β-1,3-glucan exposure on the cell wall, we report here that iron changes the composition of all major C. albicans cell wall components. Specifically, high iron decreased the levels of mannans (including phosphomannans) and chitin; and increased β-1,3-glucan levels. These changes increased the resistance of C. albicans to cell wall-perturbing antifungals. Moreover, high iron cells exhibited adequate mitochondrial functioning; leading to a reduction in accumulation of lactate that signals through the transcription factor Crz1 to induce β-1,3-glucan masking in C. albicans We show here that iron-induced changes in β-1,3-glucan exposure are lactate-dependent; and high iron causes β-1,3-glucan exposure by preventing lactate-induced, Crz1-mediated inhibition of activation of the fungal MAPK Cek1. Furthermore, despite exhibiting enhanced antifungal resistance, high iron C. albicans cells had reduced survival upon phagocytosis by macrophages. Our results underscore the role of iron as an environmental signal in multiple signaling pathways that alter cell wall architecture in C. albicans, thereby affecting its survival upon exposure to antifungals and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Tripathi
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elisabetta Liverani
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sumant Puri
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Narayanan KB, Zo SM, Han SS. Novel biomimetic chitin-glucan polysaccharide nano/microfibrous fungal-scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:724-731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Romo JA, Kumamoto CA. On Commensalism of Candida. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E16. [PMID: 31963458 PMCID: PMC7151168 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are both opportunistic fungal pathogens and common members of the human mycobiome. Over the years, the main focus of the fungal field has been on understanding the pathogenic potential and disease manifestation of these organisms. Therefore, understanding of their commensal lifestyle, interactions with host epithelial barriers, and initial transition into pathogenesis is less developed. In this review, we will describe the current knowledge on the commensal lifestyle of these fungi, how they are able to adhere to and colonize host epithelial surfaces, compete with other members of the microbiota, and interact with the host immune response, as well as their transition into opportunistic pathogens by invading the gastrointestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol A. Kumamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
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28
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Lee DJ, O'Donnell H, Routier FH, Tiralongo J, Haselhorst T. Glycobiology of Human Fungal Pathogens: New Avenues for Drug Development. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111348. [PMID: 31671548 PMCID: PMC6912366 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are an increasing threat to the developing world, with fungal spores being ubiquitous and inhaled every day. Some fungal species are commensal organisms that are part of the normal human microbiota, and, as such, do not pose a threat to the immune system. However, when the natural balance of this association is disturbed or the host's immune system is compromised, these fungal pathogens overtake the organism, and cause IFI. To understand the invasiveness of these pathogens and to address the growing problem of IFI, it is essential to identify the cellular processes of the invading organism and their virulence. In this review, we will discuss the prevalence and current options available to treat IFI, including recent reports of drug resistance. Nevertheless, the main focus of this review is to describe the glycobiology of human fungal pathogens and how various components of the fungal cell wall, particularly cell wall polysaccharides and glycoconjugates, are involved in fungal pathogenicity, their biosynthesis and how they can be potentially exploited to develop novel antifungal treatment options. We will specifically describe the nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) that are important in fungal survival and suggest that the inhibition of fungal NSTs may potentially be useful to prevent the establishment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Lee
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Nikolai-Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Holly O'Donnell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Nikolai-Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Françoise H Routier
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry OE4340, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Nikolai-Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Joe Tiralongo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Nikolai-Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Nikolai-Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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29
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Martins MP, Silva LG, Rossi A, Sanches PR, Souza LDR, Martinez-Rossi NM. Global Analysis of Cell Wall Genes Revealed Putative Virulence Factors in the Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2168. [PMID: 31608026 PMCID: PMC6761320 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is a structure in constant contact with the external environment. It confers shape to the cell and protects it from external threats. During host adaptation, the cell wall structure of fungal pathogens is continuously reshaped by the orchestrated action of numerous genes. These genes respond to environmental stresses and challenging growth conditions, influencing the infective potential of the fungus. Here, we aimed to identify cell wall biosynthesis-related genes that putatively encode virulence factors in Trichophyton rubrum. We used RNA-seq to examine the impact of two drugs, namely undecanoic acid, and acriflavine as well as the effects of the carbon source switching from glucose to keratin on T. rubrum cell wall metabolism. By using functional annotation based on Gene Ontology terms, we identified significantly differentially expressed cell wall-related genes in all stress conditions. We also exposed T. rubrum to osmotic and other cell wall stressors and evaluated the susceptibility and gene modulation in response to stress. The changes in the ambient environment caused continuous cell wall remodeling, forcing the fungus to undergo modulatory restructuring. The influence of the external challenges indicated a highly complex response pattern. The genes that were modulated simultaneously in the three stress conditions highlight potential targets for antifungal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra P Martins
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa G Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pablo R Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa D R Souza
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nilce M Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Thwe PM, Fritz DI, Snyder JP, Smith PR, Curtis KD, O'Donnell A, Galasso NA, Sepaniac LA, Adamik BJ, Hoyt LR, Rodriguez PD, Hogan TC, Schmidt AF, Poynter ME, Amiel E. Syk-dependent glycolytic reprogramming in dendritic cells regulates IL-1β production to β-glucan ligands in a TLR-independent manner. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1325-1335. [PMID: 31509298 PMCID: PMC6883127 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0819-207rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) activated via TLR ligation experience metabolic reprogramming, in which the cells are heavily dependent on glucose and glycolysis for the synthesis of molecular building blocks essential for maturation, cytokine production, and the ability to stimulate T cells. Although the TLR-driven metabolic reprogramming events are well documented, fungal-mediated metabolic regulation via C-type lectin receptors such as Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 is not clearly understood. Here, we show that activation of DCs with fungal-associated β-glucan ligands induces acute glycolytic reprogramming that supports the production of IL-1β and its secretion subsequent to NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. This acute glycolytic induction in response to β-glucan ligands requires spleen tyrosine kinase signaling in a TLR-independent manner, suggesting now that different classes of innate immune receptors functionally induce conserved metabolic responses to support immune cell activation. These studies provide new insight into the complexities of metabolic regulation of DCs immune effector function regarding cellular activation associated with protection against fungal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyu M Thwe
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical (CMB) Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | - Julia P Snyder
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical (CMB) Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Leslie A Sepaniac
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical (CMB) Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | | | - Princess D Rodriguez
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical (CMB) Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew E Poynter
- Vermont Lung Center, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Eyal Amiel
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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31
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Pazhakh V, Ellett F, Croker BA, O’Donnell JA, Pase L, Schulze KE, Greulich RS, Gupta A, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Andrianopoulos A, Lieschke GJ. β-glucan-dependent shuttling of conidia from neutrophils to macrophages occurs during fungal infection establishment. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000113. [PMID: 31483778 PMCID: PMC6746390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial host response to fungal pathogen invasion is critical to infection establishment and outcome. However, the diversity of leukocyte–pathogen interactions is only recently being appreciated. We describe a new form of interleukocyte conidial exchange called “shuttling.” In Talaromyces marneffei and Aspergillus fumigatus zebrafish in vivo infections, live imaging demonstrated conidia initially phagocytosed by neutrophils were transferred to macrophages. Shuttling is unidirectional, not a chance event, and involves alterations of phagocyte mobility, intercellular tethering, and phagosome transfer. Shuttling kinetics were fungal-species–specific, implicating a fungal determinant. β-glucan serves as a fungal-derived signal sufficient for shuttling. Murine phagocytes also shuttled in vitro. The impact of shuttling for microbiological outcomes of in vivo infections is difficult to specifically assess experimentally, but for these two pathogens, shuttling augments initial conidial redistribution away from fungicidal neutrophils into the favorable macrophage intracellular niche. Shuttling is a frequent host–pathogen interaction contributing to fungal infection establishment patterns. Imaging of the behaviour of white blood cells in living zebrafish embryos infected with fungi reveals “shuttling,” a specific and previously undescribed form of microorganism exchange between neutrophils and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Pazhakh
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felix Ellett
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben A. Croker
- Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joanne A. O’Donnell
- Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke Pase
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keith E. Schulze
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - R. Stefan Greulich
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aakash Gupta
- Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Alex Andrianopoulos
- Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham J. Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer and Haematology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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32
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Amornphimoltham P, Yuen PST, Star RA, Leelahavanichkul A. Gut Leakage of Fungal-Derived Inflammatory Mediators: Part of a Gut-Liver-Kidney Axis in Bacterial Sepsis. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2416-2428. [PMID: 30863955 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening response to systemic infection. In addition to frank gastrointestinal (GI) rupture/puncture, sepsis can also be exacerbated by translocation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from the GI tract to the systemic circulation (gut origin of sepsis). In the human gut, Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans are abundant, along with their major PAMP components, endotoxin (LPS) and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan (BG). Whereas the influence of LPS in bacterial sepsis has been studied extensively, exploration of the role of BG in bacterial sepsis is limited. Post-translocation, PAMPs enter the circulation through lymphatics and the portal vein, and are detoxified and then excreted via the liver and the kidney. Sepsis-induced liver and kidney injury might therefore affect the kinetics and increase circulating PAMPs. In this article, we discuss the current knowledge of the impact of PAMPs from both gut mycobiota and microbiota, including epithelial barrier function and the "gut-liver-kidney axis," on bacterial sepsis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter S T Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Star
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Essential Role for the Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-Bisphosphate Synthesis Complex in Caspofungin Tolerance and Virulence in Candida glabrata. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00886-19. [PMID: 31138567 PMCID: PMC6658794 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00886-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing resistance of the human opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata toward the echinocandin antifungals, which target the cell wall, is a matter of grave clinical concern. Echinocandin resistance in C. glabrata has primarily been associated with mutations in the β-glucan synthase-encoding genes C. glabrataFKS1 (CgFKS1) and CgFKS2. This notwithstanding, the role of the phosphoinositide signaling in antifungal resistance is just beginning to be deciphered. Increasing resistance of the human opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata toward the echinocandin antifungals, which target the cell wall, is a matter of grave clinical concern. Echinocandin resistance in C. glabrata has primarily been associated with mutations in the β-glucan synthase-encoding genes C. glabrataFKS1 (CgFKS1) and CgFKS2. This notwithstanding, the role of the phosphoinositide signaling in antifungal resistance is just beginning to be deciphered. The phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2] is a low-abundance lipid molecule that is pivotal to the intracellular membrane traffic. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the PI(3,5)P2 kinase CgFab1, along with its activity regulator CgVac7 and the scaffolding protein CgVac14, is required for maintenance of the cell wall chitin content, survival of the cell wall, and caspofungin stress. Further, deletion analyses implicated the PI(3,5)P2 phosphatase CgFig4 in the regulation of PI(3,5)P2 levels and azole and echinocandin tolerance through CgVac14. We also show the localization of the CgFab1 lipid kinase to the vacuole to be independent of the CgVac7, CgVac14, and CgFig4 proteins. Lastly, our data demonstrate an essential requirement for PI(3,5)P2 signaling components, CgFab1, CgVac7, and CgVac14, in the intracellular survival and virulence in C. glabrata. Altogether, our data have yielded key insights into the functions and metabolism of PI(3,5)P2 lipid in the pathogenic yeast C. glabrata. In addition, our data highlight that CgVac7, whose homologs are absent in higher eukaryotes, may represent a promising target for antifungal therapy.
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Kar B, Patel P, Free SJ. Trichophyton rubrum LysM proteins bind to fungal cell wall chitin and to the N-linked oligosaccharides present on human skin glycoproteins. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215034. [PMID: 30947244 PMCID: PMC6449025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trichophyton rubrum genome contains six proteins containing two or more lysin M (LysM) domains. We have characterized two of these proteins, LysM1 and LysM2, and demonstrated that these proteins have the capacity to bind two substrates, chitin and N-linked oligosaccharides associated with human skin glycoproteins. We have characterized the individual LysM domains in LysM1, and shown that the protein contains two functional LysM domains. Each of these domains can bind to chitin, to N-linked oligosaccharides in human skin glycoproteins, and to N-linked oligosaccharides on fungal glycoproteins. We hypothesize that LysM proteins could provide the pathogen with three important functions. First, the T. rubrum LysM proteins could shield host cell wall chitin from the human immune system. Second, the LysM proteins could shield the pathogen’s glycoproteins from host degradation and immune surveillance. Third, the LysM proteins could help facilitate pathogen adhesion to human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibekananda Kar
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Pavan Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Free
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yadav RK, Shukla PK. A novel monoclonal antibody against enolase antigen ofAspergillus fumigatusprotects experimental aspergillosis in mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5289863. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Kumar Yadav
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Training and Development Complex, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai-600113, India
| | - P K Shukla
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Training and Development Complex, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai-600113, India
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López-Fernández L, Sanchis M, Navarro-Rodríguez P, Nicolás FE, Silva-Franco F, Guarro J, Garre V, Navarro-Mendoza MI, Pérez-Arques C, Capilla J. Understanding Mucor circinelloides pathogenesis by comparative genomics and phenotypical studies. Virulence 2018; 9:707-720. [PMID: 29436903 PMCID: PMC5955452 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1435249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of infections by species of Mucorales and their high mortality constitute an important concern for public health. This study aims to decipher the genetic basis of Mucor circinelloides pathogenicity, which displays virulence in a strain dependent manner. Assuming that genetic differences between strains may be linked to different pathotypes, we have conducted a study to explore genes responsible for virulence in M. circinelloides by whole genome sequencing of the avirulent strain NRRL3631 and comparison with the virulent strain CBS277.49. This genome analysis revealed 773 truncated, discontiguous and absent genes in the NRRL3631 strain. We also examined phenotypic traits resulting in reduced heat stress tolerance, chitosan content and lower susceptibility to toxic compounds (calcofluor white and sodium dodecyl sulphate) in the virulent strain, suggesting the influence of cell wall on pathogenesis. Based on these results, we focused on studying extracellular protein-coding genes by gene deletion and further pathotype characterization of mutants in murine models of pulmonary and systemic infection. Deletion of gene ID112092, which codes for a hypothetical extracellular protein of unknown function, resulted in significant reduction of virulence. Although pathogenesis is a multifactorial process, these findings highlight the crucial role of surface and secreted proteins in M. circinelloides virulence and should promote further studies of other differential genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loida López-Fernández
- a Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV) , Reus , Spain
| | - Marta Sanchis
- a Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV) , Reus , Spain
| | - Patricia Navarro-Rodríguez
- a Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV) , Reus , Spain
| | - Francisco E Nicolás
- b Departamento de Genética y Microbiología , Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | | | - Josep Guarro
- a Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV) , Reus , Spain
| | - Victoriano Garre
- b Departamento de Genética y Microbiología , Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | | | - Carlos Pérez-Arques
- b Departamento de Genética y Microbiología , Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Javier Capilla
- a Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV) , Reus , Spain
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Nagappan J, Chin CF, Angel LPL, Cooper RM, May ST, Low ETL. Improved nucleic acid extraction protocols for Ganoderma boninense, G. miniatocinctum and G. tornatum. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:1541-1550. [PMID: 30203158 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The first and most crucial step of all molecular techniques is to isolate high quality and intact nucleic acids. However, DNA and RNA isolation from fungal samples are usually difficult due to the cell walls that are relatively unsusceptible to lysis and often resistant to traditional extraction procedures. Although there are many extraction protocols for Ganoderma species, different extraction protocols have been applied to different species to obtain high yields of good quality nucleic acids, especially for genome and transcriptome sequencing. Ganoderma species, mainly G. boninense causes the basal stem rot disease, a devastating disease that plagues the oil palm industry. Here, we describe modified DNA extraction protocols for G. boninense, G. miniatocinctum and G. tornatum, and an RNA extraction protocol for G. boninense. The modified salting out DNA extraction protocol is suitable for G. boninense and G. miniatocinctum while the modified high salt and low pH protocol is suitable for G. tornatum. The modified DNA and RNA extraction protocols were able to produce high quality genomic DNA and total RNA of ~ 140 to 160 µg/g and ~ 80 µg/g of mycelia respectively, for Single Molecule Real Time (PacBio Sequel® System) and Illumina sequencing. These protocols will benefit those studying the oil palm pathogens at nucleotide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanthi Nagappan
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chiew Foan Chin
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Pei Lee Angel
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Richard M Cooper
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Sean T May
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Eng-Ti Leslie Low
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Hopke A, Brown AJP, Hall RA, Wheeler RT. Dynamic Fungal Cell Wall Architecture in Stress Adaptation and Immune Evasion. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:284-295. [PMID: 29452950 PMCID: PMC5869159 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Deadly infections from opportunistic fungi have risen in frequency, largely because of the at-risk immunocompromised population created by advances in modern medicine and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This review focuses on dynamics of the fungal polysaccharide cell wall, which plays an outsized role in fungal pathogenesis and therapy because it acts as both an environmental barrier and as the major interface with the host immune system. Human fungal pathogens use architectural strategies to mask epitopes from the host and prevent immune surveillance, and recent work elucidates how biotic and abiotic stresses present during infection can either block or enhance masking. The signaling components implicated in regulating fungal immune recognition can teach us how cell wall dynamics are controlled, and represent potential targets for interventions designed to boost or dampen immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Hopke
- Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Current address: BioMEMS Resource Center, Division of Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Burns Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rebecca A Hall
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robert T Wheeler
- Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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Structural characterization of bioactive heteropolysaccharides from the medicinal fungus Inonotus obliquus (Chaga). Carbohydr Polym 2017; 185:27-40. [PMID: 29421057 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to perform a comprehensive characterization of polysaccharides isolated from the interior (IOI) and exterior (IOE) parts of the fungus Inonotus obliquus. Pre-extraction with DCM and MeOH, followed by water and alkali extraction and ethanol precipitation gave two water extracts and two alkali extracts. Neutral and acidic polysaccharide fractions were obtained after anion-exchange chromatography of the water extracts. The neutral polysaccharides (60-73 kDa) were heterogeneous and branched and consisted of a (1 → 3)-linked β-Glc backbone with (1 → 6)-linked kinks in the chain at approximately every fifth residue, with branches of (1 → 6)-linked β-Glc in addition to substantial amounts of (1 → 6)-linked α-Gal with 3-O-methylation at about every third Gal residue. The acidic polysaccharide fractions (10-31 kDa) showed similar structural motifs as the neutral fractions differing mainly by the presence of (1 → 4)-linked α-GalA and α-GlcA. β-Xyl, α-Man and α-Rha were also present in varying amounts in all fractions. No major structural differences between the IOI and IOE fractions were observed. An alkaline polysaccharide fraction (>450 kDa) was obtained from the IOI alkali extract, and consisted mainly of (1 → 3)- and (1 → 6)-linked β-Glc and (1 → 4)-linked β-Xyl. Several of the fractions showed in vitro immunomodulatory effect by increasing NO production in the murine macrophage and dendritic cell lines J774.A1 and D2SC/1. Most fractions managed to increase NO production only at the highest concentration tested (100 μg/ml), while the neutral fraction IOE-WN activated potent NO production at 10 μg/ml and was considered the most promising immunomodulating fraction in this study.
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Abstract
The human intestine harbors a dense microbial ecosystem (microbiota) that is different between individuals, dynamic over time, and critical for aspects of health and disease. Dietary polysaccharides directly shape the microbiota because of a gap in human digestive physiology, which is equipped to assimilate only proteins, lipids, simple sugars, and starch, leaving nonstarch polysaccharides as major nutrients reaching the microbiota. A mutualistic role of gut microbes is to digest dietary complex carbohydrates, liberating host-absorbable energy via fermentation products. Emerging data indicate that polysaccharides play extensive roles in host-gut microbiota symbiosis beyond dietary polysaccharide digestion, including microbial interactions with endogenous host glycans and the importance of microbial polysaccharides. In this review, we consider multiple mechanisms through which polysaccharides mediate aspects of host-microbe symbiosis in the gut, including some affecting health. As host and microbial metabolic pathways are intimately connected with diet, we highlight the potential to manipulate this system for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
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Structure of O-specific polysaccharide of Oligotropha carboxidovorans OM5 - a wastewater bacterium. Carbohydr Res 2017; 439:30-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sigola LB, Fuentes AL, Millis LM, Vapenik J, Murira A. Effects of Toll-like receptor ligands on RAW 264.7 macrophage morphology and zymosan phagocytosis. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:389-96. [PMID: 27157550 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study we compared the effects of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, the synthetic bacterial triacylated lipopeptide Pam3-Cys-Ser-Lys4 (Pam3CSK4), Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), and macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP-2), which are TLR4, TLR5, TLR1/2, TLR3, and TLR2/6 agonists, respectively, on cell morphology and phagocytosis of zymosan particles, derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and rich in fungal PAMPs including beta-glucan, mannose, and chitin. LPS, Pam3CSK4, and MALP-2 induced an activated macrophage phenotype and enhanced zymosan phagocytosis. In contrast, flagellin and Poly I:C, respectively, had little effect on cell morphology and phagocytosis. We examined the role of scavenger receptor A (SR-A) on zymosan phagocytosis. Cells cultured in medium alone expressed SR-A, and LPS induced further expression of the receptor. We also observed inhibitory effects of scavenger receptor antagonists fucoidan, dextran sulphate, and Polyinosinic (Poly I), respectively, on zymosan phagocytosis of cells in medium alone and those pre-treated with LPS. We conclude that exposure to specific TLR ligands impacts both cellular morphology and phagocytic capacity, and that scavenger receptors contribute to zymosan ingestion as well as LPS-induced augmentation of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette B Sigola
- Biology Department, Douglas College, P.O. Box 2503, New Westminster B.C. V3L 5B2, Canada.
| | - Ana-Lucía Fuentes
- Biology Department, Douglas College, P.O. Box 2503, New Westminster B.C. V3L 5B2, Canada
| | - Leonard M Millis
- Biology Department, Douglas College, P.O. Box 2503, New Westminster B.C. V3L 5B2, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Vapenik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Douglas College, P.O. Box 2503, New Westminster B.C. V3L 5B2, Canada
| | - Armstrong Murira
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6 Canada
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Dill BD, Gierlinski M, Härtlova A, Arandilla AG, Guo M, Clarke RG, Trost M. Quantitative proteome analysis of temporally resolved phagosomes following uptake via key phagocytic receptors. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1334-49. [PMID: 25755298 PMCID: PMC4424403 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.044594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages operate at the forefront of innate immunity and their discrimination of foreign versus "self" particles is critical for a number of responses including efficient pathogen killing, antigen presentation, and cytokine induction. In order to efficiently destroy the particles and detect potential threats, macrophages express an array of receptors to sense and phagocytose prey particles. In this study, we accurately quantified a proteomic time-course of isolated phagosomes from murine bone marrow-derived macrophages induced by particles conjugated to seven different ligands representing pathogen-associated molecular patterns, immune opsonins or apoptotic cell markers. We identified a clear functional differentiation over the three timepoints and detected subtle differences between certain ligand-phagosomes, indicating that triggering of receptors through a single ligand type has mild, but distinct, effects on phagosome proteome and function. Moreover, our data shows that uptake of phosphatidylserine-coated beads induces an active repression of NF-κB immune responses upon Toll-like receptor (TLR)-activation by recruitment of anti-inflammatory regulators to the phagosome. This data shows for the first time a systematic time-course analysis of bone marrow-derived macrophages phagosomes and how phagosome fate is regulated by the receptors triggered for phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Dill
- From the ‡MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit
| | | | - Anetta Härtlova
- From the ‡MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit
| | | | - Manman Guo
- From the ‡MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit
| | - Rosemary G Clarke
- ¶Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Trost
- From the ‡MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit,
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Kantún-Moreno N, Vázquez-Euán R, Tzec-Simá M, Peraza-Echeverría L, Grijalva-Arango R, Rodríguez-García C, James AC, Ramírez-Prado J, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Genome-wide in silico identification of GPI proteins in Mycosphaerella fijiensis and transcriptional analysis of two GPI-anchored β-1,3-glucanosyltransferases. Mycologia 2012; 105:285-96. [PMID: 22962348 DOI: 10.3852/12-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis is the causal agent of black Sigatoka (BS), the most devastating foliar disease in banana (Musa spp.) worldwide. Little is known about genes that are important during M. fijiensis-Musa sp. interaction. The fungal cell wall is an attractive area of study because it is essential for maintenance of cellular homeostasis and it is the most external structure in the fungal cell and therefore mediates the interaction of the pathogen with the host. In this manuscript we describe the in silico identification of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-protein (GPI) family in M. fijiensis, and the analysis of two β-1,3-glucanosyltrans-ferases (Gas), selected by homology with fungal pathogenicity factors. Potential roles in pathogenesis were evaluated through analyzing expression during different stages of black Sigatoka disease, comparing expression data with BS symptoms and fungal biomass inside leaves. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR showed nearly constant expression of MfGAS1 with slightly increases (about threefold) in conidia and at speck-necrotrophic stage during banana-pathogen interaction. Conversely, MfGAS2 expression was increased during biotrophy (about seven times) and reached a maximum at speck (about 23 times) followed by a progressive decrease in next stages, suggesting an active role in M. fijiensis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuvia Kantún-Moreno
- Unidad de biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Guzman-Beltran S, Perez-Torres A, Coronel-Cruz C, Torres-Guerrero H. Phagocytic receptors on macrophages distinguish between different Sporothrix schenckii morphotypes. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1093-101. [PMID: 22771955 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is a human pathogen that causes sporotrichosis, a cutaneous subacute or chronic mycosis. Little is known about the innate immune response and the receptors involved in host recognition and phagocytosis of S. schenckii. Here, we demonstrate that optimal phagocytosis of conidia and yeast is dependent on preimmune human serum opsonisation. THP-1 macrophages efficiently ingested opsonised conidia. Competition with D-mannose, methyl α-D-mannopyranoside, D-fucose, and N-acetyl glucosamine blocked this process, suggesting the involvement of the mannose receptor in binding and phagocytosis of opsonised conidia. Release of TNF-α was not stimulated by opsonised or non-opsonised conidia, although reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced, resulting in the killing of conidia by THP-1 macrophages. Heat inactivation of the serum did not affect conidia internalization, which was markedly decreased for yeast cells, suggesting the role of complement components in yeast uptake. Conversely, release of TNF-α and production of ROS were induced by opsonised and non-opsonised yeast. These data demonstrate that THP-1 macrophages respond to opsonised conidia and yeast through different phagocytic receptors, inducing a differential cellular response. Conidia induces a poor pro-inflammatory response and lower rate of ROS-induced cell death, thereby enhancing the pathogen's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guzman-Beltran
- Departamento de Microbiología en Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, México DF, Mexico
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