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Bratkic A, Jazbec A, Toplak N, Koren S, Lojen S, Tinta T, Kostanjsek R, Snoj L. The colonization of an irradiated environment: the case of microbial biofilm in a nuclear reactor. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:108-121. [PMID: 37812192 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2258206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the microbial community change in the biofilm, growing on the walls of a containment tank of TRIGA nuclear reactor revealed a thriving community in an oligotrophic and heavy-metal-laden environment, periodically exposed to high pulses of ionizing radiation (IR). We observed a vertical IR resistance/tolerance stratification of microbial genera, with higher resistance and less diversity closer to the reactor core. One of the isolated Bacillus strains survived 15 kGy of combined gamma and proton radiation, which was surprising. It appears that there is a succession of genera that colonizes or re-colonizes new or IR-sterilized surfaces, led by Bacilli and/or Actinobacteria, upon which a photoautotrophic and diazotrophic community is established within a fortnight. The temporal progression of the biofilm community was evaluated also as a proxy for microbial response to radiological contamination events. This indicated there is a need for better dose-response models that could describe microbial response to contamination events. Overall, TRIGA nuclear reactor offers a unique insight into IR microbiology and provides useful means to study relevant microbial dose-thresholds during and after radiological contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Bratkic
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anze Jazbec
- Reactor Physics Division, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Sonja Lojen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tinkara Tinta
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
| | - Rok Kostanjsek
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Snoj
- Reactor Physics Division, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Mago Y, Sharma Y, Thakran Y, Mishra A, Tewari S, Kataria N. Next-Generation Organic Beauty Products Obtained from Algal Secondary Metabolites: A Sustainable Development in Cosmeceutical Industries. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00841-9. [PMID: 37603213 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Algae lay over most of the earth's habitats, and it is said that there are more algal cells in water than there are stars in the sky. They are among the wealthiest marine resources that are to be deemed harmless, with hardly any deleterious consequences. Recently, they have received a lot of consideration to be used in cosmeceuticals. Cosmetics encompass synthetic concoctions that are extremely toxic to the environment. Due to their higher molecular size, synthetic cosmetic items induce undesirable side effects and inadequate absorption rates. Consequently, utilizing algae or their secondary metabolites in cosmetics has won multiple votes. Various secondary metabolites synthesized from algae are known to provide skin advantages, such as ultraviolet protection and reduction of skin flaccidity, rough texture, and wrinkles. The tangent drawn here using algae reduces the inorganic/organic chemicals used in the industry that are known to accumulate and affect other organisms and thus opens a pandora's box of ways to a less-polluted environment. The alga is indeed very intriguing. According to the reported studies, algal cells provide biosorption, bio-assimilation, biotransformation, and biodegradation, making them suitable for the eradication of chronic and harmful contaminants from the environment. Another rapid innovation is the product's sustainability. While presenting and marketing new algal products, cosmetics producers have greatly highlighted that they are eco-friendly. This review thus accentuates the significance of using algae and their secondary metabolites in cosmetics to produce extensive variety of products that include sunscreens, moisturizers, anti-aging creams, colorants, and hair care items and extensive insight on the possible remedial capacities of algae species against environmentally dangerous substances in the context of cosmetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Mago
- Department of Life Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Yashita Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Yashika Thakran
- Department of Life Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Anurag Mishra
- Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, 110030, India
| | - Sakshi Tewari
- Department of Life Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121006, India.
| | - Navish Kataria
- Department of Environmental Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, Haryana, 121006, India.
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Gupta A, Venkatesh AR, Arora K, Guptasarma P. Avoidance of the use of tryptophan in buried chromosomal proteins as a mechanism for reducing photo/oxidative damage to genomes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 245:112733. [PMID: 37311303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In cells that are exposed to terrestrial sunlight, the indole moiety in the side chain of tryptophan (Trp) can suffer photo/oxidative damage (POD) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or ultraviolet light (UV-B). Trp is oxidized to produce N-formylkynurenine (NFK), a UV-A-responsive photosensitizer that further degenerates into photosensitizers capable of generating ROS through exposure to visible light. Thus, Trp-containing proteins function as both victims, and perpetrators, of POD if they are not rapidly replaced through protein turnover. The literature indicates that protein turnover and DNA repair occur poorly in chromosomal interiors. We contend, therefore, that basic chromosomal proteins (BCPs) that are enveloped by DNA should have evolved to lack Trp residues in their amino acid sequences, since these could otherwise function as 'Trojan horse-type' DNA-damaging agents. Our global analyses of protein sequences demonstrates that BCPs consistently lack Trp residues, although DNA-binding proteins in general do not display such a lack. We employ HU-B (a wild-type, Trp-lacking bacterial BCP) and HU-B F47W (a mutant, Trp-containing form of the same bacterial BCP) to demonstrate that the possession of Trp is deleterious to BCPs and associated chromosomal DNA. Basically, we show that UV-B and UV-A (a) cause no POD in HU-B, but cause extensive POD in HU-B F47W (in vitro), as well as (b) only nominal DNA damage in bacteria expressing HU-B, but extensive DNA damage in bacteria expressing F47W HU-B (in vivo). Our results suggest that Trp-lacking BCPs could have evolved to reduce scope for protein-facilitated, sunlight-mediated damage of DNA by UV-A and visible light, within chromosomal interiors that are poorly serviced by protein turnover and DNA repair machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archit Gupta
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering (CPSDE), Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Achuthan Raja Venkatesh
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering (CPSDE), Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Kanika Arora
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering (CPSDE), Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Purnananda Guptasarma
- Centre for Protein Science, Design and Engineering (CPSDE), Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector-81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India.
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Montuori E, Capalbo A, Lauritano C. Marine Compounds for Melanoma Treatment and Prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810284. [PMID: 36142196 PMCID: PMC9499452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is considered a multifactorial disease etiologically divided into melanomas related to sun exposure and those that are not, but also based on their mutational signatures, anatomic site, and epidemiology. The incidence of melanoma skin cancer has been increasing over the past decades with 132,000 cases occurring globally each year. Marine organisms have been shown to be an excellent source of natural compounds with possible bioactivities for human health applications. In this review, we report marine compounds from micro- and macro-organisms with activities in vitro and in vivo against melanoma, including the compound Marizomib, isolated from a marine bacterium, currently in phase III clinical trials for melanoma. When available, we also report active concentrations, cellular targets and mechanisms of action of the mentioned molecules. In addition, compounds used for UV protection and melanoma prevention from marine sources are discussed. This paper gives an overview of promising marine molecules which can be studied more deeply before clinical trials in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Montuori
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anita Capalbo
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Acton 55, 80133 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0815833221
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Gao X, Jing X, Liu X, Lindblad P. Biotechnological Production of the Sunscreen Pigment Scytonemin in Cyanobacteria: Progress and Strategy. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:129. [PMID: 33673485 PMCID: PMC7997468 DOI: 10.3390/md19030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scytonemin is a promising UV-screen and antioxidant small molecule with commercial value in cosmetics and medicine. It is solely biosynthesized in some cyanobacteria. Recently, its biosynthesis mechanism has been elucidated in the model cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102. The direct precursors for scytonemin biosynthesis are tryptophan and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, which are generated through the shikimate and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway. More upstream substrates are the central carbon metabolism intermediates phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate. Thus, it is a long route to synthesize scytonemin from the fixed atmospheric CO2 in cyanobacteria. Metabolic engineering has risen as an important biotechnological means for achieving sustainable high-efficiency and high-yield target metabolites. In this review, we summarized the biochemical properties of this molecule, its biosynthetic gene clusters and transcriptional regulations, the associated carbon flux-driving progresses, and the host selection and biosynthetic strategies, with the aim to expand our understanding on engineering suitable cyanobacteria for cost-effective production of scytonemin in future practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China;
| | - Xin Jing
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China;
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångstrom, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Peter Lindblad
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångstrom, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Abstract
Seaweed-based cosmetics are being gradually used by consumers as a substitute of synthetic equivalent products. These seaweed-based products normally contain purified compounds or extracts with several compounds. Several seaweeds’ molecules already demonstrated a high potential as a cosmetic active ingredient (such as, mycosporine-like amino acids, fucoidan, pigments, phenolic compounds) or as a key element for the products consistency (agar, alginate, carrageenan). Moreover, seaweeds’ compounds present important qualities for cosmetic application, such as low cytotoxicity and low allergens content. However, seaweeds’ biochemical profile can be variable, and the extraction methods can cause the loss of some of the biomolecules. This review gives a general look at the seaweed cosmetics benefits and its current application in the cosmetic industry. Moreover, it focuses on the ecological and sustainable scope of seaweed exploitation to guarantee a safe source of ingredients for the cosmetic industry and consumers.
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Patki JM, Singh S, Singh S, Padmadas N, Dasgupta D. Analysis of the applicative potential of pigments extracted from bacterial isolates of mangrove soil as topical UV protectants. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000419127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Choksi J, Vora J, Shrivastava N. Bioactive Pigments from Isolated Bacteria and Its Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Sun Protective Application Useful for Cosmetic Products. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:379-382. [PMID: 32647396 PMCID: PMC7329960 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pigments are the unique and sustainable source of bioactive colour compounds used in cosmetics, food, textiles, printing and pharmaceutical products. Here, we report the pigment-producing isolates and their biological activities that could be benefited for different industries including cosmeceuticals. In this study, a total of 19 pigment-producing bacteria were isolated and purified from collected soil and water samples. The colour production ability of purified bacteria was observed up to 5 transfers. Of the 19 isolates, two isolates lost colour production ability in subsequent transfers. Crude pigments extracted from the remaining 17 isolates showed sunscreen activity in the range of 0.4-8.34. However, only 6 of them showed significant antibacterial and antioxidant activities. In the media optimization experiment, these 6 bacteria showed optimum growth in neutral to alkaline pH, while optimum temperatures for growth were different for different bacteria. One isolate produces the promising pigment, out of all six potential pigments. It is stable up to 5 transfers, having antioxidant and antibacterial activity with Sun protective activity; the strain was identified using 16srRNA gene sequencing and obtained accession number as MK770403 (probable strain is Staphylococcus xylosus) from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The results of this study suggested that these bioactive pigments can further be developed and used as antibacterial, antioxidant and sun-protective ingredients in cosmeceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janki Choksi
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
- Shree Ramkrishna Institute of Computer Education and Applied Sciences, Surat, Gujarat India
| | - Jaykant Vora
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
- Department of Life Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Neeta Shrivastava
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
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Thiyagarasaiyar K, Goh BH, Jeon YJ, Yow YY. Algae Metabolites in Cosmeceutical: An Overview of Current Applications and Challenges. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E323. [PMID: 32575468 PMCID: PMC7344841 DOI: 10.3390/md18060323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmetics are widely used by people around the world to protect the skin from external stimuli. Consumer preference towards natural cosmetic products has increased as the synthetic cosmetic products caused adverse side effects and resulted in low absorption rate due to the chemicals' larger molecular size. The cosmetic industry uses the term "cosmeceutical", referring to a cosmetic product that is claimed to have medicinal or drug-like benefits. Marine algae have gained tremendous attention in cosmeceuticals. They are one of the richest marine resources considered safe and possessed negligible cytotoxicity effects on humans. Marine algae are rich in bioactive substances that have shown to exhibit strong benefits to the skin, particularly in overcoming rashes, pigmentation, aging, and cancer. The current review provides a detailed survey of the literature on cosmeceutical potentials and applications of algae as skin whitening, anti-aging, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and antimicrobial agents. The biological functions of algae and the underlying mechanisms of all these activities are included in this review. In addition, the challenges of using algae in cosmeceutical applications, such as the effectiveness of different extraction methods and processing, quality assurance, and regulations concerning extracts of algae in this sector were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Thiyagarasaiyar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science & Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Health and Well-Being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Yoon-Yen Yow
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science & Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
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Enigmatic Microalgae from Aeroterrestrial and Extreme Habitats in Cosmetics: The Potential of the Untapped Natural Sources. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing demand for natural and safe products in cosmetics, algae with their diverse and valuable bioactive compounds are gaining vital importance. Until now, cosmetics have focused mainly on the use of freshwater and marine algae. However, algae are not restricted to aquatic habitats. They are found in essentially every type of aeroterrestrial and extreme environment on the Earth. There, they have to cope with harsh ecological conditions and have developed special strategies to thrive in these inimical habitats. Although not thoroughly studied, their adaptations include protective biochemical compounds which can find their application or are already used in the field of cosmetics. With proper cultivation techniques, algae from these habitats can provide novel sources of high-value functional products for the cosmetics industry, which have the advantage of being obtained in eco-friendly and cost-effective processes. However, it has to be considered that a few aeroterrestrial and extremophilic algae can be toxin producers, and in order to ensure conformity to the safe quality standards, all new ingredients must be properly tested. The aim of the present review is to unveil the hidden and underestimated potential of the enigmatic algae of aeroterrestrial and extreme habitats for the rapidly developing modern cosmetic industries.
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Dzeha T, Nyiro C, Kardasopoulos D, Mburu D, Mwafaida J, Hall MJ, Burgess JG. UV Resistance of bacteria from the Kenyan Marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00697. [PMID: 30123980 PMCID: PMC6460272 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
UV resistance of bacteria isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens has not been observed previously, findings which highlight how unsafe germicidal UV irradiation for sterilization of air, food, and water could be. Further, UV resistance of Bacillus licheniformis is being observed for the first time. This study focused on bacteria isolated from the marine cyanobacterium M. producens collected off the Kenyan coast at Shimoni, Wasini, Kilifi, and Mida. UV irradiance of isolates (302 nm, 70 W/m2 , 0-1 hr) established B. licheniformis as the most UV resistant strain, with the following order of taxon resistance: Bacilli> γ proteobacteria > Actinobacteria. UV resistance was independent of pigmentation. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic distance determined for both B. licheniformis and Bacillus aerius relative to M. producens CCAP 1446/4 was 2.0. Survival of B. licheniformis upon UV irradiance followed first-order kinetics (k = 0.035/min, R2 = 0.88). Addition of aqueous extracts (2, 10, 20 and 40 mg/ml) of this B. licheniformis strain on the less resistant Marinobacterium stanieri was not significant, however, the commercial sunscreen benzophenone-3 (BP-3) positive control and the time of irradiance were significant. Detection of bacteria on M. producens filaments stained with acridine orange confirmed its nonaxenic nature. Although the chemistry of UV resistance in cyanobacteria has been studied in depth revealing for example the role of mycosporine like amino acids (MAAs) in UV resistance less is known about how bacteria resist UV irradiation. This is of interest since cyanobacteria live in association with bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dzeha
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologyTechnical University of KenyaNairobiKenya
| | - Constance Nyiro
- Department of Biological SciencesPwani UniversityKilifiKenya
| | | | - David Mburu
- Department of Biological SciencesPwani UniversityKilifiKenya
| | - Joseph Mwafaida
- Department of Biological SciencesPwani UniversityKilifiKenya
| | | | - J. Grant Burgess
- School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
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Shanuja SK, Iswarya S, Gnanamani A. Marine fungal DHICA as a UVB protectant: Assessment under in vitro and in vivo conditions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 179:139-148. [PMID: 29367149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study explores UVB protective role of a melanin precursor namely DHICA (5,6- Dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid) expressed by the marine imperfect fungus Aspergillus nidulans. In brief, A. nidulans grown in a modified growth medium for the period of 5 days at 25 °C under shaking conditions and the extracellular medium free from fungal biomass used for the extraction of DHICA. The extracted DHICA further exposed to partial purification and subjected to UVB protection studies using HaCaT cells and Balb/c mice independently. DHICA obtained in the present study found soluble in water. Experiments on HaCaT cell compatibility revealed nil cell death up to 500 μM concentration of DHICA. UVB protection studies under in vitro conditions emphasizes DHICA significantly protect HaCaT cells from UVB exposure by quenching the generated ROS, reducing cell apoptosis, maintain the cellular integrity and sequentially down regulating the LPO (Lipid peroxidation) and up-regulating the antioxidant enzyme (SOD (Superoxide Dismutase), Catalase, GPx (Glutathione peroxidase)) respectively. Further, experiments on cell cycle arrest analysis, gelatin zymography, and western blot analysis on COX-2 and TNF-alpha, IHC (Immunohistochemistry) on apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl2) substantiate the protective role of DHICA. Furthermore, in vivo studies on BALB/c mice carried out and compared with the sunscreen cream with sun protective factor (SPF) of 20. Analysis of skin sections of experimental samples revealed that an appreciable reduction in the epidermal thickness of the skin samples of mice pre-exposed to DHICA followed by UVB exposure compared to UVB exposure alone. RT-PCR results on various inflammatory apoptotic markers also suggested that DHICA has UVB protective potential. The observations made in the present study explore the possible application of DHICA alone as a sun-protective agent for skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Shanuja
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 20, India
| | - S Iswarya
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 20, India
| | - A Gnanamani
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 20, India.
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Abstract
Marine resources represent an interesting source of active ingredients for the cosmetics industry. Algae (macro and micro) are rich in proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins (A, B, and C) and oligo-elements such as copper, iron and zinc. All those active principles play roles in hydration, firming, slimming, shine and protection. Marine organisms inhabit a wide spectrum of habitats. Photo-protective compounds can be obtained from organisms subjected to strong light radiation, such as in tropical systems or in shallow water. In the same way, molecules with antioxidant potential can be obtained from microorganisms inhabiting extreme systems such as hydrothermal vents. For example, marine bacteria collected around deep-sea hydrothermal vents produce complex and innovative polysaccharides in the laboratory which are useful in cosmetics. There are many properties that will be put forward by the cosmetic industries.
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14
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Berthon JY, Nachat-Kappes R, Bey M, Cadoret JP, Renimel I, Filaire E. Marine algae as attractive source to skin care. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:555-567. [PMID: 28770671 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1355550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the largest organ in the human body, the skin has multiple functions of which one of the most important is the protection against various harmful stressors. The keratinised stratified epidermis and an underlying thick layer of collagen-rich dermal connective tissues are important components of the skin. The environmental stressors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and pollution increase the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to clinical manifestations such as wrinkle formation and skin aging. Skin aging is related to the reduction of collagen production and decrease of several enzymatic activities including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade collagen structure in the dermis; and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which inhibit the action of MMPs. In addition to alterations of DNA, signal transduction pathways, immunology, UVR, and pollution activate cell surface receptors of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in the skin. This action leads to a breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix and a shutdown of new collagen synthesis. Therefore, an efficient antioxidants strategy is of major importance in dermis and epidermis layers. Marine resources have been recognised for their biologically active substances. Among these, marine algae are rich-sources of metabolites, which can be used to fight against oxidative stress and hence skin aging. These metabolites include, among others, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), polysaccharides, sulphated polysaccharides, glucosyl glycerols, pigments, and polyphenols. This paper reviews the role of oxidative processes in skin damage and the action of the compounds from algae on the physiological processes to maintain skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Berthon
- a Société GREENTECH SA , Biopôle Clermont-Limagne , Saint-Beauzire , France
| | | | - Mathieu Bey
- a Société GREENTECH SA , Biopôle Clermont-Limagne , Saint-Beauzire , France
| | - Jean-Paul Cadoret
- a Société GREENTECH SA , Biopôle Clermont-Limagne , Saint-Beauzire , France
| | - Isabelle Renimel
- a Société GREENTECH SA , Biopôle Clermont-Limagne , Saint-Beauzire , France
| | - Edith Filaire
- b CIAMS , Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay Cedex , France
- c CIAMS , Université d'Orléans , Orléans , France
- d INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne , Université Clermont Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
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Wang C, Sperry J. Total syntheses of the dipyrrolobenzoquinone (+)-terreusinone enabled by an evaluation of 4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ols in the Larock indole synthesis. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gabani P, Singh OV. Radiation-resistant extremophiles and their potential in biotechnology and therapeutics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:993-1004. [PMID: 23271672 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Extremophiles are organisms able to thrive in extreme environmental conditions. Microorganisms with the ability to survive high doses of radiation are known as radioresistant or radiation-resistant extremophiles. Excessive or intense exposure to radiation (i.e., gamma rays, X-rays, and particularly UV radiation) can induce a variety of mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions, which can lead to different forms of cancer. However, some populations of microorganisms thrive under different types of radiation due to defensive mechanisms provided by primary and secondary metabolic products, i.e., extremolytes and extremozymes. Extremolytes (including scytonemin, mycosporine-like amino acids, shinorine, porphyra-334, palythine, biopterin, and phlorotannin, among others) are able to absorb a wide spectrum of radiation while protecting the organism's DNA from being damaged. The possible commercial applications of extremolytes include anticancer drugs, antioxidants, cell-cycle-blocking agents, and sunscreens, among others. This article aims to review the strategies by which microorganisms thrive in extreme radiation environments and discuss their potential uses in biotechnology and the therapeutic industry. The major challenges that lie ahead are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Gabani
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Campus Drive, Bradford, PA 16701, USA
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Eby DM, Harbaugh S, Tatum RN, Farrington KE, Kelley-Loughnane N, Johnson GR. Bacterial sunscreen: layer-by-layer deposition of UV-absorbing polymers on whole-cell biosensors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:10521-10527. [PMID: 22694254 DOI: 10.1021/la3014514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UV-protective coatings on live bacterial cells were created from the assembly of cationic and UV-absorbing anionic polyelectrolytes using layer-by-layer (LbL) methodology. A cationic polymer (polyallylamine) and three different anionic polymers with varying absorbance in the UV range (poly(vinyl sulfate), poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid), and humic acid) were used to encapsulate Escherichia coli cells with two different green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression systems: constitutive expression of a UV-excitable GFP (GFPuv) and regulated expression of the intensely fluorescent GFP from amphioxus (GFPa1) through a theophylline-inducible riboswitch. Riboswitches activate protein expression after specific ligand-RNA binding events. Hence, they operate as a cellular biosensor that will activate reporter protein synthesis after exposure to a ligand target. E. coli cells coated with UV-absorbing polymers demonstrated enhanced protection of GFP stability, metabolic activity, and viability after prolonged exposure to radiation from a germicidal lamp. The results show the effectiveness of LbL coatings to provide UV protection to living cells for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Matthew Eby
- Universal Technology Corporation and Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Tyndall Air Force Base, 139 Barnes Drive, Building 1117, Tyndall AFB, Florida 32403, United States.
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Borić M, Danevčič T, Stopar D. Prodigiosin from Vibrio sp. DSM 14379; a new UV-protective pigment. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 62:528-36. [PMID: 21547449 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pigments such as melanin, scytonemin and carotenoids protect microbial cells against the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The role in UV protection has never been assigned to the prodigiosin pigment. In this work, we demonstrate that prodigiosin provides a significant level of protection against UV stress in Vibrio sp. DSM 14379. In the absence of pigment production, Vibrio sp. was significantly more susceptible to UV stress, and there was no difference in UV survival between the wild-type strain and non-pigmented mutant. The pigment's protective role was more important at higher doses of UV irradiation and correlated with pigment concentration in the cell. Pigmented cells survived high UV exposure (324 J/m(2)) around 1,000-fold more successfully compared to the non-pigmented mutant cells. Resistance to UV stress was conferred to the non-pigmented mutant by addition of exogenous pigment extract to the growth medium. A level of UV protection equivalent to that exhibited by the wild-type strain was attained by the non-pigmented mutant once the prodigiosin concentration had reached comparable levels to those found in the wild-type strain. In co-culture experiments, prodigiosin acted as a UV screen, protecting both the wild-type and non-pigmented mutants. Our results suggest a new ecophysiological role for prodigiosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Borić
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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O'Brien J, Wright GD. An ecological perspective of microbial secondary metabolism. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:552-8. [PMID: 21498065 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi produce a remarkable array of bioactive small molecules. Many of these have found use in medicine as chemotherapies to treat diseases ranging from infection and cancer to hyperlipidemia and autoimmune disorders. The applications may or may not reflect the actual targets for these compounds. Through careful studies of microbes, their associated molecules and their targets, a growing understanding of the ecology of microbial secondary metabolism is emerging that exposes the central role of secondary metabolites in many complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O'Brien
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
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