1
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Montgomery J, Morran S, MacGregor DR, McElroy JS, Neve P, Neto C, Vila-Aiub MM, Sandoval MV, Menéndez AI, Kreiner JM, Fan L, Caicedo AL, Maughan PJ, Martins BAB, Mika J, Collavo A, Merotto A, Subramanian NK, Bagavathiannan MV, Cutti L, Islam MM, Gill BS, Cicchillo R, Gast R, Soni N, Wright TR, Zastrow-Hayes G, May G, Malone JM, Sehgal D, Kaundun SS, Dale RP, Vorster BJ, Peters B, Lerchl J, Tranel PJ, Beffa R, Fournier-Level A, Jugulam M, Fengler K, Llaca V, Patterson EL, Gaines TA. Current status of community resources and priorities for weed genomics research. Genome Biol 2024; 25:139. [PMID: 38802856 PMCID: PMC11129445 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Weeds are attractive models for basic and applied research due to their impacts on agricultural systems and capacity to swiftly adapt in response to anthropogenic selection pressures. Currently, a lack of genomic information precludes research to elucidate the genetic basis of rapid adaptation for important traits like herbicide resistance and stress tolerance and the effect of evolutionary mechanisms on wild populations. The International Weed Genomics Consortium is a collaborative group of scientists focused on developing genomic resources to impact research into sustainable, effective weed control methods and to provide insights about stress tolerance and adaptation to assist crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Montgomery
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, 1177 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sarah Morran
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, 1177 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Dana R MacGregor
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - J Scott McElroy
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Paul Neve
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Célia Neto
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Martin M Vila-Aiub
- IFEVA-Conicet-Department of Ecology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Analia I Menéndez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia M Kreiner
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ana L Caicedo
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Maughan
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Jagoda Mika
- Bayer AG, Weed Control Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Aldo Merotto
- Department of Crop Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nithya K Subramanian
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Luan Cutti
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Bikram S Gill
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Robert Cicchillo
- Crop Protection Discovery and Development, Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Roger Gast
- Crop Protection Discovery and Development, Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Neeta Soni
- Crop Protection Discovery and Development, Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Terry R Wright
- Genome Center of Excellence, Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, USA
| | | | - Gregory May
- Genome Center of Excellence, Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Jenna M Malone
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Deepmala Sehgal
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Shiv Shankhar Kaundun
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Richard P Dale
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Barend Juan Vorster
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bodo Peters
- Bayer AG, Weed Control Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Patrick J Tranel
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Roland Beffa
- Senior Scientist Consultant, Herbicide Resistance Action Committee / CropLife International, Liederbach, Germany
| | | | - Mithila Jugulam
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kevin Fengler
- Genome Center of Excellence, Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Victor Llaca
- Genome Center of Excellence, Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Eric L Patterson
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, 1177 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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2
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Westbrook AS, DiTommaso A. Hybridization in agricultural weeds: A review from ecological, evolutionary, and management perspectives. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16258. [PMID: 38031455 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural weeds frequently hybridize with each other or with related crop species. Some hybrid weeds exhibit heterosis (hybrid vigor), which may be stabilized through mechanisms like genome duplication or vegetative reproduction. Even when heterosis is not stabilized, hybridization events diversify weed gene pools and often enable adaptive introgression. Consequently, hybridization may promote weed evolution and exacerbate weed-crop competition. However, hybridization does not always increase weediness. Even when viable and fertile, hybrid weeds sometimes prove unsuccessful in crop fields. This review provides an overview of weed hybridization and its management implications. We describe intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence hybrid fitness in agroecosystems. We also survey the rapidly growing literature on crop-weed hybridization and the link between hybridization and invasiveness. These topics are increasingly relevant in this era of genetic tools for crop improvement, intensive and simplified cropping systems, and globalized trade. The review concludes with suggested research priorities, including hybridization in the context of climate change, plant-insect interactions, and redesigned weed management programs. From a weed management perspective, hybridization is one of many reasons that researchers and land managers must diversify their weed control toolkits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Westbrook
- Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Antonio DiTommaso
- Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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3
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Vercellino RB, Hernández F, Pandolfo C, Ureta S, Presotto A. Agricultural weeds: the contribution of domesticated species to the origin and evolution of feral weeds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:922-934. [PMID: 36507604 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural weeds descended from domesticated ancestors, directly from crops (endoferality) and/or from crop-wild hybridization (exoferality), may have evolutionary advantages by rapidly acquiring traits pre-adapted to agricultural habitats. Understanding the role of crops on the origin and evolution of agricultural weeds is essential to develop more effective weed management programs, minimize crop losses due to weeds, and accurately assess the risks of cultivated genes escaping. In this review, we first describe relevant traits of weediness: shattering, seed dormancy, branching, early flowering and rapid growth, and their role in the feralization process. Furthermore, we discuss how the design of "super-crops" can affect weed evolution. We then searched for literature documenting cases of agricultural weeds descended from well-domesticated crops, and describe six case studies of feral weeds evolved from major crops: maize, radish, rapeseed, rice, sorghum, and sunflower. Further studies on the origin and evolution of feral weeds can improve our understanding of the physiological and genetic mechanisms underpinning the adaptation to agricultural habitats and may help to develop more effective weed-control practices and breeding better crops. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román B Vercellino
- Departamento de Agronomía, CERZOS, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Fernando Hernández
- Departamento de Agronomía, CERZOS, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Claudio Pandolfo
- Departamento de Agronomía, CERZOS, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Soledad Ureta
- Departamento de Agronomía, CERZOS, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Presotto
- Departamento de Agronomía, CERZOS, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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4
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Kreiner JM, Caballero A, Wright SI, Stinchcombe JR. Selective ancestral sorting and de novo evolution in the agricultural invasion of Amaranthus tuberculatus. Evolution 2021; 76:70-85. [PMID: 34806764 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The relative role of hybridization, de novo evolution, and standing variation in weed adaptation to agricultural environments is largely unknown. In Amaranthus tuberculatus, a widespread North American agricultural weed, adaptation is likely influenced by recent secondary contact and admixture of two previously isolated lineages. We characterized the extent of adaptation and phenotypic differentiation accompanying the spread of A. tuberculatus into agricultural environments and the contribution of ancestral divergence. We generated phenotypic and whole-genome sequence data from a manipulative common garden experiment, using paired samples from natural and agricultural populations. We found strong latitudinal, longitudinal, and sex differentiation in phenotypes, and subtle differences among agricultural and natural environments that were further resolved with ancestry inference. The transition into agricultural environments has favored southwestern var. rudis ancestry that leads to higher biomass and treatment-specific phenotypes: increased biomass and earlier flowering under reduced water availability, and reduced plasticity in fitness-related traits. We also detected de novo adaptation in individuals from agricultural habitats independent of ancestry effects, including marginally higher biomass, later flowering, and treatment-dependent divergence in time to germination. Therefore, the invasion of A. tuberculatus into agricultural environments has drawn on adaptive variation across multiple timescales-through both preadaptation via the preferential sorting of var. rudis ancestry and de novo local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Kreiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Current Address: Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Current Address: Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amalia Caballero
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stephen I Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Koffler Scientific Reserve, University of Toronto, King City, ON, L7B 1K5, Canada
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5
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Besnard G, Cheptou P, Debbaoui M, Lafont P, Hugueny B, Dupin J, Baali‐Cherif D. Paternity tests support a diallelic self-incompatibility system in a wild olive ( Olea europaea subsp. laperrinei, Oleaceae). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1876-1888. [PMID: 32128122 PMCID: PMC7042767 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is the main mechanism that favors outcrossing in plants. By limiting compatible matings, SI interferes in fruit production and breeding of new cultivars. In the Oleeae tribe (Oleaceae), an unusual diallelic SI system (DSI) has been proposed for three distantly related species including the olive (Olea europaea), but empirical evidence has remained controversial for this latter. The olive domestication is a complex process with multiple origins. As a consequence, the mixing of S-alleles from two distinct taxa, the possible artificial selection of self-compatible mutants and the large phenological variation of blooming may constitute obstacles for deciphering SI in olive. Here, we investigate cross-genotype compatibilities in the Saharan wild olive (O. e. subsp. laperrinei). As this taxon was geographically isolated for thousands of years, SI should not be affected by human selection. A population of 37 mature individuals maintained in a collection was investigated. Several embryos per mother were genotyped with microsatellites in order to identify compatible fathers that contributed to fertilization. While the pollination was limited by distance inside the collection, our results strongly support the DSI hypothesis, and all individuals were assigned to two incompatibility groups (G1 and G2). No self-fertilization was observed in our conditions. In contrast, crosses between full or half siblings were frequent (ca. 45%), which is likely due to a nonrandom assortment of related trees in the collection. Finally, implications of our results for orchard management and the conservation of olive genetic resources are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre‐Olivier Cheptou
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valery Montpellier 3MontpellierFrance
| | - Malik Debbaoui
- EDBUMR 5174CNRS‐IRD‐UPSUniversité Paul SabatierToulouse cedexFrance
| | - Pierre Lafont
- EDBUMR 5174CNRS‐IRD‐UPSUniversité Paul SabatierToulouse cedexFrance
| | - Bernard Hugueny
- EDBUMR 5174CNRS‐IRD‐UPSUniversité Paul SabatierToulouse cedexFrance
| | - Julia Dupin
- EDBUMR 5174CNRS‐IRD‐UPSUniversité Paul SabatierToulouse cedexFrance
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6
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Presotto A, Hernández F, Mercer KL. Phenotypic selection under two contrasting environments in wild sunflower and its crop-wild hybrid. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1703-1717. [PMID: 31462924 PMCID: PMC6708420 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridization is a common phenomenon in plants and can lead to the introgression of alleles from one population into another, generate new hybrid lineages, or cause species extinction. The environmental conditions and the genetic background of the participating populations may influence these outcomes since they can affect the fitness of hybrids, thereby increasing or decreasing the chances of introgression. Thus, it is important to understand the context-dependent prospects for introgression of alleles into diverse populations and under multiple ecological environments. Crop-wild hybridization presents an opportunity to explore these dynamics in agroecosystems. To this end, we used diverse wild and hybrid sunflowers from across the northern United States as a basis for evaluating variation in morphological traits and assessing context-dependent selection. These crop-wild hybrids and their wild counterparts were grown under agricultural conditions in the field with and without wheat competition. Interactions between origin and cross type affected expression of early functional traits, while interactions between competition and cross type acted on reproductive traits. A smattering of early and reproductive traits was affected by interactions between cross type and competition that varied by origin (i.e., 3-way interactions). Seven functional traits, especially number of branches and tertiary head diameter, underwent net and direct directional selection, while six out of these seven traits appear to also be experiencing nonlinear selection dynamics. In general, wild-like traits were favored under both sets of conditions, while, under wheat competition, some crop-like traits related to fast growth and primary head diameter became important. These data reaffirm the hypothesis that stressful conditions establish a scenario more suitable for crop introgression and clarify that nonlinear selection dynamics may play a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Presotto
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), Departamento de AgronomíaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)‐ CONICETBahía BlancaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Fernando Hernández
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS), Departamento de AgronomíaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)‐ CONICETBahía BlancaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Kristin L. Mercer
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceOhio State UniversityColumbusOH
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7
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Chhikara N, Kushwaha K, Sharma P, Gat Y, Panghal A. Bioactive compounds of beetroot and utilization in food processing industry: A critical review. Food Chem 2019; 272:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Iriondo JM, Milla R, Volis S, Rubio de Casas R. Reproductive traits and evolutionary divergence between Mediterranean crops and their wild relatives. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:78-88. [PMID: 28976618 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Changes in reproductive traits associated with domestication critically determine the evolutionary divergence between crops and their wild relatives, as well as the potential of crop plants to become feral. In this review, we examine the genetic mechanisms of plant domestication and the different types of selection involved, and describe the particularities of domestication of Mediterranean field crops with regard to their reproductive traits, showing illustrative examples. We also explore gene flow patterns between Mediterranean field crops and their wild relatives, along with their ecological, evolutionary and economic implications. Domestication entails multiple selective processes, including direct selection, environmental adaptation and developmental constraints. In contrast to clonal propagation in perennials, sexual reproduction and seed propagation in annuals and biennials have led to a distinct pathway of evolution of reproductive traits. Thus, the initial domestication and further breeding of Mediterranean field crops has brought about changes in reproductive traits, such as higher mean values and variance of seed and fruit sizes, reduced fruit and seed toxicity, non-shattering seeds and loss of seed dormancy. Evolution under domestication is not a linear process, and bi-directional gene flow between wild and crop taxa is a frequent phenomenon. Thus, hybridisation and introgression have played a very important role in determining the genetics of current cultivars. In turn, gene flow from crops to wild relatives can lead to introgression of crop genes into wild populations and potentially alter the characteristics of natural communities. In conclusion, plant evolution under domestication has not only changed the reproductive biology of cultivated taxa, its effects are multifaceted and have implications beyond agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Iriondo
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Milla
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Volis
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - R Rubio de Casas
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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9
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Lu B, Yang X, Ellstrand NC. Fitness correlates of crop transgene flow into weedy populations: a case study of weedy rice in China and other examples. Evol Appl 2016; 9:857-70. [PMID: 27468304 PMCID: PMC4947148 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether transgene flow from crops to cross‐compatible weedy relatives will result in negative environmental consequences has been the topic of discussion for decades. An important component of environmental risk assessment depends on whether an introgressed transgene is associated with a fitness change in weedy populations. Several crop‐weed pairs have received experimental attention. Perhaps, the most worrisome example is transgene flow from genetically engineered cultivated rice, a staple for billions globally, to its conspecific weed, weedy rice. China's cultivated/weedy rice system is one of the best experimentally studied systems under field conditions for assessing how the presence of transgenes alters the weed's fitness and the likely impacts of that fitness change. Here, we present the cultivated/weedy rice system as a case study on the consequences of introgressed transgenes in unmanaged populations. The experimental work on this system reveals considerable variation in fitness outcomes ‐ increased, decreased, and none ‐ based on the transgenic trait, its introgressed genomic background, and the environment. A review of similar research from a sample of other crop‐wild pairs suggests such variation is the rule. We conclude such variation in fitness correlates supports the case‐by‐case method of biosafety regulation is sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao‐Rong Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Norman C. Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences Center for Conservation Biology University of California Riverside CA USA
- Center for Invasive Species Research University of California Riverside CA USA
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10
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Campbell LG, Lee D, Shukla K, Waite TA, Bartsch D. An ecological approach to measuring the evolutionary consequences of gene flow from crops to wild or weedy relatives. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2016; 4:apps1500114. [PMID: 27011898 PMCID: PMC4795919 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Agricultural practices routinely create opportunities for crops to hybridize with wild relatives, leading to crop gene introgression into wild genomes. Conservationists typically worry this introgression could lead to genetic homogenization of wild populations, over and above the central concern of transgene escape. Alternatively, viewing introgression as analogous to species invasion, we suggest that increased genetic diversity may likewise be an undesirable outcome. METHODS Here, we compare the sensitivity of conventional population genetic metrics with species diversity indices as indicators of the impact of gene flow on genetic diversity. We illustrate this novel approach using multilocus genotype data (12 allozyme loci) from 10 wild (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima) and eight putative crop-wild hybrid beet populations (B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris × B. vulgaris subsp. maritima) scattered throughout Europe. RESULTS Conventional population genetic metrics mostly failed to detect shifts in genetic composition of putative hybrid populations. By contrast, species diversity indices unambiguously revealed increased genetic diversity in putative hybrid populations. DISCUSSION We encourage other workers to explore the utility of our more sensitive approach for risk assessment prior to the release of transgenic crops, with a view toward widespread adoption of our method in studies aimed at detecting allelic invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley G. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - David Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Kruti Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Thomas A. Waite
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Detlef Bartsch
- Abteilung Gentechnik, Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Mauerstr. 39–42, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Thrall PH, Oakeshott JG, Fitt G, Southerton S, Burdon JJ, Sheppard A, Russell RJ, Zalucki M, Heino M, Ford Denison R. Evolution in agriculture: the application of evolutionary approaches to the management of biotic interactions in agro-ecosystems. Evol Appl 2015; 4:200-15. [PMID: 25567968 PMCID: PMC3352559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts increasingly drive ecological and evolutionary processes at many spatio-temporal scales, demanding greater capacity to predict and manage their consequences. This is particularly true for agro-ecosystems, which not only comprise a significant proportion of land use, but which also involve conflicting imperatives to expand or intensify production while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. These imperatives reinforce the likelihood of further major changes in agriculture over the next 30–40 years. Key transformations include genetic technologies as well as changes in land use. The use of evolutionary principles is not new in agriculture (e.g. crop breeding, domestication of animals, management of selection for pest resistance), but given land-use trends and other transformative processes in production landscapes, ecological and evolutionary research in agro-ecosystems must consider such issues in a broader systems context. Here, we focus on biotic interactions involving pests and pathogens as exemplars of situations where integration of agronomic, ecological and evolutionary perspectives has practical value. Although their presence in agro-ecosystems may be new, many traits involved in these associations evolved in natural settings. We advocate the use of predictive frameworks based on evolutionary models as pre-emptive management tools and identify some specific research opportunities to facilitate this. We conclude with a brief discussion of multidisciplinary approaches in applied evolutionary problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary Fitt
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Myron Zalucki
- The University of Queensland, School of Integrative Biology Qld, Australia
| | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - R Ford Denison
- University of Minnesota, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior St. Paul, MN, USA
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12
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Brandvain Y, Kenney AM, Flagel L, Coop G, Sweigart AL. Speciation and introgression between Mimulus nasutus and Mimulus guttatus. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004410. [PMID: 24967630 PMCID: PMC4072524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mimulus guttatus and M. nasutus are an evolutionary and ecological model sister species pair differentiated by ecology, mating system, and partial reproductive isolation. Despite extensive research on this system, the history of divergence and differentiation in this sister pair is unclear. We present and analyze a population genomic data set which shows that M. nasutus budded from a central Californian M. guttatus population within the last 200 to 500 thousand years. In this time, the M. nasutus genome has accrued genomic signatures of the transition to predominant selfing, including an elevated proportion of nonsynonymous variants, an accumulation of premature stop codons, and extended levels of linkage disequilibrium. Despite clear biological differentiation, we document genomic signatures of ongoing, bidirectional introgression. We observe a negative relationship between the recombination rate and divergence between M. nasutus and sympatric M. guttatus samples, suggesting that selection acts against M. nasutus ancestry in M. guttatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Brandvain
- Department of Evolution and Ecology & Center for Population Biology, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities. St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Amanda M. Kenney
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lex Flagel
- Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Graham Coop
- Department of Evolution and Ecology & Center for Population Biology, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Sweigart
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Leys M, Petit EJ, El-Bahloul Y, Liso C, Fournet S, Arnaud JF. Spatial genetic structure in Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima and Beta macrocarpa reveals the effect of contrasting mating system, influence of marine currents, and footprints of postglacial recolonization routes. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1828-52. [PMID: 24963380 PMCID: PMC4063479 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that contribute to population genetic divergence across a species' range is a long-standing goal in evolutionary biology and ecological genetics. We examined the relative importance of historical and ecological features in shaping the present-day spatial patterns of genetic structure in two related plant species, Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima and Beta macrocarpa. Using nuclear and mitochondrial markers, we surveyed 93 populations from Brittany (France) to Morocco – the southern limit of their species' range distribution. Whereas B. macrocarpa showed a genotypic structure and a high level of genetic differentiation indicative of selfing, the population genetic structure of B. vulgaris subsp. maritima was consistent with an outcrossing mating system. We further showed (1) a strong geographic clustering in coastal B. vulgaris subsp. maritima populations that highlighted the influence of marine currents in shaping different lineages and (2) a peculiar genetic structure of inland B. vulgaris subsp. maritima populations that could indicate the admixture of distinct evolutionary lineages and recent expansions associated with anthropogenic disturbances. Spatial patterns of nuclear diversity and differentiation also supported a stepwise recolonization of Europe from Atlantic-Mediterranean refugia after the last glacial period, with leading-edge expansions. However, cytoplasmic diversity was not impacted by postglacial recolonization: stochastic long-distance seed dispersal mediated by major oceanic currents may mitigate the common patterns of reduced cytoplasmic diversity observed for edge populations. Overall, the patterns we documented here challenge the general view of reduced genetic diversity at the edge of a species' range distribution and provide clues for understanding how life-history and major geographic features interact to shape the distribution of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Leys
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, F-59655, France
| | - Eric J Petit
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Station biologique, Université de Rennes 1 Paimpont, F-35380, France
| | - Yasmina El-Bahloul
- Unité d'Amélioration des Plantes Conservation et Valorisation des Ressources Phytogénétiques, Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Rabat, INRA-Maroc Rabat-Instituts, 10101, Morocco
| | - Camille Liso
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, F-59655, France
| | - Sylvain Fournet
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA - Agrocampus Ouest-Université de Rennes 1 Bât 320, BP35327, Le Rheu Cedex, 35653, France
| | - Jean-François Arnaud
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, UMR CNRS 8198, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, F-59655, France
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14
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Ellstrand NC, Meirmans P, Rong J, Bartsch D, Ghosh A, de Jong TJ, Haccou P, Lu BR, Snow AA, Neal Stewart C, Strasburg JL, van Tienderen PH, Vrieling K, Hooftman D. Introgression of Crop Alleles into Wild or Weedy Populations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman C. Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - Patrick Meirmans
- Instituut voor Biodiversiteit en Ecosysteem Dynamica, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Jun Rong
- Center for Watershed Ecology, Institute of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, 330031 Honggutan Nanchang, People's Republic of China;
| | - Detlef Bartsch
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Atiyo Ghosh
- Integrative Systems Biology, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan;
| | - Tom J. de Jong
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; ,
| | - Patsy Haccou
- Leiden University College The Hague, Leiden University, 2514 EG The Hague, The Netherlands;
| | - Bao-Rong Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; ,
| | - Allison A. Snow
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996;
| | | | - Peter H. van Tienderen
- Instituut voor Biodiversiteit en Ecosysteem Dynamica, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Klaas Vrieling
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; ,
| | - Danny Hooftman
- Center for Ecology and Hydrology, National Environmental Research Council, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom;
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15
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Goodwillie C, Ness JM. Interactions of hybridization and mating systems: a case study in Leptosiphon (Polemoniaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1002-1013. [PMID: 23507735 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The roles of hybridization and mating systems in the evolution of angiosperms have been well studied, but less work has focused on their interactions. Self-incompatible and self-compatible species often show asymmetry in heterospecific pollen rejection. Self-fertilization can preempt ovules before opportunities for hybridization. In turn, hybridization might affect mating system evolution through selection for selfing to avoid production of low fitness hybrids. • METHODS AFLP and morphological analyses were used to test for hybrids in a contact zone between species with contrasting breeding systems. Crossing experiments examined the relative contributions to reproductive isolation of pollen-pistil interactions, timing of self-fertilization, and F1 viability and fertility. A diallel cross of siblings tested for an association between heterospecific incompatibility and S-genotype in the self-incompatible species. • KEY RESULTS A low frequency of hybrids was detected in the contact zone. Pollen-pistil interactions were partially consistent with the SI × SC rule; some individuals of the self-incompatible species rejected heterospecific pollen, whereas the self-compatible species was fully receptive to it. In the selfing species, individuals with early selfing produced fewer hybrid progeny than did those with delayed self-compatibility when heterospecific pollen was applied after self-pollen. Viability of F1s was high but fertility was low. Variability in heterospecific pollen rejection was not related to S-genotype. • CONCLUSIONS Both self-fertilization and self-incompatibility are associated with limits to hybridization at this site. The strong effect of timing of selfing on production of low fitness F1s suggests that hybridization might select for early selfing in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Goodwillie
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Mailstop 551, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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16
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Loeuille N, Barot S, Georgelin E, Kylafis G, Lavigne C. Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of Agricultural Networks. ADV ECOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420002-9.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Monteiro F, Romeiras MM, Batista D, Duarte MC. Biodiversity Assessment of Sugar Beet Species and Its Wild Relatives: Linking Ecological Data with New Genetic Approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.48a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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The red queen in the corn: agricultural weeds as models of rapid adaptive evolution. Heredity (Edinb) 2012. [PMID: 23188175 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Weeds are among the greatest pests of agriculture, causing billions of dollars in crop losses each year. As crop field management practices have changed over the past 12 000 years, weeds have adapted in turn to evade human removal. This evolutionary change can be startlingly rapid, making weeds an appealing system to study evolutionary processes that occur over short periods of time. An understanding of how weeds originate and adapt is needed for successful management; however, relatively little emphasis has been placed on genetically characterizing these systems. Here, we review the current literature on agricultural weed origins and their mechanisms of adaptation. Where possible, we have included examples that have been genetically well characterized. Evidence for three possible, non-mutually exclusive weed origins (from wild species, crop-wild hybrids or directly from crops) is discussed with respect to what is known about the microevolutionary signatures that result from these processes. We also discuss what is known about the genetic basis of adaptive traits in weeds and the range of genetic mechanisms that are responsible. With a better understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying adaptation in weedy species, we can address the more general process of adaptive evolution and what can be expected as we continue to apply selective pressures in agroecosystems around the world.
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19
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Aerts R, Berecha G, Gijbels P, Hundera K, Glabeke S, Vandepitte K, Muys B, Roldán-Ruiz I, Honnay O. Genetic variation and risks of introgression in the wild Coffea arabica gene pool in south-western Ethiopian montane rainforests. Evol Appl 2012; 6:243-52. [PMID: 23798974 PMCID: PMC3689350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The montane rainforests of SW Ethiopia are the primary centre of diversity of Coffea arabica and the origin of all Arabica coffee cultivated worldwide. This wild gene pool is potentially threatened by forest fragmentation and degradation, and by introgressive hybridization with locally improved coffee varieties. We genotyped 703 coffee shrubs from unmanaged and managed coffee populations, using 24 microsatellite loci. Additionally, we genotyped 90 individuals representing 23 Ethiopian cultivars resistant to coffee berry disease (CBD). We determined population genetic diversity, genetic structure, and admixture of cultivar alleles in the in situ gene pool. We found strong genetic differentiation between managed and unmanaged coffee populations, but without significant differences in within-population genetic diversity. The widespread planting of coffee seedlings including CBD-resistant cultivars most likely offsets losses of genetic variation attributable to genetic drift and inbreeding. Mixing cultivars with original coffee genotypes, however, leaves ample opportunity for hybridization and replacement of the original coffee gene pool, which already shows signs of admixture. In situ conservation of the wild gene pool of C. arabica must therefore focus on limiting coffee production in the remaining wild populations, as intensification threatens the genetic integrity of the gene pool by exposing wild genotypes to cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raf Aerts
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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20
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De Cauwer I, Dufay M, Hornoy B, Courseaux A, Arnaud JF. Gynodioecy in structured populations: understanding fine-scale sex ratio variation in Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Mol Ecol 2011; 21:834-50. [PMID: 22211480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection, random processes and gene flow are known to generate sex ratio variations among sexually polymorphic plant populations. In gynodioecious species, in which hermaphrodites and females coexist, the relative effect of these processes on the maintenance of sex polymorphism is still up for debate. The aim of this study was to document sex ratio and cytonuclear genetic variation at a very local scale in wind-pollinated gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima and attempt to elucidate which processes explained the observed variation. The study sites were characterized by geographically distinct patches of individuals and appeared to be dynamic entities, with recurrent establishment of distinct haplotypes through independent founder events. Along with substantial variation in sex ratio and unexpectedly low gene flow within study sites, our results showed a high genetic differentiation among a mosaic of genetically distinct demes, with isolation by distance or abrupt genetic discontinuities taking place within a few tens of metres. Overall, random founder events with restricted gene flow could be primary determinants of sex structure, by promoting the clumping of sex-determining genes. Such high levels of sex structure provide a landscape for differential selection acting on sex-determining genes, which could modify the conditions of maintenance of gynodioecy in structured populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle De Cauwer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, FRE CNRS 3268, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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21
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Butorina AK, Kornienko AV. Molecular genetic investigation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). RUSS J GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279541110005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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De Cauwer I, Arnaud JF, Courseaux A, Dufay M. Sex-specific fitness variation in gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima: do empirical observations fit theoretical predictions? J Evol Biol 2011; 24:2456-72. [PMID: 21955089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In gynodioecious species, in which hermaphroditic and female plants co-occur, the maintenance of sexual polymorphism relies on the genetic determination of sex and on the relative fitness of the different phenotypes. Flower production, components of male fitness (pollen quantity and pollen quality) and female fitness (fruit and seed set) were measured in gynodioecious Beta vulgaris spp. maritima, in which sex is determined by interactions between cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) genes and nuclear restorers of male fertility. The results suggested that (i) female had a marginal advantage over hermaphrodites in terms of flower production only, (ii) restored CMS hermaphrodites (carrying both CMS genes and nuclear restorers) suffered a slight decrease in fruit production compared to non-CMS hermaphrodites and (iii) restored CMS hermaphrodites were poor pollen producers compared to non-CMS hermaphrodites, probably as a consequence of complex determination of restoration. These observations potentially have important consequences for the conditions of maintenance of sexual polymorphism in B. vulgaris and are discussed in the light of existing theory on evolutionary dynamics of gynodioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I De Cauwer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, FRE CNRS 3268, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille - Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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23
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Bernatchez L, Tseng M. Evolutionary applications summer 2011. Evol Appl 2011; 4:617-20. [PMID: 25568009 PMCID: PMC3352538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Bernatchez
- Département de biologie, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada e-mail:
| | - Michelle Tseng
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada e-mail:
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24
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Reagon M, Thurber CS, Olsen KM, Jia Y, Caicedo AL. The long and the short of it: SD1 polymorphism and the evolution of growth trait divergence in U.S. weedy rice. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:3743-56. [PMID: 21854475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth-related traits, such as greater height, greater biomass, faster growth rate and early flowering, are thought to enhance competitiveness of agricultural weeds. However, weedy rice, a conspecific weed of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.), displays variation for growth traits. In the United States, separately evolved weedy rice groups have been shown to share genomic identity with exotic domesticated cultivars. Through a common garden experiment, we investigated whether growth trait divergence has occurred among U.S. weeds and their putative cultivated progenitors. We also determined polymorphism patterns in the growth candidate gene, SD1, to assess its possible role in the evolution of divergent phenotypes. We found considerable growth trait variation among weed groups, suggesting that growth trait convergence is not evident among weedy populations. Phenotypic divergence of weedy rice from cultivated ancestors is most apparent for flowering time. Introgression of a chromosomal block containing the SD1 allele from tropical japonica, the predominant U.S. rice cultivar, was detected in one weedy rice population and is associated with a change in growth patterns in this group. This study demonstrates the role of introgressive hybridization in evolutionary divergence of an important weed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reagon
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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25
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Arnaud JF, Cuguen J, Fénart S. Metapopulation structure and fine-scaled genetic structuring in crop-wild hybrid weed beets. Heredity (Edinb) 2011; 107:395-404. [PMID: 21448229 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2011.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the microspatial and temporal genetic variation in crop-wild hybrid weed beets that emerged from the seed bank in a cultivated field surveyed over two successive years. We demonstrate the occurrence of demes highly genetically differentiated, kin-structured, characterized by moderate effective population sizes, differing in propensity for selfing, and arising from nonrandom genetic subsets of the seed bank. Only one deme identified in the first survey year significantly contributed to the weed beets that emerged in the second year. Spatial structuring appears to be primarily due to gravity seed dispersal and limited pollen flow among weed beet demes. Within each genetic cluster identified by Bayesian assignments and multivariate analyses, F(IS) estimates and level of biparental inbreeding--revealed by progeny analyses--dropped to non-significant values. This suggests that random mating occurs at the scale of genetically distinct demes over a very short scale. Our results highlight the need to carefully depict genetic discontinuities in weed species, when attempting to describe their local genetic neighborhoods within which genetic drift and selective processes occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Arnaud
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Évolution des Populations Végétales, FRE CNRS 3268, Bâtiment SN2, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille-Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France.
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26
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Carroll SP. Conciliation biology: the eco-evolutionary management of permanently invaded biotic systems. Evol Appl 2011; 4:184-99. [PMID: 25567967 PMCID: PMC3352563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic invaders and similar anthropogenic novelties such as domesticates, transgenics, and cancers can alter ecology and evolution in environmental, agricultural, natural resource, public health, and medical systems. The resulting biological changes may either hinder or serve management objectives. For example, biological control and eradication programs are often defeated by unanticipated resistance evolution and by irreversibility of invader impacts. Moreover, eradication may be ill-advised when nonnatives introduce beneficial functions. Thus, contexts that appear to call for eradication may instead demand managed coexistence of natives with nonnatives, and yet applied biologists have not generally considered the need to manage the eco-evolutionary dynamics that commonly result from interactions of natives with nonnatives. Here, I advocate a conciliatory approach to managing systems where novel organisms cannot or should not be eradicated. Conciliatory strategies incorporate benefits of nonnatives to address many practical needs including slowing rates of resistance evolution, promoting evolution of indigenous biological control, cultivating replacement services and novel functions, and managing native-nonnative coevolution. Evolutionary links across disciplines foster cohesion essential for managing the broad impacts of novel biotic systems. Rather than signaling defeat, conciliation biology thus utilizes the predictive power of evolutionary theory to offer diverse and flexible pathways to more sustainable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Carroll
- Institute for Contemporary Evolution Davis, CA, USA ; Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
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Smulders MJM, Esselink GD, Everaert I, De Riek J, Vosman B. Characterisation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) varieties using microsatellite markers. BMC Genet 2010; 11:41. [PMID: 20482800 PMCID: PMC2890681 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-11-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sugar beet is an obligate outcrossing species. Varieties consist of mixtures of plants from various parental combinations. As the number of informative morphological characteristics is limited, this leads to some problems in variety registration research. Results We have developed 25 new microsatellite markers for sugar beet. A selection of 12 markers with high quality patterns was used to characterise 40 diploid and triploid varieties. For each variety 30 individual plants were genotyped. The markers amplified 3-21 different alleles. Varieties had up to 7 different alleles at one marker locus. All varieties could be distinguished. For the diploid varieties, the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.458 to 0.744. The average inbreeding coefficient Fis was 0.282 ± 0.124, but it varied widely among marker loci, from Fis = +0.876 (heterozygote deficiency) to Fis = -0.350 (excess of heterozygotes). The genetic differentiation among diploid varieties was relatively constant among markers (Fst = 0.232 ± 0.027). Among triploid varieties the genetic differentiation was much lower (Fst = 0.100 ± 0.010). The overall genetic differentiation between diploid and triploid varieties was Fst = 0.133 across all loci. Part of this differentiation may coincide with the differentiation among breeders' gene pools, which was Fst = 0.063. Conclusions Based on a combination of scores for individual plants all varieties can be distinguished using the 12 markers developed here. The markers may also be used for mapping and in molecular breeding. In addition, they may be employed in studying gene flow from crop to wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus J M Smulders
- Plant Research International, Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Smulders MJM, Esselink GD, Everaert I, De Riek J, Vosman B. Characterisation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) varieties using microsatellite markers. BMC Genet 2010. [PMID: 20482800 DOI: 10.1186/1471‐2156‐11‐41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar beet is an obligate outcrossing species. Varieties consist of mixtures of plants from various parental combinations. As the number of informative morphological characteristics is limited, this leads to some problems in variety registration research. RESULTS We have developed 25 new microsatellite markers for sugar beet. A selection of 12 markers with high quality patterns was used to characterise 40 diploid and triploid varieties. For each variety 30 individual plants were genotyped. The markers amplified 3-21 different alleles. Varieties had up to 7 different alleles at one marker locus. All varieties could be distinguished. For the diploid varieties, the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.458 to 0.744. The average inbreeding coefficient F(is) was 0.282 +/- 0.124, but it varied widely among marker loci, from F(is) = +0.876 (heterozygote deficiency) to F(is) = -0.350 (excess of heterozygotes). The genetic differentiation among diploid varieties was relatively constant among markers (F(st) = 0.232 +/- 0.027). Among triploid varieties the genetic differentiation was much lower (F(st) = 0.100 +/- 0.010). The overall genetic differentiation between diploid and triploid varieties was F(st) = 0.133 across all loci. Part of this differentiation may coincide with the differentiation among breeders' gene pools, which was Fst = 0.063. CONCLUSIONS Based on a combination of scores for individual plants all varieties can be distinguished using the 12 markers developed here. The markers may also be used for mapping and in molecular breeding. In addition, they may be employed in studying gene flow from crop to wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus J M Smulders
- Plant Research International, Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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