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Mudatsir, Labeda I, Uwuratuw JA, Hendarto J, Warsinggih, Lusikooy RE, Mappincara, Sampetoding S, Kusuma MI, Syarifuddin E, Arsyad A, Faruk M. Relationship between metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and clinicopathology in colorectal cancer: a cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:4277-4282. [PMID: 37663709 PMCID: PMC10473300 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction According to the WHO's GLOBOCAN database, ~1,931,590 new colorectal cancer (CRC) cases and 915,607 CRC-related deaths occurred in 2020. The incidence of CRC in Indonesia is 8.6%, making it the fourth most common cancer. With CRC, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has a role in tumour development and progression, such that patients with a higher MMP-9 expression had poorer survival. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between MMP-9 expression and clinicopathology in CRC patients. Methods This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional research design. It was conducted from November 2021 to June 2022 with 52 patient tissue samples: these were subjected to MMP-9 immunohistochemistry stain, with the GeneTex (Irvine) MMP-9 monoclonal antibody. Patient data were collected with clinical variables based on medical records and histopathological examination by anatomy pathologists. Results Primary tumour location, cancer staging, and histopathology grading were associated with MMP-9 (P=0.016, P=0.001, P=0.049). The more proximal to the primary tumour, the higher the stage of cancer, and the higher the histopathological grade, thus the greater the expression of MMP-9. Conclusion A significant relationship existed of primary tumour location, cancer staging, and histopathology grading with MMP-9 expression in CRC patients. MMP-9 expression could be a useful indicator for the clinical assessment of tumour biologic behaviour and prognosis in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudatsir
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery
| | - Ibrahim Labeda
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | - Joko Hendarto
- Departments of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
| | - Warsinggih
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ronald Erasio Lusikooy
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Mappincara
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery
| | - Samuel Sampetoding
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ihwan Kusuma
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery
- Division of Digestive, Department of Surgery, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Muhammad Faruk
- Surgery, Faculty of Medicine
- Institute for Research and Community Services, Universitas Hasanuddin
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Mahmod AI, Haif SK, Kamal A, Al-Ataby IA, Talib WH. Chemoprevention effect of the Mediterranean diet on colorectal cancer: Current studies and future prospects. Front Nutr 2022; 9:924192. [PMID: 35990343 PMCID: PMC9386380 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.924192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second most deadly cancer worldwide. Nevertheless, more than 70% of CRC cases are resulted from sporadic tumorigenesis and are not inherited. Since adenoma-carcinoma development is a slow process and may take up to 20 years, diet-based chemoprevention could be an effective approach in sporadic CRC. The Mediterranean diet is an example of a healthy diet pattern that consists of a combination of nutraceuticals that prevent several chronic diseases and cancer. Many epidemiological studies have shown the correlation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and low incidence of CRC. The goal of this review is to shed the light on the anti-inflammatory and anti-colorectal cancer potentials of the natural bioactive compounds derived from the main foods in the Mediterranean diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shatha Khaled Haif
- Department of Pharmacy, Princess Sarvath Community College, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ayah Kamal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Israa A Al-Ataby
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wamidh H Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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Gao WL, Ye GC, Liu LW, Wei L. The downregulation of Rap1 GTPase-activating protein is associated with a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer and may impact on tumor progression. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7661-7668. [PMID: 29725465 PMCID: PMC5920375 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rap1 GTPase-activating protein (Rap1GAP) has been reported to serve an important role in various types of cancer by specific stimulation as a negative regulator of Rap1 activity. However, the role of Rap1GAP in colorectal cancer (CRC) has yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of Rap1GAP in CRC tissues and to elucidate its clinical significance. The expression of Rap1GAP, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and E-cadherin in 227 CRC tissues and paired para-carcinoma tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Associations between Rap1GAP expression and clinicopathological characteristics, and between Rap1GAP expression and prognostic value (OS + DFS) in CRC were investigated. Furthermore, associations between Rap1GAP expression and MMP-9 expression, and between Rap1GAP expression and E-cadherin expression were also investigated. Rap1GAP expression was markedly downregulated in CRC tissues compared with para-carcinoma tissues. Decreased expression of Rap1GAP was significantly associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, advanced Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage and a poor prognosis in patients with CRC following surgery. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that Rap1GAP was an independent poor prognostic factor for disease-free survival and overall survival. In addition, Rap1GAP expression was negatively associated with MMP-9 and positively associated with E-cadherin in 227 CRC samples. In brief, the results of the present study suggested that Rap1GAP may be involved in tumor progression in CRC and may serve as a potential target for prognostic prediction of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Chao Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
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Lou W, Liu J, Gao Y, Zhong G, Chen D, Shen J, Bao C, Xu L, Pan J, Cheng J, Ding B, Fan W. MicroRNAs in cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:115787-115802. [PMID: 29383201 PMCID: PMC5777813 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a malignant process by which tumor cells migrate from their primary site of origin to other organs. It is the main cause of poor prognosis in cancer patients. Angiogenesis is the process of generating new blood capillaries from pre-existing vasculature. It plays a vital role in primary tumor growth and distant metastasis. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs involved in regulating normal physiological processes as well as cancer pathogenesis. They suppress gene expression by specifically binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of their target genes. They can thus act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on the function of their target genes. MicroRNAs have shown great promise for use in anti-metastatic cancer therapy. In this article, we review the roles of various miRNAs in cancer angiogenesis and metastasis and highlight their potential for use in future therapies against metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Lou
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jingxing Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Changxing People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhejiang Province, Huzhou 313100, China
| | - Yanjia Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guansheng Zhong
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Danni Chen
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiaying Shen
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chang Bao
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Junchi Cheng
- Department of Chemotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Bisha Ding
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Weimin Fan
- Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Zhang YY, Chen B, Ding YQ. Metastasis-associated factors facilitating the progression of colorectal cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2437-44. [PMID: 22938401 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis remains the principal cause of treatment failure and poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. It is a multistage process which includes proteolysis, motility and migration of cells, proliferation in a new site, and neoangiogenesis. A crucial step in the process of intra- and extra-vasation is the activation of proteolytic enzymes capable of degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this stage, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are necessary. Micrometastases need the presence of growth factor and vascular growth factor so that they can form macrometastasis. In addition, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) play important roles in the progression of colorectal cancer and metastatic migration. Further elucidation of the mechanisms of how these molecules contribute will aid in the identification of diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets for patients with colorectal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Auyeung KKW, Law PC, Ko JKS. Novel anti-angiogenic effects of formononetin in human colon cancer cells and tumor xenograft. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:2188-94. [PMID: 23023137 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Formononetin is a novel herbal isoflavonoid isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, a medicinal plant that possesses antitumorigenic properties. Our previous findings demonstrated that formononetin initiates growth-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic activities in human colon cancer cells. In the present study, we aimed to further examine the potential of formononetin in controlling angiogenesis and tumor cell invasiveness in human colon cancer cells and tumor xenografts. The results showed that formononetin downregulated the expression of the key pro-angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases. We also discovered that the invasiveness of metastatic colon cancer cells was alleviated following drug treatment. The potential anti-angiogenic effect of formononetin was examined in nude mouse xenografts. The tumor size and the number of proliferating cells were reduced in the tumor tissues obtained from the formononetin-treated group. The serum VEGF level was also reduced in the drug-treated animals when compared to the controls. These findings suggest that formononetin inhibits angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion, and thus support its use in the treatment of advanced and metastatic colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Ka-Wai Auyeung
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Tang FY, Pai MH, Wang XD. Consumption of lycopene inhibits the growth and progression of colon cancer in a mouse xenograft model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9011-21. [PMID: 21744871 DOI: 10.1021/jf2017644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A previous study indicated that lycopene could significantly inhibit the proliferation of human colon cancer cells in vitro. However, the in vivo anticancer effects of lycopene against colon cancer have not been demonstrated yet. Therefore, this study investigated whether consumption of lycopene could prevent the growth and progression of colorectal tumor in a mouse xenograft model. Bioluminescence imaging, histopathological, immunofluorescence (IFC), and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining results indicated that lycopene could effectively suppress the growth and progression of colon cancer in tumor-bearing mice. The results demonstrated that lycopene significantly suppressed the nuclear expression of PCNA and β-catenin proteins in tumor tissues. Consumption of lycopene could also augment the E-cadherin adherent molecule and nuclear levels of cell cycle inhibitor p21(CIP1/WAF1) protein. The chemopreventive effects of lycopene were associated with suppression of COX-2, PGE(2), and phosphorylated ERK1/2 proteins. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of lycopene were inversely correlated with the plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in tumor-bearing mice. These results suggested that lycopene could act as a chemopreventive agent against the growth and progression of colorectal cancer in a mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yao Tang
- Biomedical Science Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) prognostic value in stage I colorectal carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207:479-86. [PMID: 21726963 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has been suggested to behave like a negative prognostic marker in stage I colorectal carcinoma. In the aim of clarifying whether its association with adverse outcome may descend from NGAL's ability to regulate matrix metallo-proteinase-9 (MMP-9), we analyzed the correlation, prognostic value, and association with neo-angiogenesis of NGAL and MMP-9 immunohistochemical expression in a series of stage I colorectal carcinomas. A variable NGAL immunoexpression was demonstrated in 17 of the 48 analyzed cases with a significantly higher frequency of positive cases among patients showing disease progression. NGAL expression was also positively correlated with VEGF expression detected in the same cases. MMP-9 immunostaining was present in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells in 30 cases; no significant correlations were evidenced with NGAL expression, as well as with the various clinico-pathological parameters or with progression of the colorectal carcinomas. By contrast, NGAL expression was confirmed as a significant independent negative prognostic marker related to a shorter disease-free survival in stage I colorectal carcinoma. Our preliminary results suggest that the association of NGAL with poor outcome might be independent from MMP-9 regulation, thus highlighting its prognostic value in this neoplasia. If our findings are confirmed in further analyses, NGAL assessment might be used in order to select those patients with a higher progression risk and to submit them to adjuvant therapies useful to prevent adverse outcome.
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Svagzdys S, Lesauskaite V, Pangonyte D, Saladzinskas Z, Tamelis A, Pavalkis D. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is a prognostic marker to predict survival of patients who underwent surgery due to rectal carcinoma. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2011; 223:67-73. [PMID: 21212604 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.223.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Common prognostic factors do not fully predict clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer, one of the most common malignancies in developed countries. Therefore, biological prognostic markers are under investigation. We investigated the prognostic value of expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and their inhibitors (TIMP-2 and TIMP-3) in rectal carcinoma to predict survival of the patients. Retrospective analysis of clinicopathological findings of 64 patients who underwent rectal resection due to carcinoma and were followed-up from 2 to 96 months (median 48) was performed. Semi-quantitative scoring was used to assess the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 in rectal carcinoma. During the follow-up, 28 patients died. The deceased patients demonstrated significantly higher expression of MMP-9 and lower expression of TIMP-3 in parenchyma of carcinoma and lower expression of TIMP-2 in stroma of carcinoma, compared to survivors. Moreover, the deceased patients were associated with advanced tumor, metastases in lymph nodes and distant metastases. According to univariate analysis longer survival was predicted by lower expression of MMP-9 in parenchymal cells (p = 0.03), tumor size (early tumor) (p = 0.026), absence of metastases in lymph nodes (p = 0.02) or distant metastases (p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed that metastases in lymph nodes, higher expression of MMP-9 in parenchyma, and lower expression of MMP-9 in stromal cells significantly increased mortality. Expression of MMP-9 in rectal carcinoma is a prognostic marker for overall survival. It is important to identify the origin of MMP-9 to predict better overall survival of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulius Svagzdys
- Department of Surgery, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Science, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Yang ZZ, Wu ZS, Fa W, Li SX, Lv YF. Expression of Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:314-317. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the clinical significance of the expression of Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins in colorectal cancer.
METHODS: The expression of Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins was examined on tissue chips containing 92 colorectal cancer samples by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: The positive rates of Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression in colorectal cancer were 64.1%, 66.3% and 67.4%, respectively. High expression of Twist1 was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (both P < 0.05) but inversely with patient's overall survival and relapse-free survival (P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (both P < 0.01). A positive correlation was also found between MMP-9 expression and tumor size (P < 0.01). The expression of Twist1 was positively correlated with that of MMP-9 (P < 0.05), but not with that of MMP-2 (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The expression of Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer. The expression of MMP-9 might be partly regulated by Twist1.
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Lubbe WJ, Zuzga DS, Zhou Z, Fu W, Pelta-Heller J, Muschel RJ, Waldman SA, Pitari GM. Guanylyl cyclase C prevents colon cancer metastasis by regulating tumor epithelial cell matrix metalloproteinase-9. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3529-36. [PMID: 19336567 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) produced by colorectal cancer cells is a critical determinant of metastatic disease progression and an attractive target for antimetastatic strategies to reduce colon cancer mortality. Cellular signaling by cyclic GMP (cGMP) regulates MMP-9 dynamics in various cell systems, and the bacterial enterotoxin receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), the principle source of cGMP in colonocytes, which is overexpressed in colorectal cancers, inhibits tumor initiation and progression in the intestine. Here, we show that ligand-dependent GCC signaling through cGMP induces functional remodeling of cancer cell MMP-9 reflected by a compartmental redistribution of this gelatinase, in which intracellular retention resulted in reciprocal extracellular depletion. Functional remodeling of MMP-9 by GCC signaling reduced the ability of colon cancer cells to degrade matrix components, organize the actin cytoskeleton to form locomotory organelles and spread, and hematogenously seed distant organs. Of significance, GCC effects on cancer cell MMP-9 prevented establishment of metastatic colonies by colorectal cancer cells in the mouse peritoneum in vivo. Because endogenous hormones for GCC are uniformly deficient in intestinal tumors, reactivation of dormant GCC signaling with exogenous administration of GCC agonists may represent a specific intervention to target MMP-9 functions in colon cancer cells. The notion that GCC-mediated regulation of cancer cell MMP-9 disrupts metastasis, in turn, underscores the unexplored utility of GCC hormone replacement therapy in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm J Lubbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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