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Tomić S, Petrović A, Puač N, Škoro N, Bekić M, Petrović ZL, Čolić M. Plasma-Activated Medium Potentiates the Immunogenicity of Tumor Cell Lysates for Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1626. [PMID: 33915703 PMCID: PMC8037863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous dendritic cells (DCs)-based vaccines are considered quite promising for cancer immunotherapy due to their exquisite potential to induce tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells. However, a lack of efficient protocols for inducing immunogenic tumor antigens limits the efficacy of DC-based cancer vaccines. Here, we found that a plasma-activated medium (PAM) induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells but not in an immortalized L929 cell line or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PAM induced an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis in a concentration-dependent manner. The tumor lysates prepared after PAM treatment displayed increased immunogenicity in a model of human monocyte-derived DCs, compared to the lysates prepared by a standard freezing/thawing method. Mature DCs loaded with PAM lysates showed an increased maturation potential, as estimated by their increased expression of CD83, CD86, CD40, IL-12/IL-10 production, and attenuated PDL1 and ILT-4 expression, compared to the DCs treated with control tumor lysates. Moreover, in co-culture with allogeneic T cells, DCs loaded with PAM-lysates increased the proportion of cytotoxic IFN-γ+ granzyme A+ CD8+ T cells and IL-17A-producing T cells and preserved the Th1 response. In contrast, control tumor lysates-treated DCs increased the frequency of Th2 (CD4+IL-4+), CD4, and CD8 regulatory T cell subtypes, none of which was observed with DCs loaded with PAM-lysates. Cumulatively, these results suggest that the novel method for preparing immunogenic tumor lysates with PAM could be suitable for improved DC-based immunotherapy of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Tomić
- Department for Immunology and Immunoparasitology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (M.Č.)
| | - Anđelija Petrović
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.P.); (N.Š.)
| | - Nevena Puač
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.P.); (N.Š.)
| | - Nikola Škoro
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.P.); (N.Š.)
| | - Marina Bekić
- Department for Immunology and Immunoparasitology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (M.Č.)
| | - Zoran Lj. Petrović
- Serbian Academy for Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Jordanstown, Co. Antrim BT37 0QB, UK
| | - Miodrag Čolić
- Department for Immunology and Immunoparasitology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (M.Č.)
- Serbian Academy for Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Medical Faculty Foca, University of East Sarajevo, 73 300 Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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2
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Harari A, Graciotti M, Bassani-Sternberg M, Kandalaft LE. Antitumour dendritic cell vaccination in a priming and boosting approach. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:635-652. [PMID: 32764681 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mobilizing antitumour immunity through vaccination potentially constitutes a powerful anticancer strategy but has not yet provided robust clinical benefits in large patient populations. Although major hurdles still exist, we believe that currently available strategies for vaccines that target dendritic cells or use them to present antitumour antigens could be integrated into existing clinical practice using prime-boost approaches. In the priming phase, these approaches capitalize on either standard treatment modalities to trigger in situ vaccination and release tumour antigens or vaccination with dendritic cells loaded with tumour lysates or patient-specific neoantigens. In a second boost phase, personalized synthetic vaccines specifically boost T cells that were triggered during the priming phase. This immunotherapy approach has been enabled by the substantial recent improvements in dendritic cell vaccines. In this Perspective, we discuss these improvements, highlight how the prime-boost approach can be translated into clinical practice and provide solutions for various anticipated hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Graciotti
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Methods to assess DC-dependent priming of T cell responses by dying cells. Methods Enzymol 2020. [PMID: 32000914 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells have been widely investigated in cancer immunotherapy clinical trials for the last two decades mainly due to their robust ability to elicit an adaptive anticancer immune response of the cellular and humoral types. Immature DCs can be easily loaded with desired antigens. However, to become efficient antigen-presenting cells, DCs must first undergo a process of maturation. Protocols for the generation of DCs for use in cancer immunotherapy, including the generation of a large number of immature DCs for antigen pulsing and the selection of a well-defined immunostimulatory agent to achieve complete and reproducible maturation, which is a crucial step for further stimulation of T cell activation, must carefully consider the characteristics of DC physiology. In this report, we provided a detailed protocol for DC generation, pulsation and activation with the subsequent induction of T cell-specific immune responses.
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4
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Serrano-Del Valle A, Anel A, Naval J, Marzo I. Immunogenic Cell Death and Immunotherapy of Multiple Myeloma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:50. [PMID: 31041312 PMCID: PMC6476910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, immunotherapy has demonstrated a prominent clinical efficacy in a wide variety of human tumors. For many years, apoptosis has been considered a non-immunogenic or tolerogenic process whereas necrosis or necroptosis has long been acknowledged to play a key role in inflammation and immune-related processes. However, the new concept of “immunogenic cell death” (ICD) has challenged this traditional view and has granted apoptosis with immunogenic abilities. This paradigm shift offers clear implications in designing novel anti-cancer therapeutic approaches. To date, several screening studies have been carried out to discover bona fide ICD inducers and reveal the inherent capacity of a wide variety of drugs to induce cell death-associated exposure of danger signals and to bring about in vivo anti-cancer immune responses. Recent shreds of evidence place ER stress at the core of all the scenarios where ICD occur. Furthermore, ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have emerged as important targets in different human cancers. Notably, in multiple myeloma (MM), a lethal plasma cell disorder, the elevated production of immunoglobulins leaves these cells heavily reliant on the survival arm of the UPR. For that reason, drugs that disrupt ER homeostasis and engage ER stress-associated cell death, such as proteasome inhibitors, which are currently used for the treatment of MM, as well as novel ER stressors are intended to be promising therapeutic agents in MM. This not only holds true for their capacity to induce cell death, but also to their potential ability to activate the immunogenic arm of the ER stress response, with the ensuing exposure of danger signals. We provide here an overview of the up-to-date knowledge regarding the cell death mechanisms involved in situations of ER stress with a special focus on the connections with the drug-induced ER stress pathways that evoke ICD. We will also discuss how this could assist in optimizing and developing better immunotherapeutic approaches, especially in MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Anel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Naval
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Marzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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5
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Martin Lluesma S, Graciotti M, Chiang CLL, Kandalaft LE. Does the Immunocompetent Status of Cancer Patients Have an Impact on Therapeutic DC Vaccination Strategies? Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E79. [PMID: 30477198 PMCID: PMC6313858 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although different types of therapeutic vaccines against established cancerous lesions in various indications have been developed since the 1990s, their clinical benefit is still very limited. This observed lack of effectiveness in cancer eradication may be partially due to the often deficient immunocompetent status of cancer patients, which may facilitate tumor development by different mechanisms, including immune evasion. The most frequently used cellular vehicle in clinical trials are dendritic cells (DCs), thanks to their crucial role in initiating and directing immune responses. Viable vaccination options using DCs are available, with a positive toxicity profile. For these reasons, despite their limited therapeutic outcomes, DC vaccination is currently considered an additional immunotherapeutic option that still needs to be further explored. In this review, we propose potential actions aimed at improving DC vaccine efficacy by counteracting the detrimental mechanisms recognized to date and implicated in establishing a poor immunocompetent status in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin Lluesma
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Michele Graciotti
- Vaccine development laboratory, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Vaccine development laboratory, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
- Vaccine development laboratory, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
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6
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Li J, Huang S, Zhou Z, Lin W, Chen S, Chen M, Ye Y. Exosomes derived from rAAV/AFP-transfected dendritic cells elicit specific T cell-mediated immune responses against hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:4945-4957. [PMID: 30464595 PMCID: PMC6214341 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s178326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cell (DC)-derived exosomes (Dexs) have been proved to induce and enhance antigen-specific T cell responses in vivo, and previous clinical trials have shown the feasibility and safety of Dexs in multiple human cancers. However, there is little knowledge on the efficacy of Dexs against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) until now. Methods In this study, human peripheral blood-derived DCs were loaded with recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV)-carrying alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene (rAAV/AFP), and high-purity Dexs were generated. Then naive T cells were stimulated with Dexs to investigate the specific T cell-mediated immune responses against HCC. Results Our findings showed that Dexs were effective to stimulate naive T cell proliferation and induce T cell activation to become antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), thereby exhibiting antitumor immune responses against HCC. In addition, Dex-sensitized DC precursors seemed more effective to trigger major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I)-restricted CTL response and allow DCs to make full use of the minor antigen peptides, thereby maximally activating specific immune responses against HCC. Conclusion It is concluded that Dexs, which combine the advantages of DCs and cell-free vectors, are promising to completely, or at least in part, replace mature DCs (mDCs) to function as cancer vaccines or natural antitumor adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China, .,Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China, .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China,
| | - Shenglan Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China,
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China, .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China,
| | - Wansong Lin
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China, .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China,
| | - Shuping Chen
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China, .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China,
| | - Mingshui Chen
- Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China, .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China,
| | - Yunbin Ye
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China, .,Laboratory of Immuno-Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China, .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China,
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7
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Krysko O, Aaes TL, Kagan VE, D'Herde K, Bachert C, Leybaert L, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV. Necroptotic cell death in anti-cancer therapy. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:207-219. [PMID: 29027225 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is one the best-characterized forms of regulated necrosis. Necroptosis is mediated by the kinase activities of receptor interacting protein kinase-1 and receptor interacting protein kinase-3, which eventually lead to the activation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like. Necroptosis is characterized by rapid permeabilization of the plasma membrane, which is associated with the release of the cell content and subsequent exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cytokines/chemokines. This release underlies the immunogenic nature of necroptotic cancer cells and their ability to induce efficient anti-tumor immunity. Triggering necroptosis has become especially important in experimental cancer treatments as an alternative to triggering apoptosis because one of the hallmarks of cancer is the blockade or evasion of apoptosis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in necroptosis research and the functional consequences of necroptotic cancer cell death, with focus on its immunogenicity and its role in the activation of anti-tumor immunity. Next, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of phosphatidylserine exposure during necroptosis and its role in the recognition of necroptotic cells. We also highlight the complex role of the necroptotic pathway in tumor promotion and suppression and in metastasis. Future studies will show whether necroptosis is truly a better strategy to overcome apoptosis resistance and provide the insights needed for development of novel treatment strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krysko
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tania Løve Aaes
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katharina D'Herde
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Dendritic cell vaccination for metastatic melanoma: a 14-year monoinstitutional experience. Melanoma Res 2018; 27:351-357. [PMID: 28654547 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although immunomodulating antibodies are highly effective in metastatic melanoma, their toxicity, related to the activation of T lymphocytes, can be severe. Anticancer vaccines promote a fairly specific response and are very well tolerated, but their effectiveness has yet to be demonstrated. We have been treating patients with advanced melanoma with an autologous dendritic cell vaccine since 2001; to better characterize the safety and efficacy of our product, we designed a retrospective study on all of our patients treated with the vaccine to date. We retrospectively reviewed both case report forms of patients included in clinical trials and medical records of those treated within a compassionate use program. Response was assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors criteria and toxicity has been graded according to CTCAE 4.0. Although the response rate has been rather low, the median overall survival of 11.4 months and the 1-year survival rate of 46.9% are encouraging, especially considering the fact that data were obtained in a heavily pretreated population and only about one quarter of the patients had received ipilimumab and/or BRAF inhibitors. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the development of an immune response was significantly correlated with a better prognosis (hazard ratio 0.54; P=0.019). The adverse events observed were generally mild and self-limiting. Our analysis confirms the excellent tolerability of our vaccine, making it a potential candidate for combination therapies. As efficacy seems largely restricted to immunoresponsive patients, future strategies should aim to increase the number of these patients.
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9
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Gross S, Erdmann M, Haendle I, Voland S, Berger T, Schultz E, Strasser E, Dankerl P, Janka R, Schliep S, Heinzerling L, Sotlar K, Coulie P, Schuler G, Schuler-Thurner B. Twelve-year survival and immune correlates in dendritic cell-vaccinated melanoma patients. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91438. [PMID: 28422751 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports on long-term (≥10 years) effects of cancer vaccines are missing. Therefore, in 2002, we initiated a phase I/II trial in cutaneous melanoma patients to further explore the immunogenicity of our DC vaccine and to establish its long-term toxicity and clinical benefit after a planned 10-year followup. METHODS Monocyte-derived DCs matured by TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2 and then loaded with 4 HLA class I and 6 class II-restricted tumor peptides were injected intradermally in high doses over 2 years. We performed serial immunomonitoring in all 53 evaluable patients. RESULTS Vaccine-specific immune responses including high-affinity, IFNγ-producing CD4+ and lytic polyfunctional CD8+ T cells were de novo induced or boosted in most patients. Exposure of mature DCs to trimeric soluble CD40 ligand, unexpectedly, did not further enhance such immune responses, while keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) pulsing to provide unspecific CD4+ help promoted CD8+ T cell responses - notably, their longevity. An unexpected 19% of nonresectable metastatic melanoma patients are still alive after 11 years, a survival rate similar to that observed in ipilimumab-treated patients and achieved without any major (>grade 2) toxicity. Survival correlated significantly with the development of intense vaccine injection site reactions, and with blood eosinophilia after the first series of vaccinations, suggesting that prolonged survival was a consequence of DC vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Long-term survival in advanced melanoma patients undergoing DC vaccination is similar to ipilimumab-treated patients and occurs upon induction of tumor-specific T cells, blood eosinophilia, and strong vaccine injection site reactions occurring after the initial vaccinations. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00053391. FUNDING European Community, Sixth Framework Programme (Cancerimmunotherapy LSHC-CT-2006-518234; DC-THERA LSHB-CT-2004-512074), and German Research Foundation (CRC 643, C1, Z2).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Dankerl
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rolf Janka
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Karl Sotlar
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Truxova I, Hensler M, Skapa P, Halaska MJ, Laco J, Ryska A, Spisek R, Fucikova J. Rationale for the Combination of Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccination Approaches With Chemotherapy Agents. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 330:115-156. [PMID: 28215530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their central role in the initiation and regulation of antitumor immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) have been widely tested for use in cancer immunotherapy. Despite several encouraging clinical applications, existing DC-based immunotherapy efforts have yielded inconsistent results. Recent work has identified strategies that may allow for more potent DC-based vaccines, such as the combination with antitumor agents that have the potential to synergistically enhance DC functions. Selected cytotoxic agents may stimulate DCs either by directly promoting their maturation or through the induction of immunogenic tumor cell death. Moreover, they may support DC-induced adaptive immune responses by disrupting tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms via selective depletion or inhibition of regulatory subsets, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and/or regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the capacity of anticancer chemotherapeutics to modulate DC phenotype and functions and the results of ongoing clinical trials evaluating the use of DC-based immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Truxova
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - P Skapa
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M J Halaska
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Laco
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Ryska
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Spisek
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Fucikova
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Gao Y, Gao W, Chen X, Cha N, Wang X, Jia X, Wang B, Ren M, Ren J. Enhancing the treatment effect on melanoma by heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes purified from human melanoma cell lines. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1243-50. [PMID: 27431432 PMCID: PMC4968617 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines are currently one of the most effective approaches to treat melanoma. The immunogenicity of antigens loaded into DCs determines the treatment effects. Patients treated with autologous antigen-loaded DC vaccines achieve the best therapeutic effects. In China, most melanoma patients cannot access their autologous antigens because of formalin treatment of tumor tissue after surgery. In the present study, we purified heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)-peptide complexes (PCs) from human melanoma cell lines A375, A875, M21, M14, WM‑35, and SK‑HEL‑1. We named the purified product as M‑HSP70‑PCs, and determined its immunological activities. Autologous HSP70‑PCs purified from primary tumor cells of melanoma patients (nine cases) were used as controls. These two kinds of tumor antigenic complexes loaded into DCs were used to stimulate an antitumor response against tumor cells in the corresponding patients. Mature DCs pulsed with M‑HSP70‑PCs stimulated autologous T cells to secrete the same levels of type I cytokines compared with the autologous HSP70‑PCs. Moreover, DCs pulsed with M‑HSP70‑PCs induced CD8+ T cells with an equal ability to kill melanoma cells from patients compared with autologous HSP70‑PCs. Next, we used these PC‑pulsed autologous DCs and induced autologous specific CD8+ T cells to treat one patient with melanoma of the nasal skin and lung metastasis. The treatment achieved a good effect after six cycles. These findings provide a new direction for DC-based immunotherapy for melanoma patients who cannot access autologous antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Gao
- Cancer Center, Beijing Key Lab of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Weishi Gao
- Department of Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Xia Chen
- Inner Mongolia Red Cross Blood Center, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010010, P.R. China
| | - Nier Cha
- Cancer Center, Beijing Key Lab of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Key Lab of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Jia
- Department of Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Bingping Wang
- Department of Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Meng Ren
- Department of Oncology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ren
- Cancer Center, Beijing Key Lab of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
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12
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Martin Lluesma S, Wolfer A, Harari A, Kandalaft LE. Cancer Vaccines in Ovarian Cancer: How Can We Improve? Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4020010. [PMID: 28536377 PMCID: PMC5344251 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one important cause of gynecologic cancer-related death. Currently, the mainstay of ovarian cancer treatment consists of cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy (introduced 30 years ago) but, as the disease is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, its prognosis remains very poor. Clearly, there is a critical need for new treatment options, and immunotherapy is one attractive alternative. Prophylactic vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases have led to major achievements, yet therapeutic cancer vaccines have shown consistently low efficacy in the past. However, as they are associated with minimal side effects or invasive procedures, efforts directed to improve their efficacy are being deployed, with Dendritic Cell (DC) vaccination strategies standing as one of the more promising options. On the other hand, recent advances in our understanding of immunological mechanisms have led to the development of successful strategies for the treatment of different cancers, such as immune checkpoint blockade strategies. Combining these strategies with DC vaccination approaches and introducing novel combinatorial designs must also be considered and evaluated. In this review, we will analyze past vaccination methods used in ovarian cancer, and we will provide different suggestions aiming to improve their efficacy in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin Lluesma
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Res, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Anita Wolfer
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Res, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Res, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Fairchild PJ, Leishman A, Sachamitr P, Telfer C, Hackett S, Davies TJ. Dendritic cells and pluripotency: unlikely allies in the pursuit of immunotherapy. Regen Med 2016; 10:275-86. [PMID: 25933237 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the fulcrum on which the balance between the opposing forces of tolerance and immunity has been shown to pivot, dendritic cells (DC) hold significant promise for immune intervention in a variety of disease states. Here we discuss how the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells may address many of the current obstacles to the use of monocyte-derived DC in immunotherapy, providing a novel source of previously inaccessible DC subsets and opportunities for their scale-up, quality control and genetic modification. Indeed, given that it is the immunological legacy DC leave behind that is of therapeutic value, rather than their persistence per se, we propose that immunotherapy should serve as an early target for the clinical application of pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Fairchild
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
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14
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Vandenberk L, Belmans J, Van Woensel M, Riva M, Van Gool SW. Exploiting the Immunogenic Potential of Cancer Cells for Improved Dendritic Cell Vaccines. Front Immunol 2016; 6:663. [PMID: 26834740 PMCID: PMC4712296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is currently the hottest topic in the oncology field, owing predominantly to the discovery of immune checkpoint blockers. These promising antibodies and their attractive combinatorial features have initiated the revival of other effective immunotherapies, such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccinations. Although DC-based immunotherapy can induce objective clinical and immunological responses in several tumor types, the immunogenic potential of this monotherapy is still considered suboptimal. Hence, focus should be directed on potentiating its immunogenicity by making step-by-step protocol innovations to obtain next-generation Th1-driving DC vaccines. We review some of the latest developments in the DC vaccination field, with a special emphasis on strategies that are applied to obtain a highly immunogenic tumor cell cargo to load and to activate the DCs. To this end, we discuss the effects of three immunogenic treatment modalities (ultraviolet light, oxidizing treatments, and heat shock) and five potent inducers of immunogenic cell death [radiotherapy, shikonin, high-hydrostatic pressure, oncolytic viruses, and (hypericin-based) photodynamic therapy] on DC biology and their application in DC-based immunotherapy in preclinical as well as clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Vandenberk
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jochen Belmans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Woensel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matteo Riva
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosurgery, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Stefaan W Van Gool
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Kinderklinik, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; Immunologic-Oncologic Centre Cologne (IOZK), Köln, Germany
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15
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Behm B, Di Fazio P, Michl P, Neureiter D, Kemmerling R, Hahn EG, Strobel D, Gress T, Schuppan D, Wissniowski TT. Additive antitumour response to the rabbit VX2 hepatoma by combined radio frequency ablation and toll like receptor 9 stimulation. Gut 2016; 65:134-43. [PMID: 25524262 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), a palliative therapeutic option for solid hepatic tumours, stimulates localised and systemic antitumour cytotoxic T cells. We studied how far addition of CpG B oligonucleotides, toll like receptor (TLR) 9 agonists, would increase the antitumoural T cell response of RFA in the highly aggressive VX2 hepatoma. METHODS Rabbits were randomised to receive RFA, CpG B, their combination or no therapy. The antitumour efficacy of RFA alone or in combination with CpG B was further tested by rechallenging a separate group with intravenously injected VX2 tumour cells after 120 days. Animals were assessed for survival, tumour size and spread, and tumour and immune related histological markers after 120 days. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for tumour-specific T cell activation and cytotoxicity. Immune modulatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-2/IL-8/IL-10/IL-12 and interferon γ, and vascular endothelial growth factor were measured in serum. RESULTS Mean survival of untreated animals was 36 days, as compared with 97, 78 and 114 days for RFA, CpG and combination therapy, respectively. Compared with untreated controls, antitumour T cell stimulation/cytotoxicity increased 26/16-fold, 32/17-fold and 50/38-fold 2 weeks after RFA, CpG and combination treatments, respectively. The combination inhibited tumour spread to lungs and peritoneum significantly and prohibited new tumour growth in animals receiving a secondary systemic tumour cell injection. RFA alone induced a Th1 cytokine pattern, while IL-8 and IL-10 were only upregulated in CpG treated animals and controls. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TLR9 stimulation with RFA resulted in a potentiated antitumour T cell response and cytotoxicity in the VX2 tumour model. Only this combination prevented subsequent tumour spread and resulted in a significantly improved survival, justifying the need for further exploration of the combination of ablative therapies and TLR9 agonists in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Behm
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Michl
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ralf Kemmerling
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eckhart Georg Hahn
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Deike Strobel
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gress
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thaddaeus Till Wissniowski
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Failli A, Legitimo A, Orsini G, Romanini A, Consolini R. The effects of zoledronate on monocyte-derived dendritic cells from melanoma patients differ depending on the clinical stage of the disease. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3375-82. [PMID: 25483657 PMCID: PMC4514079 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoledronic acid has shown indirect anticancer effects on angiogenesis, the tumor microenvironment and immune responses. Its immunological action is exerted, at least in part, via its modulating properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of zoledronic acid on the dendritic cells of melanoma patients. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 26 patients with melanoma and 11 healthy donors. Dendritic cells were derived from purified monocytes, and zoledronic acid (ZA) was added on the first day of culture. The phenotype and function of the generated cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. The ZA-treated monocytes from patients with early-stage disease generated DCs characterized by reduced endocytic activity and increased allostimulatory capacity compared with the untreated samples, allowing restoration of the DC function observed in normal subjects. In contrast, the ZA-treated monocytes from patients at stage III generated cells with higher CD14 antigen expression and endocytosis than the untreated samples. Therefore, in melanoma patients, the in vitro ZA effects differ according to the progression of the disease. In addition, our preliminary results appear to suggest that ZA effects are also influenced by the expression of CD14 antigen, indicating that the DC phenotype together with clinical characteristics must be considered in the choice of patients to be treated with ZA. Our work focus on the effect of ZA on monocyte-derived DCs from melanoma patients, showing that the effects of therapeutic doses of this drug might be mediated at least in part by modulation of myeloid cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Failli
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine ; University of Pisa ; Pisa , Italy
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17
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Pavlović B, Tomić S, Đokić J, Vasilijić S, Vučević D, Lukić J, Gruden-Movsesijan A, Ilić N, Marković M, Čolić M. Fast dendritic cells matured with Poly (I:C) may acquire tolerogenic properties. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1763-76. [PMID: 26455276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Because of the labor-intensive and time-consuming conventional protocols for the generation of dendritic cells (DCs) as the most promising tools for anti-cancer therapy that enable the induction of a T-helper (Th)1-mediated anti-tumor immune response, the use of short-term protocols has been proposed. However, data on the applicability of such protocols in cancer immunotherapy are quite limited. METHODS We compared the phenotypic and functional capability of fast DCs (fDCs) differentiated for 24 h and then matured for 48 h with Poly (I:C), a strong Th1-promoting agent, with donor-matched conventional DCs (cDCs) differentiated for 5 days and matured likewise. RESULTS Of 12 donors tested, we identified seven whose monocytes failed to develop into immunogenic DCs through the use of fDC protocol, on the basis of incomplete downregulation of CD14, low expression of CD1a and macrophage-like morphology. Such fDCs have significantly lower expression of CD83, CD86, CCR7 and CD40, weaker allo-stimulatory Th1- and Th17-polarizing capacity caused by poor production of interleukin (IL)-12p70 and IL-23 and high production of IL-10, and prominent Th2-polarizing capacity, compared with donor-matched cDCs. Furthermore, such fDCs had tolerogenic properties as judged by higher expression of indolamine dioxigenase-3, IDO-1 and IL-1β and induction of a higher percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T cells. These findings correlated with increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β production by fDC-primed CD3(+)T cells and their stronger anti-proliferative capacity. CONCLUSIONS We emphasize that although fDCs could probably be applied as an alternative to cDCs for cancer therapy, the fDC protocol should not be applied to donors whose DCs acquire tolerogenic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Pavlović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sergej Tomić
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đokić
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Vasilijić
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Vučević
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovanka Lukić
- Institute for Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nataša Ilić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Marković
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Čolić
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia.
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18
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Vandenberk L, Garg AD, Verschuere T, Koks C, Belmans J, Beullens M, Agostinis P, De Vleeschouwer S, Van Gool SW. Irradiation of necrotic cancer cells, employed for pulsing dendritic cells (DCs), potentiates DC vaccine-induced antitumor immunity against high-grade glioma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1083669. [PMID: 27057467 PMCID: PMC4801426 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1083669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has yielded promising results against high-grade glioma (HGG). However, the efficacy of DC vaccines is abated by HGG-induced immunosuppression and lack of attention toward the immunogenicity of the tumor lysate/cells used for pulsing DCs. A literature analysis of DC vaccination clinical trials in HGG patients delineated the following two most predominantly applied methods for tumor lysate preparation: freeze-thaw (FT)-induced necrosis or FT-necrosis followed by X-ray irradiation. However, from the available clinical evidence, it is unclear which of both methodologies has superior immunogenic potential. Using an orthotopic HGG murine model (GL261-C57BL/6), we observed that prophylactic vaccination with DCs pulsed with irradiated FT-necrotic cells (compared to FT-necrotic cells only) prolonged overall survival by increasing tumor rejection in glioma-challenged mice. This was associated, both in prophylactic and curative vaccination setups, with an increase in brain-infiltrating Th1 cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), paralleled by a reduced accumulation of regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Further analysis showed that irradiation treatment of FT-necrotic cells considerably increased the levels of carbonylated proteins — a surrogate-marker of oxidation-associated molecular patterns (OAMPs). Through further application of antioxidants and hydrogen peroxide, we found a striking correlation between the amount of lysate-associated protein carbonylation/OAMPs and DC vaccine-mediated tumor rejection capacity thereby suggesting for the first time a role for protein carbonylation/OAMPs in at least partially mediating antitumor immunity. Together, these data strongly advocate the use of protein oxidation-inducing modalities like irradiation for increasing the immunogenicity of tumor lysate/cells used for pulsing DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Vandenberk
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tina Verschuere
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carolien Koks
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jochen Belmans
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monique Beullens
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Biosignaling and Therapeutics , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Vleeschouwer
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefaan W Van Gool
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology , Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
MicroRNAs are increasingly being recognized to play an important role in finely tuning gene expression; therefore, their dysregulation in cancer has been investigated extensively. In terms of melanoma, they are involved in the regulation of many genes and pathways impacting invasiveness, dissemination, and disease progression. Many microRNAs also target genes regulating ontogenesis and functions of the immune system. Indeed, fine-tuning of gene expression by microRNAs is necessary for normal differentiation of the various components of the immune system and for mounting an effective innate and cell-mediated response, which has been shown to be able to control tumor growth. Dendritic cells, by presenting antigens to and activating naive T cells, constitute a critical aspect and have been therefore been used in many studies of cancer vaccination with promising results. Many genes regulating functions and plasticity of dendritic cells are indeed targeted by microRNAs, whose expression is also dependent on maturation status. Therefore, microRNAs could provide new potential therapeutic targets both on the tumor and on the immune system, and could also be used to characterize dendritic cells utilized in immunotherapy trials.
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20
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Vasaturo A, Verdoes M, de Vries J, Torensma R, Figdor CG. Restoring immunosurveillance by dendritic cell vaccines and manipulation of the tumor microenvironment. Immunobiology 2014; 220:243-8. [PMID: 25466585 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells evolve from normal cells throughout life and are usually recognized by our immune system and destroyed, a process called immunosurveillance. Unfortunately, in some instances cancer cells paralyze our immune system, resulting in outgrowth and spreading of the tumor. Understanding the complexity of immunomodulation by tumors is important for the development of therapeutical strategies. Nowadays, various approaches have been developed to enhance anti-tumor immune responses and abrogate the immune dampening effect of the tumor and its surrounding environment, including dendritic cell-based vaccines, therapies to counteract myeloid derived suppressor cell function within the tumor and antagonists of inhibitory signaling pathways to overcome 'immune checkpoints'. The challenge is now to find the right combination of immune based therapies to fully restore immune function and provide a more efficacious and enduring anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Vasaturo
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Department of Tumorimmunology, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Department of Tumorimmunology, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda de Vries
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Department of Tumorimmunology, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurd Torensma
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Department of Tumorimmunology, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Department of Tumorimmunology, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Strioga MM, Darinskas A, Pasukoniene V, Mlynska A, Ostapenko V, Schijns V. Xenogeneic therapeutic cancer vaccines as breakers of immune tolerance for clinical application: to use or not to use? Vaccine 2014; 32:4015-24. [PMID: 24837511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of firm evidence that clinically apparent cancer develops only when malignant cells manage to escape immunosurveillance led to the introduction of tumor immunotherapy strategies aiming to reprogramm the cancer-dysbalanced antitumor immunity and restore its capacity to control tumor growth. There are several immunotherapeutical strategies, among which specific active immunotherapy or therapeutic cancer vaccination is one of the most promising. It targets dendritic cells (DCs) which have a unique ability of inducing naive and central memory T cell-mediated immune response in the most efficient manner. DCs can be therapeutically targeted either in vivo/in situ or by ex vivo manipulations followed by their re-injection back into the same patient. The majority of current DC targeting strategies are based on autologous or allogeneic tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) which possess various degrees of inherent tolerogenic potential. Therefore still limited efficacy of various tumor immunotherapy approaches may be attributed, among various other mechanisms, to the insufficient immunogenicity of self-protein-derived TAAs. Based on such an idea, the use of homologous xenogeneic antigens, derived from different species was suggested to overcome the natural immune tolerance to self TAAs. Xenoantigens are supposed to differ sufficiently from self antigens to a degree that renders them immunogenic, but at the same time preserves an optimal homology range with self proteins still allowing xenoantigens to induce cross-reactive T cells. Here we discuss the concept of xenogeneic vaccination, describe the cons and pros of autologous/allogeneic versus xenogeneic therapeutic cancer vaccines, present the results of various pre-clinical and several clinical studies and highlight the future perspectives of integrating xenovaccination into rapidly developing tumor immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius M Strioga
- Department of Immunology, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Adas Darinskas
- Department of Immunology, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Vita Pasukoniene
- Department of Immunology, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Agata Mlynska
- Department of Immunology, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Valerijus Ostapenko
- Section of Breast Surgery, 3(rd) Department of Surgery, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Virgil Schijns
- Immune Intervention, Cell Biology & Immunology group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Epitopoietic Research Corporation (ERC), Namur, Belgium.
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22
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Fujiyama T, Oze I, Yagi H, Hashizume H, Matsuo K, Hino R, Kamo R, Imayama S, Hirakawa S, Ito T, Takigawa M, Tokura Y. Induction of cytotoxic T cells as a novel independent survival factor in malignant melanoma with percutaneous peptide immunization. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 75:43-8. [PMID: 24802712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma (MM) often shows multiple chemo-resistance, leading to poor prognosis of the patients. Therapeutic anti-cancer vaccination may be a feasible way to prolong the survival of patients. We have demonstrated that application of antigenic peptides via the tape-stripped, horny layer-removed skin, known as percutaneous peptide immunization (PPI), induces tumor cell-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in rodents and humans. OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical significance of PPI in advanced MM patients. METHODS We performed PPI in 59 patients undergoing advanced MM with Melan-A, tyrosinase, MAGE-2, MAGE-3 and gp-100 peptides based on HLA typing in individuals. The induction of CTLs was assessed by the tetramer or pentamer flow cytometry in 35 patients. Patients showing positive CTL responses to all antigens were defined as complete responder (n=18), and those showing negative responses to at least one applied antigen were classified as incomplete responder (n=17). The primary endpoint of the study was overall survival (OS). For statistical analysis, log-rank test, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model were used. RESULTS OS of the complete responders was longer than that of the incomplete responders (median survival time: 55.8 vs 20.3 months, log rank P=0.089). A hazard ratio for the complete responders relative to the incomplete responders was 0.23 (95% confidence interval: 0.06-0.93, P=0.039) in a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. CONCLUSION The induction of CTLs was a novel independent survival factor, and the induction of peptide-specific CTLs by PPI contributes to the prolonged survival and represents an impact on therapeutic approaches in MM. Unique trial number: UMIN000005706.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Isao Oze
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yagi
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hideo Hashizume
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyusyu University, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hino
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Riei Kamo
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Hirakawa
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takigawa
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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23
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Hu YX, Li M, Jia XH, Du QX, Miao FT, Yao L, Shen JD. HPV16 CTL epitope peptide-activated dendritic cell and natural killer co-culture for therapy of cervical cancer in an animal model. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:7335-8. [PMID: 24460298 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in antitumor immunity following dendritic cell (DC) vaccination. Little is known, however, about the optimal stimulation of DCs by epitopes and NK interactions for cytotoxicity in tumors. In this study, DC cells activated by the HPV16E7.49-57 epitope and LPS were co-cultured with NK cells in vitro, and then used ot immunize mice to study CTL activity of TC-1, which constitutively expresses HPV16E6E7, with an LDH release assay. Cytotoxicity in mice immunized with DC loaded with epitope HPVE7.49-57 vaccine co-cultured with NK was enhanced significantly (p<0.01). In conclusion, talk-across between DC and NK cells enhances their functions, also improving cytotoxicity againsttumor cells, suggesting that activated DC-NK by epitopes has potential application for cancer-specific immuno-cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan, China E-mail :
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Fujii H, Arakawa A, Utsumi D, Sumiyoshi S, Yamamoto Y, Kitoh A, Ono M, Matsumura Y, Kato M, Konishi K, Shiga T, Sano S, Sakaguchi S, Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Takahashi K, Uezato H, Miyachi Y, Tanioka M. CD8⁺ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes at primary sites as a possible prognostic factor of cutaneous angiosarcoma. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2393-402. [PMID: 24243586 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been reported as a prognostic factor in various cancers and are a promising target for immunotherapy. To investigate whether TILs have any impact on the prognosis of angiosarcoma patients, 55 non-treated patients (40 patients at stage 1 with cutaneous localized tumors, 4 patients at stage 2 with lymph node metastases and 11 patients at stage 3 with distant metastases) with angiosarcoma were evaluated retrospectively by immunohistochemistry stained CD4, CD8, FOXP3 and Ki67. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall survival with patients at stage 1. Survival differences were analyzed by the log-rank test. Patients with higher numbers of CD8(+) TILs in their primary tumors survived significantly longer compared with patients with lower values. Moreover, the number of CD8 in TILs was positively correlated with a distant metastasis-free period. The total number of primary TILs (CD4 plus CD8) and CD8(+) primary TILs of stage 3 patients with distant metastases was positively correlated with their overall survival. To evaluate whether CD8(+) effector T cells are activated or differentiated, flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was performed. The percentages of CD8(+) T cells producing IFN-γ in PBMC were significantly higher in patients with angiosarcoma (n = 10) compared not only with that of healthy controls (n = 20) but also patients with advanced melanoma (n = 11). These results suggest that anti-tumor immunity is clinically relevant in angiosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Fujii
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Ibarrondo FJ, Yang OO, Chodon T, Avramis E, Lee Y, Sazegar H, Jalil J, Chmielowski B, Koya RC, Schmid I, Gomez-Navarro J, Jamieson BD, Ribas A, Comin-Anduix B. Natural killer T cells in advanced melanoma patients treated with tremelimumab. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76829. [PMID: 24167550 PMCID: PMC3805549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant barrier to effective immune clearance of cancer is loss of antitumor cytotoxic T cell activity. Antibodies to block pro-apoptotic/downmodulatory signals to T cells are currently being tested. Because invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) can regulate the balance of Th1/Th2 cellular immune responses, we characterized the frequencies of circulating iNKT cell subsets in 21 patients with melanoma who received the anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody tremelimumab alone and 8 patients who received the antibody in combination with MART-126–35 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (MART-1/DC). Blood T cell phenotypes and functionality were characterized by flow cytometry before and after treatment. iNKT cells exhibited the central memory phenotype and showed polyfunctional cytokine production. In the combination treatment group, high frequencies of pro-inflammatory Th1 iNKT CD8+ cells correlated with positive clinical responses. These results indicate that iNKT cells play a critical role in regulating effective antitumor T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FJI); (BC-A)
| | - Otto O. Yang
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thinle Chodon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Earl Avramis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yohan Lee
- Department of Child Psychiatry Branch, NIH/NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland, Untied States of America
| | - Hooman Sazegar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Jalil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Koya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Schmid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jesus Gomez-Navarro
- Department of Clinical Research, Pfizer Global Research and Development (PGRD), New London, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Beth D. Jamieson
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FJI); (BC-A)
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Valcárcel M, Carrascal T, Crende O, Vidal-Vanaclocha F. IL-18 regulates melanoma VLA-4 integrin activation through a Hierarchized sequence of inflammatory factors. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:470-480. [PMID: 23938462 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) is frequently overexpressed on melanoma cells contributing to inflammation-dependent metastasis. Melanoma cell adhesion to endothelium via VLA-4-vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) interaction was used to study VLA-4 activation during melanoma cell response to inflammation. Cooperation among major inflammatory mediators was analyzed in melanoma cells exposed to single inflammatory factors in the presence of inhibitors for other assayed mediators. A stepwise cascade of hierarchized molecules heterogeneously made and used during melanoma response to IL-18, induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in turn activating VLA-4 and melanoma cell adhesion to endothelium. The cascade involved prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from melanoma induced by IL-18-dependent tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα); next, PGE2-induced IL-1β via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, which in turn induced VLA-4 activation via cyclooxygenase 2-dependent H2O2. This sequence operated in IL-18R/VLA-4/VEGF-expressing murine (B16) and human (A375 and 883) melanomas, but not in those without this phenotype. Separation of active VLA-4-expressing B16 melanoma cells through immobilized VCAM-1 verified their higher IL-18R/TNFR1/VEGFR2 expression and metastatic growth than inactive VLA-4-expressing cells. However, cooperation among melanoma cell sub-populations with heterogeneous cytokine receptor levels may occur through VLA-4-stimulating factors, leading to intratumoral amplification of metastatic potential. Therefore, expression of the VLA-4-stimulating factor sequence may help to predict melanoma prometastatic risk, and offers therapeutic targets for metastatic melanoma deactivation through VLA-4 activation blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Carrascal
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Basque Country University School of Medicine and Dentistry, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Olatz Crende
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Basque Country University School of Medicine and Dentistry, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha
- CEU-San Pablo University and HM-Hospitals School of Medicine, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
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Ridolfi L, Petrini M, Granato AM, Gentilcore G, Simeone E, Ascierto PA, Pancisi E, Ancarani V, Fiammenghi L, Guidoboni M, de Rosa F, Valmorri L, Scarpi E, Nicoletti SVL, Baravelli S, Riccobon A, Ridolfi R. Low-dose temozolomide before dendritic-cell vaccination reduces (specifically) CD4+CD25++Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in advanced melanoma patients. J Transl Med 2013; 11:135. [PMID: 23725550 PMCID: PMC3698134 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cancer immunotherapy, dendritic cells (DCs) play a fundamental role in the dialog between innate and adaptive immune response, but several immunosuppressive mechanisms remain to be overcome. For example, a high number of CD4+CD25++Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Foxp3+Tregs) have been observed in the peripheral blood and tumor microenvironment of cancer patients. On the basis of this, we conducted a study on DC-based vaccination in advanced melanoma, adding low-dose temozolomide to obtain lymphodepletion. METHODS Twenty-one patients were entered onto our vaccination protocol using autologous DCs pulsed with autologous tumor lysate and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Patients received low-dose temozolomide before vaccination and 5 days of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) after vaccination. Circulating Foxp3+Tregs were evaluated before and after temozolomide, and after IL-2. RESULTS Among the 17 evaluable patients we observed 1 partial response (PR), 6 stable disease (SD) and 10 progressive disease (PD). The disease control rate (PR+SD = DCR) was 41% and median overall survival was 10 months. Temozolomide reduced circulating Foxp3+Treg cells in all patients. A statistically significant reduction of 60% was observed in Foxp3+Tregs after the first cycle, whereas the absolute lymphocyte count decreased by only 14%. Conversely, IL-2 increased Foxp3+Treg cell count by 75.4%. Of note the effect of this cytokine, albeit not statistically significant, on the DCR subgroup led to a further 33.8% reduction in Foxp3+Treg cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the combined immunological therapy, at least as far as the DCR subgroup is concerned, effectively reduced the number of Foxp3+Treg cells, which exerted a blunting effect on the growth-stimulating effect of IL-2. However, this regimen, with its current modality, would not seem to be capable of improving clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ridolfi
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Petrini
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Granato
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giusy Gentilcore
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapies Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ester Simeone
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapies Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Ascierto
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapies Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Pancisi
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Valentina Ancarani
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Laura Fiammenghi
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Massimo Guidoboni
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Francesco de Rosa
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Linda Valmorri
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRST IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scarpi
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRST IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | | | | | - Angela Riccobon
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Ruggero Ridolfi
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
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Massa C, Seliger B. Fast dendritic cells stimulated with alternative maturation mixtures induce polyfunctional and long-lasting activation of innate and adaptive effector cells with tumor-killing capabilities. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3328-37. [PMID: 23447683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The clinical usage of dendritic cells (DC) for tumor immunotherapy still requires improvements. In this study, three alternative maturation mixtures were compared with the cytokine-based gold standard, and the overall interaction of the resulting DC with effector cells from the innate as well as the adaptive immunity was evaluated in healthy donors. Stimulation with the TLR-4 ligand monophosphoryl lipid A together with IFN-γ (alt-2 DC) resulted in DC with the highest levels of costimulatory molecule expression and IL-12p70/IL-10 ratio. Whereas all alternative DC were able to induce NK and γδ T cells to acquire cytotoxic properties and secrete type 1 and proinflammatory cytokines, after both short (20-h)- and long (5-8 d)-time coculture, secretion of IFN-γ by the innate populations was induced in response to alt-2 and alt-1 DC (TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, poly IC), but not to alt-3 DC (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, CL097). Regarding CD8(+) T cell-mediated Ag-specific immune responses, a heterogeneous pattern of responses was obtained among the healthy donors, suggesting rather a competition than a synergy among the different effector cells. Our data promote further evaluation of alt-2 fast DC for translatability into clinical immunotherapy trials, while also fostering the need to identify biomarkers for immune cell responsiveness and tumor susceptibility to be able to select for each patient the best possible DC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Massa
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Saale, Germany
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29
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Campisano S, Mac Keon S, Gazzaniga S, Ruiz MS, Traian MD, Mordoh J, Wainstok R. Anti-melanoma vaccinal capacity of CD11c-positive and -negative cell populations present in GM-CSF cultures derived from murine bone marrow precursors. Vaccine 2012; 31:354-61. [PMID: 23146677 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We have initially shown that DC/ApoNec vaccine can induce protection against the poorly immunogenic B16F1 melanoma in mice. The population of DC obtained for vaccination after 7days culture with murine GM-CSF is heterogeneous and presents about 60% of CD11c+ DC. Therefore, our purpose was to identify the phenotype of the cells obtained after differentiation and its immunogenicity once injected. DC were separated with anti-CD11c microbeads and the two populations identified in terms of CD11c positivity (DC+ and DC-) were also studied. Approximately 26.6% of the cells in DC+ fraction co-expressed CD11c+ and F4/80 markers and 75.4% were double positive for CD11c and CD11b markers. DC+ fraction also expressed Ly6G. DC- fraction was richer in CD11c-/F4/80+ macrophages (44.7%), some of which co-expressed Ly6G (41.8%), and F4/80-/Ly6-G+ neutrophils (34.6%). Both DC+ and DC- fractions displayed similar capacity to phagocyte and endocyte antigens and even expressed levels of MHC Class II and CD80, CD83 and CD86 costimulatory molecules similar to those in the DC fraction. However, only DC/ApoNec vaccine was capable to induce protection in mice (p<0.01). After 24h co-culture, no detectable level of IL-12 was recorded in DC/ApoNec vaccine, either in supernatant or intracellularly. Therefore, the protection obtained with DC/ApoNec vaccine seemed to be independent of the vaccine's ability to secrete this inflammatory cytokine at the time of injection. In conclusion, we demonstrated that all cell types derived from the culture of mouse bone marrow with GM-CSF are necessary to induce antitumor protection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Campisano
- Depto. de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Botti G, Cerrone M, Scognamiglio G, Anniciello A, Ascierto PA, Cantile M. Microenvironment and tumor progression of melanoma: New therapeutic prospectives. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:235-52. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.723767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Đorđić M, Matić IZ, Filipović-Lješković I, Džodić R, Šašić M, Erić-Nikolić A, Vuletić A, Kolundžija B, Damjanović A, Grozdanić N, Nikolić S, Pralica J, Dobrosavljević D, Rašković S, Andrejević S, Juranić Z. Immunity to melanin and to tyrosinase in melanoma patients, and in people with vitiligo. Altern Ther Health Med 2012; 12:109. [PMID: 22834951 PMCID: PMC3457868 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the presence and the intensity of humoral immunity to melanoma-associated antigens: tyrosinase and melanin, in patients with melanoma, in persons with vitiligo and in control healthy people. Methods The study involved 63 patients with melanoma and 19 persons with vitiligo. Control group consisted up to 41 healthy volunteers. Mushroom tyrosinase and synthetic melanin were used as the antigens. Results ELISA test showed significantly (p < 0.0000004 and p < 0.04) lower levels of IgM anti-tyrosinase autoantibodies, in melanoma and vitiligo patients respectively, compared to controls. Although there was no significant difference between the levels of IgA anti-melanin autoantibodies in melanoma or vitiligo patients in comparison with controls, the enhanced concentrations of anti-melanin IgA autoantibodies were preferentially found in melanoma patients with metastatic disease. Significantly high percentage in the Fc alphaRI (CD89) positive cells was determined in melanoma patients (p < 0.002 and p < 0.008) in comparison to that found in healthy people or in patients with vitiligo, in the already mentioned order, pointing that IgA dependent cellular cytotoxicity is not important for the immune action against melanoma, even more that it is included in some immune suppression. Levels of IgG autoantibodies to mentioned antigens in melanoma patients although low were not significantly lower from controls. These findings analyzed together with the statistically significant low percentage of FcgammaRIII, (CD16) positive immunocompetent cells (p < 0.0007 and p < 0.003), which was found in patients with melanoma compared with healthy or vitiligo people respectively, and statistically significant low percentage of (CD16 + CD56+) natural killer (NK) cells (p < 0.005) found in melanoma patients in comparison to healthy controls pointed to the low probability for anti-melanoma IgG mediated, antibody mediated cellular cytotoxicity, (ADCC) and NK cytotoxicity. Moreover the ratio of the percentages of granulocytes and percentage of lymphocytes was statistically higher in patients with melanoma in relation to healthy people as well as to people with vitiligo (p < 0.0007 and p < 0.05 respectively). Conclusion Autoantibodies to tyrosinase and to melanin which are found even in healthy people, point that consummation of edible mushrooms that carry the antigen tyrosinase and melanin, could influence the humoral anti-melanoma immune response. Levels of different immunoglobulin classes of anti-melanin and anti-tyrosinase antibodies varied depending on the presence and the stage of studied diseases. Besides, the statistically enhanced ratio of the percentages of granulocytes and percentage of lymphocytes, together with statistically decreased percentage of NK cells is found in analyzed melanoma patients.
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Coventry BJ, Ashdown ML. Complete clinical responses to cancer therapy caused by multiple divergent approaches: a repeating theme lost in translation. Cancer Manag Res 2012; 4:137-49. [PMID: 22740774 PMCID: PMC3379856 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s31887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 50 years of cancer therapy history reveals complete clinical responses (CRs) from remarkably divergent forms of therapies (eg, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, vaccines, autologous cell transfers, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies) for advanced solid malignancies occur with an approximately similar frequency of 5%–10%. This has remained frustratingly almost static. However, CRs usually underpin strong durable 5-year patient survival. How can this apparent paradox be explained? Over some 20 years, realization that (1) chronic inflammation is intricately associated with cancer, and (2) the immune system is delicately balanced between responsiveness and tolerance of cancer, provides a greatly significant insight into ways cancer might be more effectively treated. In this review, divergent aspects from the largely segmented literature and recent conferences are drawn together to provide observations revealing some emerging reasoning, in terms of “final common pathways” of cancer cell damage, immune stimulation, and auto-vaccination events, ultimately leading to cancer cell destruction. Created from this is a unifying overarching concept to explain why multiple approaches to cancer therapy can provide complete responses at almost equivalent rates. This “missing” aspect provides a reasoned explanation for what has, and is being, increasingly reported in the mainstream literature – that inflammatory and immune responses appear intricately associated with, if not causative of, complete responses induced by divergent forms of cancer therapy. Curiously, whether by chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, or other means, therapy-induced cell injury results, leaving inflammation and immune system stimulation as a final common denominator across all of these mechanisms of cancer therapy. This aspect has been somewhat obscured and has been “lost in translation” to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon J Coventry
- Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are unique specialized antigen-presenting cells capable of priming naive T cells and inducing antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This study presents an update of clinical results from a DC-based phase I-II clinical vaccine trial in stage IV melanoma. From 2003 to 2010, 27 patients with metastatic melanoma were treated with mature DCs pulsed with autologous tumor lysate and keyhole limpet hemocyanin and with subcutaneous low-dose interleukin-2. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) tests for in-vivo immunomonitoring were performed at baseline and every four vaccinations thereafter. Two complete, two mixed and six partial responses, and five stable diseases were observed (overall response, 37.0%; clinical benefit, 55.5%). All 15 responders showed DTH positivity. A median overall survival of 22.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 13.4-61.3] for DTH-positive patients (19) and 4.8 months (95% CI: 3.9-11.9) for DTH-negative patients (8; log rank=7.26; P=0.007) was observed. The overall median overall survival was 16 months (95% CI: 9-33). Our results would seem to highlight a relationship between positive-DTH test and an improved survival.
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Wang BX, Rahbar R, Fish EN. Interferon: current status and future prospects in cancer therapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:545-52. [PMID: 21323567 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) exhibit antiproliferative activity and apoptotic effects, and regulate an immune response by activating multiple cells types, including dendritic cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells. Most recently, a report in the literature identified dysfunctional induction of a type I IFN response in cancer stem cells--specifically, breast cancer-initiating cells, implicating this defect in progression to breast cancer. Indeed, accumulating evidence suggests that cancer stem cells/cancer-initiating cells are prevalent in leukemias and solid tumors, are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and therefore likely contribute to tumor recurrence. IFN-β treatment of human glioma xenografts leads to disruption of the vascular niche of glioma stem cells, in further support of a potential therapeutic effect of IFN treatment in limiting cancer stem cells. The implications are that restoring an IFN response, or enhancing an IFN response, may invoke a reduction, or elimination of both cancer stem cells and tumor cells. In this review, the clinical application of type I IFNs, mainly IFN-αs, will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben X Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Boudreau JE, Stephenson KB, Wang F, Ashkar AA, Mossman KL, Lenz LL, Rosenthal KL, Bramson JL, Lichty BD, Wan Y. IL-15 and type I interferon are required for activation of tumoricidal NK cells by virus-infected dendritic cells. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2497-506. [PMID: 21307131 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in antitumor immunity following dendritic cell (DC) vaccination. Little is known, however, about the optimal stimulation of DCs that favors NK activation in tumor-bearing hosts. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and infection with a mutant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-ΔM51) both induced DC maturation. Further, inoculation of these DCs led to robust NK-mediated protection against tumor challenge. Strikingly, only VSV-ΔM51-infected DCs were capable of suppressing the growth of established tumors, suggesting that additional signals provided by viral infection may be required to activate tumoricidal NK cells in tumor-bearing hosts. VSV-ΔM51 infection of DCs induced greater type I interferon (IFN I) production than TLR ligand treatment, and disruption of the IFN I pathway in DCs eliminated their ability to induce NK activation and tumor protection. However, further studies indicated that IFN I alone was not sufficient to activate NK cells, especially in the presence of a tumor, and DC-derived IL-15 was additionally required for tumoricidal NK activation. These results suggest that induction of IFN I by VSV-ΔM51 allows DCs to overcome tumor-associated immunosuppression and facilitate IL-15-mediated priming of tumoricidal NK cells. Thus, the mode of DC maturation should be carefully considered when designing DC-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette E Boudreau
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Medical Sciences Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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