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Alkoblan FI, Alsoadan MM, Alhajri AA, Almousa MM, Alsalamah FS, Kazi A, Bashiri FA, Aljafen B. Social Anxiety, Social Support, and Quality of Life in Patients With Epilepsy at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e45447. [PMID: 37859891 PMCID: PMC10583124 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence of social anxiety disorder and its association with quality of life (QoL) in patients with epilepsy (PWE) in King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Methodology A self-administrated, online, questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study was conducted at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on PWE 18 years of age and above from February 2021 to January 2022. Social anxiety and the five domains of QoL were measured using the validated Arabic versions of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale and European quality-of-life 5-dimensions 3-levels (EQ-5D-3L), respectively. Information was collected on sociodemographic characteristics, social support, and adverse life events. Results This study included 246 patients, of which approximately 25% and 15% had mild/moderate and severe/very severe levels of social anxiety, respectively. Severe social anxiety was significantly associated with poor QoL domains, namely, restricted mobility (2.65 [1.00, 6.99]), inability to perform usual activities (3.88 [1.61, 9.36]), pain or discomfort (3.21 [1.38, 7.48]), and anxiety and depression (5.77 [2.45, 13.61]). Similarly, the lack of social support was also significantly associated with poor QoL, such as restricted mobility (2.42 [1.12, 5.22]), restricted self-care (3.64 [1.18, 11.17]), inability to perform usual activities (2.86 [1.42, 5.75]), pain/discomfort (2.53 [1.38, 4.66]), and anxiety and depression (1.93 [1.04, 3.57]). Females showed higher odds for restricted mobility (2.79 [1.29, 6.03]) and low education with limited self-care (7.38 [1.49, 36.71]). Conclusion Patients with epilepsy reported high levels of social anxiety that have a negative effect on their QoL. Healthcare providers should be able to provide counseling to the patient and their family members. In addition, social support is important to improve their mobility and socialization with friends and neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ambreen Kazi
- Princess Nora Bent Abdullah Research Chair for Women's Health Research, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Fahad A Bashiri
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Bandar Aljafen
- Division of Neurology, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
- College of Medicine, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, SAU
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Abu Al-Khair F. Substance Abuse, Depression, and Social Anxiety: Case Study and Application of Cognitive Psychotherapy. Case Rep Psychiatry 2023; 2023:3430636. [PMID: 37588770 PMCID: PMC10427233 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3430636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A 20-year-old male was referred by a psychiatrist to the clinic for treatment. He was diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD), depression, and substances abuse. He complained of depressive mood and severe anxiety symptoms. These symptoms are triggered in social situations, as well as when talking to others, being in public areas, and going to malls or any crowded places. Because of his symptoms, he avoided getting into the situation, which affected his daily life. The patient was diagnosed with SAD, major depression, and substance abuse and underwent 20 separate sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The application of CBT led to a decrease in the number of anxiety attacks and angry outbursts that the patient suffers from. It also helped him learn some techniques to use in his interactions within the society, as well as other techniques, such as cognitive reorganization of dysfunctional thoughts, and gradually exposed him to the social situations. He also learned to practice some relaxation techniques, to teach him integration in social situations and confrontation instead of avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feda Abu Al-Khair
- Assistant Professor in Clinical Psychology, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan
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Al-Sibani N, Chan MF, Al-Huseini S, Al Kharusi N, Guillemin GJ, Al-Abri M, Ganesh A, Al Hasani Y, Al-Adawi S. Exploring Hikikomori-like idiom of distress a year into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Oman: Factorial validity of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire, prevalence and associated factors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279612. [PMID: 37549148 PMCID: PMC10406187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing literature that examines the Hikikomori-like idiom of distress (HLID) initially labelled this phenomenon as a culture-bound syndrome. However, the increasing number of reports from other parts of the world suggest that HLID could instead be a culture-reactive idiom of distress, originating from biopsychosocial disequilibrium and cultural upheaval. The impact of imposed social withdrawal due to the Coronavirus 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic on the growing prevalence of HLID has not yet been adequately explored. Aims: The first objective is to examine the factorial validity of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25) in Oman. Second, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of HLID following the lifting of SARS-COV-2 restrictions in the Arabian Gulf country of Oman. The third related objective is to examine factors associated with the variation of HLID. METHODS This cross-sectional online survey was widely distributed across the diverse socio-demographic population residing in Oman. After the validation of the questionnaire and the factorial validity, the Arabic version of HQ-25 was used to explore the prevalence and factors associated with HLID. RESULTS A total of 1529 participants were included in the study (response rate = 76.5%), of whom 44% (n = 673) expressed HLID. We randomly split it into half, one for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (n = 764) and the other half for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (n = 765). From the EFA results, a three-factor model was found for the Omani version of HQ-25, which represented 52.87% of the variance with good internal reliability (Overall Cronbach's: 0.92; Socialisation: 0.92; Isolation: 0.84; Emotional support: 0.73). The CFA results report acceptable goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/df = 17.92, p < .001; CFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.04, 95% CI 0.02-0.07; SRMR = 0.05) of the three-factor model of the collected samples. All 1529 data were used in the respondents. The results of the logistic regression showed that married marital status (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.12-2.03, p = 0.007), older age (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99, p = 0.008), living in an urban area (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.56-0.91, p = 0.006), unemployed occupational status (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.30-2.88, p < .001), screen time (7+ hours vs. <4 hours: OR = 4.50, 95% CI: 3.16-6.41, p < .001; 4-7 hours vs. <4 hours: OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.61-2.70, p < .001), history of mental illness (OR = 3.70, 95% CI: 2.29-5.91, p < .001), and adverse childhood experiences (OR = 2.60, 95% CI: 2.03-3.20, p < .001) were significant risk factors for HLID. CONCLUSION The factorial validity of the HQ-25 performed in this study appears to mirror the previously reported 3-factor structures. Some of the associated factors appear to support and, conversely, dissent from the findings of previous studies. These are discussed in terms of the attributions of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, demographic trends in Oman, and sociocultural factors specific to the region of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Al-Sibani
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Oman
| | - Moon Fai Chan
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Oman
| | - Salim Al-Huseini
- Department of Psychiatry, Al Masarrah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nutaila Al Kharusi
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Oman
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohammed Al-Abri
- Clinical Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Oman
| | - Aishwarya Ganesh
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Oman
| | - Yousuf Al Hasani
- Organizational Development & Education, Curative Services, Directorate General of Medical Services, Muscat, Oman
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Oman
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Ambusaidi A, Al-Huseini S, Alshaqsi H, AlGhafri M, Chan MF, Al-Sibani N, Al-Adawi S, Qoronfleh MW. The Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Social Anxiety Disorder: A Focused National Survey. CHRONIC STRESS 2022; 6:24705470221081215. [PMID: 35252735 PMCID: PMC8894948 DOI: 10.1177/24705470221081215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is among the most common anxiety disorders worldwide with data largely emerging from the Euro-American and Pacific Rim populations. In contrast, there is a dearth of studies among the populations of Arabian Gulf countries including Oman. This study has two interrelated aims: (i) to explore the prevalence of SAD among Omani adults, and (ii) to tease out the links between socio-demographic factors and SAD in Oman. Methods A cross-sectional study via an online survey was conducted among 1019 adult Omani nationals residing in Oman. The presence of SAD was assessed using the Arabic version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Results Nearly half the participants (45.9%, n = 468) exhibited “caseness” for SAD as defined by LSAS. In the multivariate logistic analysis, participants below 40 years of age were 1.6 times (OR = 1.568, p = .026) more likely to have caseness for SAD than those who were 40 and older. Women were 1.3 times (OR = 1.348, p = .038) more likely to exhibit caseness for SAD than men. Participants who had secondary or undergraduate education were respectively 1.5 times (OR = 1.45, p = .014) and 2.5 times (OR = 2.509, p < .001) to have caseness for SAD than those who were graduates. Conclusion The present data suggest that 45.9% of the participants reached the cut-off for caseness in LSAS, which is high compared to reports from other populations. The present accrued frequency is discussed within the context of the accrued response rate, socio-cultural factors as well as the tendency for self-reported measures to “produce” spurious results is also highlighted which, in turn, calls for studies that adopt more inclusive survey methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamal Ambusaidi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences/Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Salim Al-Huseini
- Department of Psychiatry, Al-Massarah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hiba Alshaqsi
- Department of Psychiatry, Al-Massarah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Manal AlGhafri
- Department of Psychiatry, Al-Massarah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Moon-Fai Chan
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nasser Al-Sibani
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences/Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences/Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - M. Walid Qoronfleh
- Q3CG Research Institute (QRI), Research & Policy Division, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
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Srinivasan M, Thekkur P, Reddy MM, Selvaraj K. Comment on: Social anxiety disorder in Saudi adolescent boys: Prevalence, subtypes, and parenting styles as a risk factor. J Family Community Med 2016; 23:185-6. [PMID: 27625588 PMCID: PMC5009891 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8229.189140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Srinivasan
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Pruthu Thekkur
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Mahendra M Reddy
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Kalaiselvi Selvaraj
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
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Al-Sharbati MM, Al-Farsi YM, Al-Sharbati ZM, Al-Sulaimani F, Ouhtit A, Al-Adawi S. Profile of Mental and Behavioral Disorders Among Preschoolers in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Oman: A Retrospective Study. Oman Med J 2016; 31:357-64. [PMID: 27602190 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of mental and behavioral disorders in preschoolers is critical for a better prognosis, ultimately leading to improved quality of life for both the child and the family. Our study investigated the clinical profile of mental and behavioral disorders in children < 7 years of age, seeking consultation at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman, between 1 June 2006 and 31 December 2010. The objective was to explore demographic variables, intervention types, and annual trends. METHODS This retrospective, descriptive study was conducted by reviewing the electronic records of preschoolers seeking consultation on mental and behavioral disorders at the Department of Behavioral Medicine. The diagnosis was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. RESULTS The total number of cases was 466, the majority (77.9%) being boys. The cumulative frequencies and annual hospital-based prevalence rates were estimated for each category of mental and behavioral disorders. Our findings showed increased service utilization among preschoolers, as reflected in the annual trend and case-specific prevalence rates. While comorbidity was common, the most frequent disorders encountered were attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (70.8%), developmental language disorder (23.6%), autism spectrum disorders (20.2%), and disruptive behavior disorders (11.6%). The most commonly prescribed drugs/supplementation were risperidone (18.7%), atomoxetine (9.7%), omega-3 (8.8%), and methylphenidate (6.2%). CONCLUSIONS Consultations for mental and behavioral disorders are being sought for Omani preschoolers. Beside pharmacotherapy, other interventions, which are an integral part of a much desired multidisciplinary approach should be introduced. Readdressing the missing needs is essential for a comprehensive approach to managing mental and behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan M Al-Sharbati
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Yahya M Al-Farsi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Zena M Al-Sharbati
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | | | - Allal Ouhtit
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
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