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Al-Rawahi WA, Elshafie EI, Baqir S, Al-Ansari A, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Knowles NJ, Di Nardo A, King DP, Zientara S, Al Salloom F, Sangula A, Bernelin-Cottet C, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Al Riyami B. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from the A/AFRICA/G-I genotype in the Sultanate of Oman. Prev Vet Med 2024; 223:106113. [PMID: 38194859 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Rapid identification and characterization of circulating foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains is crucial for effective disease control. In Oman, a few serological and molecular studies have been conducted to identify the strains of FMDV responsible for the outbreaks that have been occurring within the country. In this study, 13 oral epithelial tissue samples from cattle were collected from suspected cases of FMD in Ash Sharqiyah North, Al Batinah North, Dhofar and Ad Dhakhyilia governorates of Oman between 2018 and 2021. FMDV RNA was detected in all samples by real-time RT-PCR and viruses were isolated after one- or two-blind passages in the porcine Instituto Biologico-Rim Suino-2 cell line. Antigen capture ELISA characterized all isolates as serotype A and VP1 phylogenetic analysis placed all sequences within a single clade of the G-I genotype within the A/AFRICA topotype. These sequences shared the closest nucleotide identities to viruses circulating in Bahrain in 2021 (93.5% to 99.5%) and Kenya in 2017 (93.4% to 99.1%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that A/AFRICA/G-I viruses have been detected in Oman. Together with the closely related viruses detected recently in Bahrain, these findings reinforce the importance of deploying effective quarantine control measures to minimize the risks of transboundary transmission of FMD associated with the importation of cattle from East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Elshafie Ibrahim Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Senan Baqir
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Aliya Al-Ansari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Zientara
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fajer Al Salloom
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs & Agriculture, Animal Wealth Directorate, Block 553, Building 2219, Road 55, Budaiya, Bahrain
| | - Abraham Sangula
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Road A, off Enterprise Road, P.O. Box 18021-00500, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Labib Bakkali-Kassimi
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bahja Al Riyami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman.
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Eltahir YM, Ishag HZA, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Knowles NJ, Mioulet V, King DP, Mohamed MS, Bensalah OK, Yusof MF, Gasim EFM, Hammadi ZMA, Shah AAM, Abdelmagid YA, Gahlan MAME, Kassim MF, Kayaf K, Zahran A, Nuaimat MMA. Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Vet Sci 2024; 11:32. [PMID: 38250938 PMCID: PMC11154577 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in both wild and domestic animals. Despite this, no systematic FMD outbreak investigation accompanied by molecular characterisation of FMD viruses (FMDVs) in small ruminants or cattle has been performed, and only a single report that describes sequences for FMDVs in wildlife from the Emirate has been published. In this study, FMD outbreaks that occurred in 2021 in five animal farms and one animal market in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi were investigated. Cases involved sheep, goats, and cattle, as well as Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Twelve samples were positive for FMDV via RT-qPCR, and four samples (Arabian oryx n = 1, goat n = 2, and sheep n = 1) were successfully genotyped using VP1 nucleotide sequencing. These sequences shared 88~98% identity and were classified within the serotype O, Middle East-South Asia topotype (O/ME-SA). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Arabian oryx isolate (UAE/2/2021) belonged to the PanAsia-2 lineage, the ANT-10 sublineage, and was closely related to the FMDVs recently detected in neighbouring countries. The FMDV isolates from goats (UAE/10/2021 and UAE/11/2021) and from sheep (UAE/14/2021) formed a monophyletic cluster within the SA-2018 lineage that contained viruses from Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. This is the first study describing the circulation of the FMDV O/ME-SA/SA-2018 sublineage in the UAE. These data shed light on the epidemiology of FMD in the UAE and motivate further systematic epidemiological studies and genomic sequencing to enhance the ongoing national animal health FMD control plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassir M. Eltahir
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Hayley M. Hicks
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Donald P. King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Meera Saeed Mohamed
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oum Keltoum Bensalah
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohd Farouk Yusof
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Esmat Faisal Malik Gasim
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zulaikha Mohamed Al Hammadi
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Abdi Mohamed Shah
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Ali Abdelmagid
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moustafa Abdel meguid El Gahlan
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohanned Fawzi Kassim
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kaltham Kayaf
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirate
| | - Ahmed Zahran
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirate
| | - Mervat Mari Al Nuaimat
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirate
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Shin SH, Hwang SY, Kim HM, Shin SH, Ko MK, Lee MJ, Kim SM, Park JH. Evaluation of a Vaccine Candidate Designed for Broad-Spectrum Protection against Type A Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Asia. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:64. [PMID: 38250877 PMCID: PMC10819240 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are currently the most powerful protective and preventive measures used to control FMD. In this study, the chimeric vaccine strain containing antigenic epitopes from the FMD virus serotype A, which belongs to the ASIA topotype, was produced and evaluated. The chimeric vaccine strains contain sea-97/G1 (VP4, VP2, VP3) and A22 Iraq (VP1) or G-VII (VP1) for use in FMD vaccines in Asia. The 50% protective dose was determined in mice. Vaccinated mice were challenged with three different type A viruses (Sea-97/G1, Sea-97/G2, G-VII clade) seven days post-vaccination (dpv), and mice that received the vaccine candidates were protected against the three viruses. The protective capability of one of the vaccine candidates was evaluated in pigs. Vaccinated pigs were challenged with three different type A viruses (Sea-97/G1, Sea-97/G2, G-VII clade) at 28 dpv, and pigs that received the vaccine candidate were protected against the three viruses. The results showed that this vaccine candidate, which was designed to provide protection against FMD in Asia, efficiently protected pigs against virus challenge and thus has potential as a broad-spectrum vaccine for various epidemic FMD viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Shin
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Seong Yun Hwang
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Se Hee Shin
- VAXDIGM, Room 335, 3rd Floor, 11, Bongeunsa-ro 63-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 060097, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.H.S.); (S.Y.H.); (H.-M.K.); (M.-K.K.); (M.J.L.); (S.-M.K.)
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Shahein MA, Hussein HA, Ali MH, Ghoniem SM, Shemies OA, Afify AF, Fuoad AA, Hassan AM, Zaher MR, Ela NHA, Habashi AR, Eid S, Hagag NM. Circulating foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A African-genotype IV in Egypt during 2022. Vet World 2023; 16:1429-1437. [PMID: 37621542 PMCID: PMC10446720 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1429-1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus causes continuous outbreaks, leading to serious economic consequences that affect animal productivity and restrict trade movement. The potential influence of the disease was due to the emergence of new strains or re-emergence of local strains with major antigenic variations due to genetic mutations. This study aims to evaluate circulating virus in samples collected from infected animals during an outbreak using antigenic characterization and identify whether there is an emergence of a new strain or mutation. Materials and Methods Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to screen 86 samples. Viral protein 1 (VP1) codon sequencing was performed. The virus was isolated from the samples inoculated on the baby-hamster kidney cell line and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed for serotyping and antigen detection. Results Based on the RT-PCR screening results, 10 positive samples were selected for sequencing. The sequences belonged to the FMD serotype A African topotype originating from the ancestor prototype Sudan/77, with which it shared 98.48% ± 1.2% similarity. The divergence with local isolates from 2020 was 9.3%. In addition, the sequences were 96.84% ± 1.01% and 95.84% ± 0.79% related to Egyptian-Damietta type 2016 and Sudanese-2018, respectively. Divergence with vaccinal strains ranged from 10% to 17%. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the isolates had variation in the most prominent antigenic regions (residues 35-75) and the immunogenic determinants of the G-H loop of VP1 (residues 100-146 and 161-175). Conclusion The current isolates should be included in the locally produced vaccine to provide broader immunogenic coverage against serotype A African topotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momtaz A. Shahein
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Heba A. Hussein
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - M. H. Ali
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Shimaa M. Ghoniem
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Omayma A. Shemies
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F. Afify
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Amthal Ahmed Fuoad
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Ayah M. Hassan
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Mostafa R. Zaher
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Nahla Hussien AbouEl Ela
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R. Habashi
- Virus Strain Bank, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Samah Eid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M. Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
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Evolutionary Dynamics of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Serotype A and Its Endemic Sub-Lineage A/ASIA/Iran-05/SIS-13 in Pakistan. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081634. [PMID: 35893699 PMCID: PMC9331208 DOI: 10.3390/v14081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) causes severe economic losses to the livestock industry of endemic countries, including Pakistan. Pakistan is part of the endemic pool 3 for foot and mouth disease viruses (FMDV), characterized by co-circulating O, A, and Asia 1 serotypes, as designated by the world reference laboratory for FMD (WRL-FMD). FMDV serotype A lineage ASIA/Iran-05 is widespread in buffalos and cattle populations and was first reported in Pakistan in 2006. This lineage has a high turnover, with as many as 10 sub-lineages reported from Pakistan over the years. In this study, we reconstructed the evolutionary, demographic, and spatial history of serotype A and one of its sub-lineages, A/ASIA/Iran-05/SIS-13, prevalent in Pakistan. We sequenced nearly complete genomes of three isolates belonging to sub-lineage A/ASIA/Iran-05/SIS-13. We estimated recombination patterns and natural selection acting on the serotype A genomes. Source and transmission routes in Pakistan were inferred, and the clustering pattern of isolates of the SIS-13 sub-lineage were mapped on a tree. We hereby report nearly complete genome sequences of isolates belonging to sub-lineage A/ASIA/Iran-05/SIS-13, along with purported recombinant genomes, and highlight that complete coding sequences can better elucidate the endemic history and evolutionary pressures acting on long-term co-circulating FMDV strains.
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Di Nardo A, Ferretti L, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Gelman B, Karniely S, Scherbakov A, Ziay G, Özyörük F, Parlak Ü, Tuncer‐Göktuna P, Hassanzadeh R, Khalaj M, Dastoor SM, Abdollahi D, Khan EUH, Afzal M, Hussain M, Knowles NJ, King DP. Evolutionary and Ecological Drivers Shape the Emergence and Extinction of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lineages. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4346-4361. [PMID: 34115138 PMCID: PMC8476141 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock farming across the world is constantly threatened by the evolutionary turnover of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains in endemic systems, the underlying dynamics of which remain to be elucidated. Here, we map the eco-evolutionary landscape of cocirculating FMDV lineages within an important endemic virus pool encompassing Western, Central, and parts of Southern Asia, reconstructing the evolutionary history and spatial dynamics over the last 20 years that shape the current epidemiological situation. We demonstrate that new FMDV variants periodically emerge from Southern Asia, precipitating waves of virus incursions that systematically travel in a westerly direction. We evidence how metapopulation dynamics drive the emergence and extinction of spatially structured virus populations, and how transmission in different host species regulates the evolutionary space of virus serotypes. Our work provides the first integrative framework that defines coevolutionary signatures of FMDV in regional contexts to help understand the complex interplay between virus phenotypes, host characteristics, and key epidemiological determinants of transmission that drive FMDV evolution in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Gelman
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Sharon Karniely
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Alexey Scherbakov
- Federal Governmental Budgetary Institution “Federal Centre for Animal Health” (FGBI “ARRIAH”), Yur’evets, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Ghulam Ziay
- Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Fuat Özyörük
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ünal Parlak
- Foot and Mouth Disease (ŞAP) Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Reza Hassanzadeh
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khalaj
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Darab Abdollahi
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehtisham-ul-Haq Khan
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Government of Punjab, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Pakistan Office, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Manzoor Hussain
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Pakistan Office, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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7
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Bae S, Li V, Hong J, Kim JN, Kim H. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus A/ASIA/Sea-97 lineage. Virus Genes 2021; 57:443-447. [PMID: 34260046 PMCID: PMC8445868 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) A/ASIA/Sea-97 is a predominant lineage in Southeast Asia and East Asia. However, Sea-97 lineage has not been well studied since its first outbreak in Thailand in 1997. Thus, we conducted phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of Sea-97 using 224 VP1 sequences of FMDV A/ASIA during 1960 and 2018. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Sea-97 lineage can be classified into five groups (G1–G5). After the emergence of G2 from G1, the genetic diversity of Sea-97 increased sharply, causing divergence into G3, G4 and G5. During this evolutionary process, Sea-97 lineage, which was initially found only in some countries in Southeast Asia, gradually spread to East Asia. The evolution rate of this lineage was estimated to be 1.2 × 10–2 substitutions/site/year and there were many differences in amino acid residues compared to vaccine strain. Substitutions at antigenically important sites may affect the efficacy of the vaccine, suggesting the need for appropriate vaccine strains. Our results could provide meaningful information to understand comprehensive characteristic of Sea-97 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Bae
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Li
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyong Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Characterization of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT-2 in Swamp Water Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis) under the Egyptian Smallholder Production System. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061697. [PMID: 34200281 PMCID: PMC8228956 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Continuous mutations of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) result in the emergence of new topotypes and lineages of FMDV, which contribute to an occasional vaccination failure. Thus, molecular characterization of the circulating FMDV strains associated with a recent outbreak in Egyptian water buffaloes is essential for the control strategies. The results revealed that the circulating virus was SAT-2 serotype, closely related to the lineage of lib12, topotype VII, with a similarity of 98.9%. The new incursions reported in this study explain the considerable high morbidity of FMDV outbreaks in Egypt in early 2019. Abstract Spontaneous mutations are a common characteristic of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), leading to wide antigenic variations resulting in the emergence of new topotypes and lineages of FMDV, which contributes to occasional vaccination failures. The objectives of the present study were to genetically characterize FMDV isolated from water buffaloes and study the biochemical and histopathological indicators of infected animals. Fifty-four water buffaloes of both sexes and different ages suffered from acute symptoms of FMD were clinically examined and randomly selected for inclusion in this study. Oral desquamated epithelial and oropharyngeal fluid samples have been tested for FMDV by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Tissue and serum samples were also collected from the diseased buffaloes and subjected to histopathological and biochemical analysis. Our findings showed that all examined samples were confirmed to be positive to FMDV serotype SAT-2 and were adjusted to be responsible for the recent disease outbreak in this study. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the circulating viruses were of the SAT-2 serotype, closely related to the lineage of lib12, topotype VII, with 98.9% identity. The new lineage of SAT-2 showed a high virulence resulting in the deaths of water buffaloes due to heart failure, confirmed by high serum levels of inflammatory and cardiac markers, including haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, cardiac troponin I and creatine phosphokinase-MB, indicating an unfavorable FMD-infection prognosis. In conclusion, we document the presence of new incursions circulating in water buffalo populations in Egypt in early 2019, explaining the high morbidity rate of FMD outbreak in early 2019. Furthermore, the newly identified serotype SAT-2 lib12 lineage, topotype VII, showed an aggressive pattern in water buffaloes of the smallholder production system.
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Tuncer-Göktuna P, Çokçalışkan C, Arslan A, Taşçene N, Uzun EA, Gündüzalp C, Balcı GN, Kara O, Gülyaz V. Monitoring the performance of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines prepared against local strains in the face of antigenic evolution in the field. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:648-655. [PMID: 32677765 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
National programs for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) eradication includes the use of vaccination; Turkey which is endemic to FMD virus (FMDV) (except for the Thrace region) and there is a risk of incursion of exotic strains from eastern borders. In 2015, a devastating outbreak was caused by the A/ASIA/G-VII (G-VII) lineage, which led to the inclusion of a new vaccine strain (A/TUR/15) derived from this lineage in 3 months. Although most of the cattle population in Turkey was then immunized with A/TUR/15 (vaccine coverage: 92.8%), the G-VII lineage continued to cause outbreaks in the field despite the evidence of protection observed with A/TUR/15 in in vivo and in vitro tests. When G-VII field strains were examined, changes in their genomes were detected. As the lineage appeared to be evolving, an unconventional vaccination strategy was adapted which changed the vaccine strain with new variants of G-VII according to antigenic evolution. To assess the suitability of candidate vaccine strains derived from the variants of the G-VII lineage, three viral candidates were assessed (A/TUR/15, A/TUR/16 and A/TUR/17) by in vitro virus neutralization tests for r1 vaccine matching and in vivo heterologous challenge tests. Although all three vaccine strains were antigenically well matched with each other and other G-VII field viruses, due to continues outbreaks the vaccine strain was changed three times in 20 months from A/TUR/15 (Dec 2015) to A/TUR/16 (Dec 2016) and then to A/TUR/17 (Aug 2017). With this strategy serotype A has not been observed in the field since January 2018. This study highlights the importance of adapting the vaccine strains according to antigenic evolution as this could be a valuable combat strategy in endemic countries, rather than using well-known vaccine strain and relying only on the relationship coefficient (r1 ) value.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Osman Kara
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Sap) Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Veli Gülyaz
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Sap) Institute, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Islam MR, Rahman MS, Amin MA, Alam ASMRU, Siddique MA, Sultana M, Hossain MA. Evidence of combined effect of amino acid substitutions within G-H and B-C loops of VP1 conferring serological heterogeneity in foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:375-384. [PMID: 32543041 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A exhibits a higher degree of genetic and antigenic diversity resulting in frequent vaccine failure due to serological mismatch between the vaccine and heterologous strains. Currently, knowledge on the molecular basis of antigenic relationships among the FMDVs is limited; nevertheless, intratype antigenic variation due to mutation(s) is widely considered as the main hurdle to appropriate FMD vaccine development. Here, we studied genetic and antigenic variations of four FMDV serotype A isolates, BAN/GA/Sa-197/2013 (BAN-197), BAN/CH/Sa-304/2016 (BAN-304), BAN/DH/Sa-307/2016 (BAN-307) and BAN/DH/Sa-310/2017 (BAN-310) circulating in Bangladesh during 2013-2017. Initially, antigenic relationships (r1 -values) of the field isolates were evaluated by the two-dimensional microneutralization test (2D-MNT) using the hyperimmune antisera raised in cattle against the vaccine strain, BAN-304. Interesingly, the results showed protective serological cross-reactivity (r1 -values > 0.4) between the vaccine strain and the field isolates, BAN-307 and BAN-310, except BAN-197 that substantially mismatched (r1 = 0.129 ± 0.043) with the BAN-304. Although VP1-based phylogeny grouped all the isolates within the same sublineage C (a subgroup of VP3Δ59 variant) under the lineage A/ASIA/G-VII, strikingly, computational analyses of the viral capsid proteins demonstrated significant deviation at the VP1 G-H loop of BAN-197 from the vaccine strain, while VP(2-4) of both isolates were structurally conserved. To bridge the gap of how the distortion of the G-H loop and consequent antigenic hetergeneity occurred in BAN-197, we performed in silico combinatorial substitutions of the VP1 mutant amino acids (aa) of BAN-197 with the respective residues in BAN-304. Remarkably, our analyses revealed that two substitutions of distantly located aa at B-C (T48I:threonine → isoleucine) and G-H (A143V:alanine → valine) loops, in combination, distorted the VP1 G-H loop. Overall, this work contributes to understanding the molecular basis of antigenic relationships operating in serotype A FMDVs and the selection of suitable vaccine strain(s) for effective prophylaxis of FMD based on VP1-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rafiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Al Amin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Rubayet Ul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Anwar Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Jashore University of Science and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
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11
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Lignereux L, Chaber AL, Saegerman C, Heath L, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, King DP. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in captive scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1716-1724. [PMID: 32011088 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes three episodes of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) that were detected during 2013-2015 in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (SHO), a large Sahelo-Saharan antelope extinct in the wild housed in a wild ungulate breeding facility located 50 km east of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. While no mortality attributable to FMD was noted in the population of nearly 4,000 SHO during two of the three outbreaks, the morbidity varied according to the circulating strains and seroconversion reached a plateau of 78.0% within two weeks and remained at this level for at least nine months. Partial or complete sequencing of the VP1 encoding region demonstrated that the three outbreaks were caused by three different FMDV lineages (O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2, A/ASIA/Iran-05 and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001), consistent with FMD viruses that are circulating elsewhere in the region. These findings demonstrate that SHO are susceptible to FMD and highlight the risks of virus incursion into zoos and captive facilities in the Arabian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lignereux
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Disease Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
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12
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Cross-Protection Induced by a A/MAY/97 Emergency Vaccine Against Intra-Serotype Heterologous Challenge with a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from the A/ASIA/G-VII Lineage. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010024. [PMID: 31947514 PMCID: PMC7157754 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Middle East have been caused by a new emerging viral lineage, A/ASIA/G-VII. Invitro vaccine matching data indicated that this virus poorly matched (low r1-value) with vaccines that were being used in the region as well as most other commercially available vaccines. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of two candidate vaccines against challenge with a representative field virus from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. The results from an initial full dose protection study provided encouraging data for the A/MAY/97 vaccine, while the A22/IRQ/64 vaccine only protected 2/7 vaccinated animals. In view of these promising results, this vaccine was tested in a potency test (PD50) experiment in which 5 cattle were vaccinated with a full dose, 5 cattle with a 1/3 dose and 5 cattle with a 1/9 dose of vaccine. At 21 days post vaccination these vaccinated cattle and 3 control cattle were challenged intradermolingually with a field isolate from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. The intra-serotype heterologous potency test resulted in an intra-serotype heterologous potency of 6.5 PD50/dose. These data support previous studies showing that a high potency emergency vaccine can protect against clinical disease when challenged with a heterologous strain of the same serotype, indicating that not only the r1-value of the vaccine, but also the homologous potency of a vaccine should be taken into account when advising vaccines to control an outbreak.
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13
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Jamal SM, Nazem Shirazi MH, Ozyoruk F, Parlak U, Normann P, Belsham GJ. Evidence for multiple recombination events within foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in West Eurasia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:979-993. [PMID: 31758840 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic studies on foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) circulating in the West Eurasian region have largely focused on the genomic sequences encoding the structural proteins that determine the serotype. The present study has compared near-complete genome sequences of FMDVs representative of the viruses that circulate in this region. The near-complete genome sequences (ca. 7,600 nt) were generated from multiple overlapping RT-PCR products. These amplicons were from FMDVs belonging to serotypes O, A and Asia-1, including members of the O-PanAsia-II and the A-Iran05 lineages, and of Group-II and Group-VII (Sindh-08) within serotype Asia-1, which are currently predominant and widespread in West Eurasia. These new sequences were analysed together with other sequences obtained from GenBank. Comparison of different regions of the FMDVs genomes revealed evidence for multiple, inter-serotypic, recombination events between FMDVs belonging to the serotypes O, A and Asia-1. It is concluded from the present study that dramatic changes in virus sequences can occur in the field through recombination between different FMDV genomes. These analyses provide information about the ancestry of the serotype O, A and Asia-1 FMDVs that are currently circulating within the West Eurasian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Preben Normann
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Denmark
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14
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Development and evaluation of silver amplification immunochromatography kit for foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen detection. J Virol Methods 2019; 275:113736. [PMID: 31669454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A silver amplification immunochromatography (SAI) kit for the detection of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-FMDV-Ag SAI-was developed using the monoclonal antibody 1H5 recognizing the highly conserved N terminus region of VP2. The FMDV-Ag SAI can be used under conditions of high biosecurity containment as it does not require any apparatus. The FMDV-Ag SAI exhibited 10-100 times higher sensitivity against the five serotypes (O, A, Asia1, C, and SAT1) and similar sensitivity against SAT2 and SAT3, compared with the Svanodip® FMDV-Ag kit immunochromatography kit. The Svanodip kit showed inhibitory results with several saliva samples but not with the FMDV-Ag SAI kit. In a validation study using clinical samples (n = 132; vesicular epithelium = 92, vesicular lesion swabs = 20, saliva = 20) in Mongolia, the sensitivity of FMDV-Ag SAI in comparison with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed the following data: vesicular epithelium, 85.4% (76/89); vesicular lesion swab, 46.7% (7/17); and saliva, 36.8% (7/19). No cross-reactivity with the non-FMDV vesicular-forming viruses and taxonomically related viruses of the Picornaviridae family occurred. The FMDV-Ag SAI is a highly sensitive diagnostic tool that enables pen-side diagnosis without requiring the use of any equipment.
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15
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Alnaeem AA, Hemida MG. Surveillance of the equine infectious anemia virus in Eastern and Central Saudi Arabia during 2014-2016. Vet World 2019; 12:719-723. [PMID: 31327910 PMCID: PMC6584864 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.719-723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is one of the most important threats to the equine industry globally. This is due to the poor performance of the affected horses, which requires euthanization of the infected animals upon the infection confirmation. Infected animals remain carriers throughout their life. EIAV infection has been reported in many parts of the world, including North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. However, the EIAV status is never assessed in horses in the Gulf area, especially in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Aim This study aimed to perform molecular and serological surveillance among some horse populations in Eastern and Central Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods Sera and whole blood were collected from 361 horses and 19 donkeys from the eastern and central regions of Saudi Arabia during January 2014-December 2016. Sera were tested by the commercial EIAV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Moreover, the collected blood samples were tested by the commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction kits. Results Our serological surveillance revealed the absence of any antibodies against EIAV in the tested animals. Similar results were reported for the tested horses' plasma. This study confirms the absence of EIAV in horses and donkeys from Eastern and Central Saudi Arabia during the tenure of the current study. However, careful monitoring of the EIAV is highly recommended to avoid the emergence of such a virus in the horse population in Saudi Arabia. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first EIAV surveillance conducted not only in Saudi Arabia but also in the Gulf area. This study confirms the absence of EIAV in the tested equine population in the eastern and central regions of Saudi Arabia during 2014-2016.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
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16
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Kerfua SD, Shirima G, Kusiluka L, Ayebazibwe C, Martin E, Arinaitwe E, Cleaveland S, Haydon DT. Low topotype diversity of recent foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from districts located along the Uganda and Tanzania border. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e4. [PMID: 30944527 PMCID: PMC6441803 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important livestock diseases in East Africa with outbreaks reported annually that cause severe economic losses. It is possible to control disease using vaccination, but antigenic matching of the vaccine to circulating strains is critical. To determine the relationship between foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in districts along the Uganda and Tanzanian border between 2016 and 2017 and currently used vaccines, phylogenetic analysis of the full VP1 virus sequences was carried out on samples collected from both sides of the border. A total of 43 clinical samples were collected from animals exhibiting signs of FMD and VP1 sequences generated from 11 of them. Eight out of the 11 sequences obtained belonged to serotype O and three belonged to serotype A. The serotype O sequences obtained showed limited nucleotide divergence (average of 4.9%) and belonged to topotype East Africa-2, whereas the most common O-type vaccine strain used in the region (O/KEN/77/78) belonged to East Africa-1. The serotype A viruses belonged to topotype Africa-G1 (average nucleotide divergence 7.4%), as did vaccine strain K5/1980. However, vaccine strain K35/1980 belonged to Africa G VII with an average sequence divergence of 20.5% from the study sequences. The genetic distances between current vaccine strains and circulating field strains underscores the crucial need for regular vaccine matching and the importance of collaborative efforts for better control of FMD along this border area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Diana Kerfua
- Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, P.O.Box 447, Tanzania.,Department of Microbiology, National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Wakiso, P.O.Box 5704, Uganda
| | - Gabriel Shirima
- Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, P.O.Box 447, Tanzania
| | - Lughano Kusiluka
- Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, Mzumbe University, Morogoro, P.O.Box 1, Tanzania
| | - Chrisostom Ayebazibwe
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiological Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, P.O.Box 53, Uganda
| | - Esau Martin
- Department of Immunology, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiological Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, P.O.Box 53, Uganda
| | - Eugene Arinaitwe
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiological Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, P.O.Box 53, Uganda
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G128QQ, United Kingdom
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17
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Hemida MG, Rizk El-Ghareeb W, Al-Hizab F, Ibrahim A. Foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind 2001 lineage outbreak in vaccinated Holstein Friesian cattle in Saudi Arabia in 2016. Vet Q 2019; 38:88-98. [PMID: 30706772 PMCID: PMC6831000 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2018.1539568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious viral infection of large ruminants. Despite the massive application of vaccines against FMDV, several outbreaks are still being reported in Africa and Asia. Aim: To perform molecular characterization of FMDV in an outbreak among a cattle herd Saudi Arabia in 2016. This herd had been vaccinated with a polyvalent FMDV vaccine. Methods: To investigate this outbreak, we collected specimens from 77 animals showing typical clinical signs of FMDV. Specimens including sera, nasal swabs, and tissues (tongue, coronary bands, hooves, and hearts) were collected. We tested the collected cattle sera for the presence of FMDV antibodies with commercial ELISA kits. In addition, we tested the swabs for the presence of the most common FMDV strains (O, A, Asia-1 and SAT-2) with RT-PCR using serotype-specific oligonucleotides. Results: Serology showed that 22% of the tested sera were positive. Molecular testing of the examined swabs confirmed that 24% of the tested animals were positive. Our sequencing analysis confirmed that the circulating strains of FMDV belonged to FMDV serotype O. The phylogenetic tree based on the FMDV-VP-1 gene revealed high nucleotide identity between the circulating strains and the Bangladesh strain (99%). These strains were distinct (shared 89% nucleotide identity) from the FMDV-O strains used for the preparation of the vaccine administered to the animals in this herd. Moreover, they had 7% nucleotide difference between the FMDV-O strains reported in Saudi Arabian in 2013. Conclusion: More in-depth molecular characterization of these FMDV strains is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Gomaa Hemida
- a Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine , King Faisal University , Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia.,b Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Kafrelsheikh University , Kafelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Walid Rizk El-Ghareeb
- c Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine , King Faisal University , Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia.,d Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Zagazig University , Al Sharqia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Fahad Al-Hizab
- e Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary medicine , King Faisal University , Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelazim Ibrahim
- e Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary medicine , King Faisal University , Saudi Arabia.,f Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Suez Canal University , Ismailia Governorate, Egypt
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18
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Singh I, Deb R, Kumar S, Singh R, Andonissamy J, Smita S, Sengar GS, Kumar R, Ojha KK, Sahoo NR, Murali S, Chandran R, Nair RV, Lal SB, Mishra DC, Rai A. Deciphering foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus-host tropism. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:4779-4789. [PMID: 30654708 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1567386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of interactions between foot and mouth disease (FMD) viral protein 1 (VP1) with susceptible and resistant host integrins were deciphered. The putative effect of site-directed mutation on alteration of interaction is illustrated using predicted and validated 3D structures of VP1, mutated VP1 and integrins of Bos taurus, Gallus and Canis. Strong interactions were observed between FMDV-VP1 protein motifs at conserved tripeptide, Arg-Gly-Asp 143RGD145 and at domain 676SIPLQ680 in alpha-integrin of B. taurus. Notably, in-silico site-directed mutation in FMDV-VP1 protein led to complete loss of interaction between FMD-VP1 protein and B. taurus integrin, which confirmed the active role of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) domain. Interestingly, in-vitro analysis demonstrates the persistence of the putative tropism site 'SIPLQ' in different cattle breeds undertaken. Thus, the attempt to decipher the tropism of FMDV at host receptor level interaction might be useful for future FMD control strategies through development of mimetic marker vaccines and/or host receptor manipulations. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Singh
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle , Meerut , India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
| | - Rani Singh
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle , Meerut , India
| | | | - Shuchi Smita
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
| | | | - Rajiv Kumar
- ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute , Avikanagar , India
| | | | | | - S Murali
- ICAR-India National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources , Lucknow , India
| | - Rejani Chandran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology , Cochin , India
| | | | - S B Lal
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
| | - Dwijesh Chandra Mishra
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
| | - Anil Rai
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
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19
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Versatility of the adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease vaccine platform across multiple foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes and topotypes using a vaccine dose representative of the AdtA24 conditionally licensed vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:7345-7352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Mahapatra M, Parida S. Foot and mouth disease vaccine strain selection: current approaches and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:577-591. [PMID: 29950121 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1492378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lack of cross protection between foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) serotypes as well as incomplete protection between some subtypes of FMDV affect the application of vaccine in the field. Further, the emergence of new variant FMD viruses periodically makes the existing vaccine inefficient. Consequently, periodical vaccine strain selection either by in vivo methods or in vitro methods become an essential requirement to enable utilization of appropriate and efficient vaccines. AREAS COVERED Here we describe the cross reactivity of the existing vaccines with the global pool of circulating viruses and the putative selected vaccine strains for targeting protection against the two major circulating serotype O and A FMD viruses for East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and South East Asia. EXPERT COMMENTARY Although in vivo cross protection studies are more appropriate methods for vaccine matching and selection than in vitro neutralization test or ELISA, in the face of an outbreak both in vivo and in vitro methods of vaccine matching are not easy, and time consuming. The FMDV capsid contains all the immunogenic epitopes, and therefore vaccine strain prediction models using both capsid sequence and serology data will likely replace existing tools in the future.
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21
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Jamal SM, Belsham GJ. Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of foot-and-mouth disease virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 59:84-98. [PMID: 29412184 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for one of the most economically important infectious diseases of livestock. The virus spreads very easily and continues to affect many countries (mainly in Africa and Asia). The risks associated with the introduction of FMDV result in major barriers to trade in animals and their products. Seven antigenically distinct forms of the virus are known, called serotypes, but serotype C has not been detected anywhere for many years and may now be extinct. The serotypes have been further divided into topotypes (except for serotype Asia-1 viruses, which comprise a single topotype), genotypes, lineages and sub-lineages, which are usually restricted to specific geographical regions. However, sometimes, trans-regional spread of some strains occurs. Due to the error-prone replication of the RNA genome, the virus continuously evolves and new strains frequently arise (e.g. with modified antigenicity). Using nucleotide sequencing technologies, this rapid evolution of the viral genome can be followed. This allows the tracing of virus transmission pathways within an outbreak of disease if (near) full-length genome sequences can be generated. Furthermore, the movement of distinct virus lineages, from one country to another can be analyzed. Some important examples of the spread of new strains of FMD virus are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (L), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Graham J Belsham
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave 4771, Denmark.
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Brito BP, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Pattnaik B, Rodriguez LL, Moore BR, Perez AM. Dynamics of widespread foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A, O and Asia-1 in southern Asia: A Bayesian phylogenetic perspective. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:696-710. [PMID: 29250910 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is, arguably, the animal disease with the most devastating global economic impact owing in part, to the severe trade restrictions imposed upon affected countries and regions. South Asia is one of the regions where widespread lineages of the FMDV virus (FMDV) have emerged. Here, we performed an integrative phylogenetic analysis of all FMDV serotypes (A, O and Asia-1) circulating in southern Asia, including viral sequences collected until 2013. Our results describe the occurrence of FMD caused by different serotypes and lineages, focusing in the cycles where a specific lineage predominates within a region for a protracted period and then are rapidly or progressively replaced by an emergent or re-emergent strain that is introduced from an adjacent region. Transmission between the two main regions in southern Asia (the Indian subcontinent and the region comprised by Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan) has been limited. Results of time divergence estimation of lineages that currently circulate in this region indicate that the most recent common ancestor of endemic lineages are: 1992 [1989-1995] for lineage O/PanAsia; 1997 [1995-1999] for PanAsia2; 2001 [1998-2004] for O/Ind2001; 2001 [2000-2002] for A/Iran-05; 1990 [1988-1991] for A/G-18 (G-VII); 2003 [2000-2006] for Asia-1 Sindh08 and 2002 [1999-2004] for Asia-1 G-VIII. We estimated the mean of the overall substitution rate of the VP1 coding region (substitution/site/year) for serotype O (5.95 × 10-3 ), serotype A (1.19 × 10-2 ) and serotype Asia-1 (3.08 × 10-3 ). The potential factors driving the lineage turnover are discussed. Our results provide insights into the ecological and evolutionary factors driving the emergence of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Brito
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - J K Mohapatra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Subramaniam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B Pattnaik
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - L L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - B R Moore
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A M Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Ularamu HG, Ibu JO, Wood BA, Abenga JN, Lazarus DD, Wungak YS, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, King DP, Shamaki D, Adah MI. Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses Collected in Nigeria Between 2007 and 2014: Evidence for Epidemiological Links Between West and East Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:1867-1876. [PMID: 27718336 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the molecular characterization of 47 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses recovered from field outbreaks in Nigeria between 2007 and 2014. Antigen ELISA of viral isolates was used to identify FMD virus serotypes O, A and SAT 2. Phylogenetic analyses of VP1 nucleotide sequences provide evidence for the presence of multiple sublineages of serotype SAT 2, and O/EAST AFRICA 3 (EA-3) and O/WEST AFRICA topotypes in the country. In contrast, for serotype A, a single monophyletic cluster of viruses has persisted within Nigeria (2009-2013). These results demonstrate the close genetic relatedness of viruses in Nigeria to those from other African countries, including the first formal characterization of serotype O/EA-3 viruses in Nigeria. The introductions and persistence of certain viral lineages in Nigeria may reflect transmission patterns via nomadic pastoralism and animal trade. Continuous monitoring of field outbreaks is necessary to dissect the complexity of FMD epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Ularamu
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - J O Ibu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - B A Wood
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - J N Abenga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - D D Lazarus
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Y S Wungak
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | | | - V Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D Shamaki
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - M I Adah
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
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Yang M, Xu W, Bittner H, Horsington J, Vosloo W, Goolia M, Lusansky D, Nfon C. Generation of mAbs to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A and application in a competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis. Virol J 2016; 13:195. [PMID: 27894355 PMCID: PMC5126828 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically devastating disease that severely limits international trade of animals. Of the seven FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes, serotype A is one of the most widespread cross the world. Currently antibodies to FMDV are detected in animals using the virus neutralization test (VNT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The VNT is laborious, time-consuming and reliant on live virus and cell cultures, while ELISA has the advantage of using inactivated antigens and often provides more reproducible results. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable and rapid competitive ELISA (cELISA) for the detection of antibodies to FMDV serotype A (FMDV/A). RESULTS A panel of FMDV/A specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was generated and their ability to compete with a polyclonal serum from FMDV/A-infected cattle was examined. Two mAbs inhibited the binding of a polyclonal serum to FMDV/A viruses. The binding epitopes of each were determined as conformational and located on the VP2 viral capsid protein. The FMDV/A cELISA was developed using these two mAbs and FMDV/A inactivated virus as antigen. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity were 99.7 and 99.3% (98.5-100%) respectively, based on a predetermined cut-off of 50% inhibition. When analysing sera from animals experimentally infected with FMDV/A, the cELISA detected antibodies from 5-days post infection (dpi) and remained positive for at least 21-28 days post infection. Comparison based on the Kappa coefficient showed strong agreement (90-94%) between cELISA and VNT. CONCLUSION The cELISA results are comparable to the VNT for antibody detection making it a simple and reliable test to detect antibodies against FMDV/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada.
| | - Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Hilary Bittner
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Jacquelyn Horsington
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Melissa Goolia
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Diana Lusansky
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
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Mahapatra M, Statham B, Li Y, Hammond J, Paton D, Parida S. Emergence of antigenic variants within serotype A FMDV in the Middle East with antigenically critical amino acid substitutions. Vaccine 2016; 34:3199-3206. [PMID: 27016651 PMCID: PMC4912224 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The recent A-Iran-05 viruses circulating in the Middle East do not match with the existing vaccines. Full capsid sequence of 13 SIS-10 and SIS-12 viruses was generated. The r1-values generated using antisera raised against two existing vaccines and a new vaccine. Amino acid changes in neutralizing antigenic sites 1, 2 and 4 were observed.
A new immunologically distinct strain (A-Iran-05) of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A emerged in the Middle East in 2003 that replaced the previously circulating strains (A-Iran-96 and A-Iran-99) in the region. This resulted in introduction of a new vaccine of this strain (A/TUR/2006) in 2006. Though this vaccine strain has been predominantly used to control FMD in the region, recent viruses isolated in 2012 and 2013 have shown antigenic drift and a poor match with it. In this study, we report the antigenic matching results and capsid sequence data of currently circulating viruses belonging to the SIS-10 and SIS-12 sub-lineages of A-Iran-05 (isolated in 2012 and 2013), highlighting the inadequacy of the currently used serotype A vaccines. Implications of these results in the context of FMD control in the Middle East are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Bob Statham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Yanmin Li
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Jef Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - David Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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26
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Mass vaccination, immunity and coverage: modelling population protection against foot-and-mouth disease in Turkish cattle. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22121. [PMID: 26916556 PMCID: PMC4768268 DOI: 10.1038/srep22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Turkey is controlled using biannual mass vaccination of cattle. However, vaccine protection is undermined by population turnover and declining immunity. A dynamic model of the Turkish cattle population was created. Assuming biannual mass vaccination with a single-dose primary course, vaccine history was calculated for the simulated population (number of doses and time since last vaccination). This was used to estimate population immunity. Six months after the last round of vaccination almost half the cattle aged < 24 months remain unvaccinated. Only 50% of all cattle would have received > 1 vaccine dose in their life with the last dose given ≤ 6 months ago. Five months after the last round of vaccination two-thirds of cattle would have low antibody titres (< 70% protection threshold). Giving a two-dose primary vaccination course reduces the proportion of 6-12 month old cattle with low titres by 20-30%. Biannual mass vaccination of cattle leaves significant immunity gaps and over-reliance on vaccine protection should be avoided. Using more effective vaccines and vaccination strategies will increase population immunity, however, the extent to which FMD can be controlled by vaccination alone without effective biosecurity remains uncertain.
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Complete Genome Sequence of a Serotype A Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from an Outbreak in Saudi Arabia during 2015. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/1/e01591-15. [PMID: 26798100 PMCID: PMC4722267 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01591-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) type A virus isolated from cattle in Saudi Arabia in 2015 is described here. This virus belongs to an FMD virus lineage named genotype VII, which is normally endemic on the Indian subcontinent.
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Kasanga CJ, Wadsworth J, Mpelumbe-Ngeleja CAR, Sallu R, Kivaria F, Wambura PN, Yongolo MGS, Rweyemamu MM, Knowles NJ, King DP. Molecular Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses Collected in Tanzania Between 1967 and 2009. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 62:e19-29. [PMID: 24460931 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) recovered from outbreaks in Tanzania that occurred between 1967 and 2009. A total of 44 FMDV isolates, containing representatives of serotypes O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 from 13 regions of Tanzania, were selected from the FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) virus collection. VP1 nucleotide sequences were determined for RT-PCR amplicons, and phylogenetic reconstructions were determined by maximum likelihood and neighbour-joining methods. These analyses showed that Tanzanian type O viruses fell into the EAST AFRICA 2 (EA-2) topotype, type A viruses fell into the AFRICA topotype (genotype I), type SAT 1 viruses into topotype I and type SAT 2 viruses into topotype IV. Taken together, these findings reveal that serotypes O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 that caused FMD outbreaks in Tanzania were genetically related to lineages and topotypes occurring in the East African region. The close genetic relationship of viruses in Tanzania to those from other countries suggests that animal movements can contribute to virus dispersal in sub-Saharan Africa. This is the first molecular description of viruses circulating in Tanzania and highlights the need for further sampling of representative viruses from the region so as to elucidate the complex epidemiology of FMD in Tanzania and sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kasanga
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture, FVM, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - J Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Woking Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | | | - R Sallu
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - F Kivaria
- National Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - P N Wambura
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture, FVM, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - M G S Yongolo
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - M M Rweyemamu
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture, FVM, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - N J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Woking Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Woking Surrey, Surrey, UK
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Zheng H, Lian K, Yang F, Jin Y, Zhu Z, Guo J, Cao W, Liu H, He J, Zhang K, Li D, Liu X. Cross-protective efficacy of engineering serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine against the two pandemic strains in swine. Vaccine 2015; 33:5772-5778. [PMID: 26431990 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals worldwide. Recently, a series of outbreaks of type A FMDV occurred in Southeast Asian countries, China, the Russia Federation, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and South Korea. The FMD virus (A/GDMM/CHA/2013) from China's Guangdong province (2013) is representative of those responsible for the latest epidemic, and has low amino acid identity (93.9%) in VP1 protein with the epidemic strain A/WH/CHA/09 from Wuhan, China in 2009. Both of isolates belong to the Sea-97 genotype of ASIA topotype. Therefore, the application of a new vaccine strain with cross-protective efficacy is of fundamental importance to control the spread of the two described pandemic strains. A chimeric strain rA/P1-FMDV constructed by our lab previously through replacing the P1 gene in the vaccine strain O/CHA/99 with that from the epidemic stain A/WH/CHA/09, has been demonstrated to exhibit good growth characteristics in culture, and the rA/P1-FMDV inactivated vaccine can provide protection against epidemic strain A/WH/CHA/09 in cattle. However, it is still unclear whether the vaccine produces efficient protection against the new pandemic strain (A/GDMM/CHA/2013). Here, vaccine matching and pig 50% protective dose (PD50) tests were performed to assess the vaccine potency. The vaccine matching test showed cross-reactivity of sera from full dose vaccine vaccinated pigs with A/WH/CHA/09 and A/GDMM/CHA/2013 isolates, with average r1 values of 0.94±0.12 and 0.68±0.06 (r1≥0.3), which indicates that the rA/P1-FMDV vaccine is likely to confer good cross-protection against the two isolates. When challenged with two pandemic isolates A/WH/CHA/09 and A/GDMM/CHA/2013 strain, the vaccine achieved 12.51 PD50 and 10.05 PD50 per dose (2.8μg), respectively. The results indicated that the rA/P1-FMDV inactivated vaccine could protect pigs against both A/WH/CHA/09 and A/GDMM/CHA/2013 pandemic isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Kaiqi Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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Morioka K, Fukai K, Yoshida K, Kitano R, Yamazoe R, Yamada M, Nishi T, Kanno T. Development and Evaluation of a Rapid Antigen Detection and Serotyping Lateral Flow Antigen Detection System for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134931. [PMID: 26270053 PMCID: PMC4535846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a lateral flow strip using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which allows for rapid antigen detection and serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). This FMDV serotyping strip was able to detect all 7 serotypes and distinguish serotypes O, A, C and Asia1. Its sensitivities ranged from 103 to 104 of a 50% tissue culture infectious dose of each FMDV stain; this is equal to those of the commercial product Svanodip (Boehringer Ingelheim Svanova, Uppsala, Sweden), which can detect all seven serotypes of FMDV, but does not distinguish them. Our evaluation of the FMDV serotyping strip using a total of 118 clinical samples (vesicular fluids, vesicular epithelial emulsions and oral and/or nasal swabs) showed highly sensitive antigen detection and accuracy in serotyping in accordance with ELISA or RT-PCR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on any FMDV serotyping strip that provides both rapid antigen detection and serotyping of FMDV at the same time on one strip without extra devices. This method will be useful in both FMD-free countries and FMD-infected countries, especially where laboratory diagnosis cannot be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Kitano
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamazoe
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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31
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Brito BP, Rodriguez LL, Hammond JM, Pinto J, Perez AM. Review of the Global Distribution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from 2007 to 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:316-332. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. P. Brito
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - L. L. Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - J. M. Hammond
- Centre for Animal & Plant Biosecurity; NSW Department of Primary Industries; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute; Menangle NSW Australia
| | - J. Pinto
- Animal Health Service; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rome Italy
| | - A. M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
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Evolutionary analysis of structural protein gene VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia 1. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:734253. [PMID: 25793223 PMCID: PMC4352495 DOI: 10.1155/2015/734253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia 1 was mostly endemic in Asia and then was responsible for economically important viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, but the study on its selection and evolutionary process is comparatively rare. In this study, we characterized 377 isolates from Asia collected up until 2012, including four vaccine strains. Maximum likelihood analysis suggested that the strains circulating in Asia were classified into 8 different groups (groups I–VIII) or were unclassified (viruses collected before 2000). On the basis of divergence time analyses, we infer that the TMRCA of Asia 1 virus existed approximately 86.29 years ago. The result suggested that the virus had a high mutation rate (5.745 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year) in comparison to the other serotypes of FMDV VP1 gene. Furthermore, the structural protein VP1 was under lower selection pressure and the positive selection occurred at many sites, and four codons (positions 141, 146, 151, and 169) were located in known critical antigenic residues. The remaining sites were not located in known functional regions and were moderately conserved, and the reason for supporting all sites under positive selection remains to be elucidated because the power of these analyses was largely unknown.
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Namatovu A, Tjørnehøj K, Belsham GJ, Dhikusooka MT, Wekesa SN, Muwanika VB, Siegismund HR, Ayebazibwe C. Characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) from Ugandan cattle outbreaks during 2012-2013: evidence for circulation of multiple serotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114811. [PMID: 25664876 PMCID: PMC4321839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes circulating in Uganda's cattle population, both serological and virological analyses of samples from outbreaks that occurred during 2012-2013 were performed. Altogether, 79 sera and 60 oropharyngeal fluid (OP)/tissue/oral swab samples were collected from herds with reported FMD outbreaks in seven different Ugandan districts. Overall, 61/79 (77%) of the cattle sera were positive for antibodies against FMDV by PrioCHECK FMDV NS ELISA and solid phase blocking ELISA detected titres ≥ 80 for serotypes O, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 in 41, 45, 30 and 45 of these 61 seropositive samples, respectively. Virus neutralisation tests detected the highest levels of neutralising antibodies (titres ≥ 45) against serotype O in the herds from Kween and Rakai districts, against SAT 1 in the herd from Nwoya district and against SAT 2 in the herds from Kiruhura, Isingiro and Ntungamo districts. The isolation of a SAT 2 FMDV from Isingiro was consistent with the detection of high levels of neutralising antibodies against SAT 2; sequencing (for the VP1 coding region) indicated that this virus belonged to lineage I within this serotype, like the currently used vaccine strain. From the Wakiso district 11 tissue/swab samples were collected; serotype A FMDV, genotype Africa (G-I), was isolated from the epithelial samples. This study shows that within a period of less than one year, FMD outbreaks in Uganda were caused by four different serotypes namely O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2. Therefore, to enhance the control of FMD in Uganda, there is need for efficient and timely determination of outbreak virus strains/serotypes and vaccine matching. The value of incorporating serotype A antigen into the imported vaccines along with the current serotype O, SAT 1 and SAT 2 strains should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Namatovu
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kirsten Tjørnehøj
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Moses T. Dhikusooka
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sabenzia N. Wekesa
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Livestock Development, P. O. Box 18021, Embakasi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent B. Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hans R. Siegismund
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Chrisostom Ayebazibwe
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
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Lee SY, Park ME, Kim RH, Ko MK, Lee KN, Kim SM, Shim HS, Kim B, Lee JS, Park JH. Genetic and immunologic relationships between vaccine and field strains for vaccine selection of type A foot-and-mouth disease virus circulating in East Asia. Vaccine 2014; 33:664-9. [PMID: 25528521 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Of the seven known serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), type A has the most diverse variations. Genetic variations also occur frequently at VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4 because these proteins constitute the viral capsid. The structural proteins of FMDV, which are closely related to immunologic correlations, are the most easily analyzed because they have highly accessible information. In this study we analyzed the type A vaccine viruses by alignment of available sequences in order to find appropriate vaccine strains. The matching rate of ASIA topotype-specific sites (20 amino acids) located on the viral surface, which are mainly VP1 and VP2, was highly related to immunologic reactivity. Among the available vaccines analyzed in this study, we suggest that A Malaysia 97 could be used as a vaccine virus as it has the highest genetic similarity and immunologic aspects to field strains originating in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea; Veterinary College, Chungnam National University, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Eun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea; Veterinary College, Chungnam National University, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Rae-Hyung Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Sub Shim
- Gyeonggi Province Veterinary Service Center, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 456-823, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- Veterinary College, Chungnam National University, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Bari FD, Parida S, Tekleghiorghis T, Dekker A, Sangula A, Reeve R, Haydon DT, Paton DJ, Mahapatra M. Genetic and antigenic characterisation of serotype A FMD viruses from East Africa to select new vaccine strains. Vaccine 2014; 32:5794-800. [PMID: 25171846 PMCID: PMC4194315 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine strain selection for emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreaks in enzootic countries can be addressed through antigenic and genetic characterisation of recently circulating viruses. A total of 56 serotype A FMDVs isolated between 1998 and 2012, from Central, East and North African countries were characterised antigenically by virus neutralisation test using antisera to three existing and four candidate vaccine strains and, genetically by characterising the full capsid sequence data. A Bayesian analysis of the capsid sequence data revealed the viruses to be of either African or Asian topotypes with subdivision of the African topotype viruses into four genotypes (Genotypes I, II, IV and VII). The existing vaccine strains were found to be least cross-reactive (good matches observed for only 5.4-46.4% of the sampled viruses). Three bovine antisera, raised against A-EA-2007, A-EA-1981 and A-EA-1984 viruses, exhibited broad cross-neutralisation, towards more than 85% of the circulating viruses. Of the three vaccines, A-EA-2007 was the best showing more than 90% in-vitro cross-protection, as well as being the most recent amongst the vaccine strains used in this study. It therefore appears antigenically suitable as a vaccine strain to be used in the region in FMD control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufa D Bari
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Aldo Dekker
- Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Richard Reeve
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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Di Nardo A, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Haydon DT, King DP. Phylodynamic reconstruction of O CATHAY topotype foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemics in the Philippines. Vet Res 2014; 45:90. [PMID: 25209700 PMCID: PMC4177241 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing the evolutionary history, demographic signal and dispersal processes from viral genome sequences contributes to our understanding of the epidemiological dynamics underlying epizootic events. In this study, a Bayesian phylogenetic framework was used to explore the phylodynamics and spatio-temporal dispersion of the O CATHAY topotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that caused epidemics in the Philippines between 1994 and 2005. Sequences of the FMDV genome encoding the VP1 showed that the O CATHAY FMD epizootic in the Philippines resulted from a single introduction and was characterised by three main transmission hubs in Rizal, Bulacan and Manila Provinces. From a wider regional perspective, phylogenetic reconstruction of all available O CATHAY VP1 nucleotide sequences identified three distinct sub-lineages associated with country-based clusters originating in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), the Philippines and Taiwan. The root of this phylogenetic tree was located in Hong Kong SAR, representing the most likely source for the introduction of this lineage into the Philippines and Taiwan. The reconstructed O CATHAY phylodynamics revealed three chronologically distinct evolutionary phases, culminating in a reduction in viral diversity over the final 10 years. The analysis suggests that viruses from the O CATHAY topotype have been continually maintained within swine industries close to Hong Kong SAR, following the extinction of virus lineages from the Philippines and the reduced number of FMD cases in Taiwan.
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Sallu RS, Kasanga CJ, Mathias M, Yongolo M, Mpelumbe-Ngeleja C, Mulumba M, Ranga E, Wambura P, Rweyemamu M, Knowles N, King D. Molecular survey for foot-and-mouth disease virus in livestock in Tanzania, 2008-2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 81:E1-6. [PMID: 25005022 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v81i2.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Phylogeography data are of paramount importance in studying the molecular epidemiology dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). In this study, epithelial samples and oesophageal-pharyngeal fluids were collected from 361 convalescent animals (cattle and buffaloes) in the field throughout Tanzania between 2009 and 2013. The single plex real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay for rapid and accurate diagnosis of FMDV employing the Callahan 3DF-2, 3DF-R primers and Callahan 3DP-1 probe were used. Preparation of the samples was performed according to the OIE manual, with a Kenya O serotype obtained from the attenuated vaccine serving as a positive control and samples collected from healthy animals serving as true negatives. The results indicated that 53.49% of samples (n = 176) were positive for FMDV genome by qRT-PCR, with Ct values ranging from 14 to 32. In addition, molecular typing of the FMDV genome positive samples using serotype specific primers revealed the existence of several serotypes: serotype South Africa Territory 1 (SAT1) (34.25%, n = 60), serotype A (68.92%, n = 98), serotype O (59.20%, n = 98) and SAT2 (54.54%, n = 96). The virus protein 1 sequences analysis for 35 samples was performed and the collective results indicated: 54.28% serotype O, 25.71% serotype A, 14.28% serotype SAT1 and 2.85% serotype SAT2. Therefore in this study, both the phylogenetic trees and spatial distribution of serotypes elucidated the phylodynamics of multiple FMDV field strains in Tanzania and neighbouring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael S Sallu
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Southern African Centre for Infectious Diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania.
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38
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Jafarzadeh SR, Norris M, Thurmond MC. Prediction of province-level outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Iran using a zero-inflated negative binomial model. Prev Vet Med 2014; 115:101-8. [PMID: 24768434 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To identify events that could predict province-level frequency of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Iran, 5707 outbreaks reported from April 1995 to March 2002 were studied. A zero-inflated negative binomial model was used to estimate the probability of a 'no-outbreak' status and the number of outbreaks in a province, using the number of previous occurrences of FMD for the same or adjacent provinces and season as covariates. For each province, the probability of observing no outbreak was negatively associated with the number of outbreaks in the same province in the previous month (odds ratio [OR]=0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01, 0.30) and in 'the second previous month' (OR=0.10, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.51), the total number of outbreaks in the second previous month in adjacent provinces (OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.91) and the season (winter [OR=0.18, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.55] and spring [OR=0.27, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.81], compared with summer). The expected number of outbreaks in a province was positively associated with number of outbreaks in the same province in previous month (coefficient [coef]=0.74, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.82) and in the second previous month (coef=0.23, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.31), total number of outbreaks in adjacent provinces in the previous month (coef=0.32, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.41) and season (fall [coef=0.20, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.33] and spring [coef=0.18, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.31], compared to summer); however, number of outbreaks was negatively associated with the total number of outbreaks in adjacent provinces in the second previous month (coef=-0.19, 95% CI: -0.28, -0.09). The findings indicate that the probability of an outbreak (and the expected number of outbreaks if any) may be predicted based on previous province information, which could help decision-makers allocate resources more efficiently for province-level disease control measures. Further, the study illustrates use of zero inflated negative binomial model to study diseases occurrence where disease is infrequently observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reza Jafarzadeh
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Michelle Norris
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Sacramento, USA
| | - Mark C Thurmond
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, USA
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Ayelet G, Gelaye E, Jenberie S, Asmare K. Sequence variability in the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A and O of Ethiopian isolates. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:558-66. [PMID: 24684893 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A total of 13 serotype O and 5 serotype A FMD Ethiopian isolates and some isolates from other countries (six for serotype A and four for serotype O) were sequenced on the structural protein (P1) coding region. The deduced amino acid sequences were aligned and investigated in an attempt to determine the amino acid variation. Differences were observed at 115 (15.6%) and 119 (16.1%) amino acid positions for serotype O and serotype A, respectively. The variation in the derived amino acid sequences is the highest in VP1, while VP4 was highly conserved in both serotypes A and O. In all isolates, hypervariable regions were located at regions corresponding to the highly immunogenic sites, the G-H loop (133-158) and the C-terminus (194-213) of the VP1 gene. The RGD cell attachment site within the G-H loop of the gene was conserved in all isolates. The study revealed the presence of significant amino acid variation at VP2 and VP3 in addition to known VP1 coding region. Hence, determination of amino acid sequence of the whole P1 region provides more information on antigenic variability of FMD virus and could be used in vaccine strain selection in parallel with serological vaccine matching assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelagay Ayelet
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 19, Hora street, Debre-zeit, Ethiopia; Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 19, Hora street, Debre-zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Jenberie
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 19, Hora street, Debre-zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Asmare
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway; School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Comparison of test methodologies for foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A vaccine matching. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:674-83. [PMID: 24623625 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00034-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination has been one of the most important interventions in disease prevention and control. The impact of vaccination largely depends on the quality and suitability of the chosen vaccine. To determine the suitability of a vaccine strain, antigenic matching is usually studied by in vitro analysis. In this study, we performed three in vitro test methods to determine which one gives the lowest variability and the highest discriminatory capacity. Binary ethylenimine inactivated vaccines, prepared from 10 different foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype A strains, were used to vaccinate cattle (5 animals for each strain). The antibody titers in blood serum samples 3 weeks postvaccination (w.p.v.) were determined by a virus neutralization test, neutralization index test, and liquid-phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The titers were then used to calculate relationship coefficient (r1) values. These r1 values were compared to the genetic lineage using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. In the two neutralization test methods, the median titers observed against the test strains differed considerably, and the sera of the vaccinated animals did not always show the highest titers against their respective homologous virus strains. When the titers were corrected for test strain effect (scaling), the variability (standard error of the mean per vaccinated group) increased because the results were on a different scale, but the discriminatory capacity improved. An ROC analysis of the r1 value calculated on both observed and scaled titers showed that only r1 values of the liquid-phase blocking ELISA gave a consistent statistically significant result. Under the conditions of the present study, the liquid-phase blocking ELISA showed less variation and still had a higher discriminatory capacity than the other tests.
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41
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Jamal SM, Belsham GJ. Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and future. Vet Res 2013; 44:116. [PMID: 24308718 PMCID: PMC4028749 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, pigs, sheep and many wildlife species. It can cause enormous economic losses when incursions occur into countries which are normally disease free. In addition, it has long-term effects within countries where the disease is endemic due to reduced animal productivity and the restrictions on international trade in animal products. The disease is caused by infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a picornavirus. Seven different serotypes (and numerous variants) of FMDV have been identified. Some serotypes have a restricted geographical distribution, e.g. Asia-1, whereas others, notably serotype O, occur in many different regions. There is no cross-protection between serotypes and sometimes protection conferred by vaccines even of the same serotype can be limited. Thus it is important to characterize the viruses that are circulating if vaccination is being used for disease control. This review describes current methods for the detection and characterization of FMDVs. Sequence information is increasingly being used for identifying the source of outbreaks. In addition such information can be used to understand antigenic change within virus strains. The challenges and opportunities for improving the control of the disease within endemic settings, with a focus on Eurasia, are discussed, including the role of the FAO/EuFMD/OIE Progressive Control Pathway. Better control of the disease in endemic areas reduces the risk of incursions into disease-free regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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42
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Chitray M, de Beer TAP, Vosloo W, Maree FF. Genetic heterogeneity in the leader and P1-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A and O in Africa. Arch Virol 2013; 159:947-61. [PMID: 24221247 PMCID: PMC4010724 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic information regarding the leader (L) and complete capsid-coding (P1) region of FMD serotype A and O viruses prevalent on the African continent is lacking. Here, we present the complete L-P1 sequences for eight serotype A and nine serotype O viruses recovered from FMDV outbreaks in East and West Africa over the last 33 years. Phylogenetic analysis of the P1 and capsid-coding regions revealed that the African isolates grouped according to serotype, and certain clusters were indicative of transboundary as well as intra-regional spread of the virus. However, similar analysis of the L region revealed random groupings of isolates from serotypes O and A. Comparisons between the phylogenetic trees derived from the structural coding regions and the L region pointed to a possibility of genetic recombination. The intertypic nucleotide and amino acid variation of all the isolates in this study supported results from previous studies where the externally located 1D was the most variable whilst the internally located 1A was the most conserved, which likely reflects the selective pressures on these proteins. Amino acids identified previously as important for FMDV structure and functioning were found to be highly conserved. The information gained from this study will contribute to the construction of structurally designed FMDV vaccines in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chitray
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Transboundary Animal Diseases, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa,
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Ludi AB, Horton DL, Li Y, Mahapatra M, King DP, Knowles NJ, Russell CA, Paton DJ, Wood JLN, Smith DJ, Hammond JM. Antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:384-392. [PMID: 24187014 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.057521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current measures to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) include vaccination, movement control and slaughter of infected or susceptible animals. One of the difficulties in controlling FMD by vaccination arises due to the substantial diversity found among the seven serotypes of FMD virus (FMDV) and the strains within these serotypes. Therefore, vaccination using a single vaccine strain may not fully cross-protect against all strains within that serotype, and therefore selection of appropriate vaccines requires serological comparison of the field virus and potential vaccine viruses using relationship coefficients (r1 values). Limitations of this approach are that antigenic relationships among field viruses are not addressed, as comparisons are only with potential vaccine virus. Furthermore, inherent variation among vaccine sera may impair reproducibility of one-way relationship scores. Here, we used antigenic cartography to quantify and visualize the antigenic relationships among FMD serotype A viruses, aiming to improve the understanding of FMDV antigenic evolution and the scope and reliability of vaccine matching. Our results suggest that predicting antigenic difference using genetic sequence alone or by geographical location is not currently reliable. We found co-circulating lineages in one region that were genetically similar but antigenically distinct. Nevertheless, by comparing antigenic distances measured from the antigenic maps with the full capsid (P1) sequence, we identified a specific amino acid substitution associated with an antigenic mismatch among field viruses and a commonly used prototype vaccine strain, A22/IRQ/24/64.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Ludi
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - D L Horton
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Y Li
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - M Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - N J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - C A Russell
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Modelling, Evolution and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - D J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - J L N Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - D J Smith
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Modelling, Evolution and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - J M Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Reconstructing geographical movements and host species transitions of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype SAT 2. mBio 2013; 4:e00591-13. [PMID: 24149511 PMCID: PMC3812709 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00591-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the three foot-and-mouth-disease virus SAT serotypes mainly confined to sub-Saharan Africa, SAT 2 is the strain most often recorded in domestic animals and has caused outbreaks in North Africa and the Middle East six times in the last 25 years, with three apparently separate events occurring in 2012. This study updates the picture of SAT 2 phylogenetics by using all available sequences for the VP1 section of the genome available at the time of writing and uses phylogeographic methods to trace the origin of all outbreaks occurring north of the Sahara since 1990 and identify patterns of spread among countries of endemicity. Transitions between different host species are also enumerated. Outbreaks in North Africa appear to have origins in countries immediately south of the Sahara, whereas those in the Middle East are more often from East Africa. The results of the analysis of spread within sub-Saharan Africa are consistent with it being driven by relatively short-distance movements of animals across national borders, and the analysis of host species transitions supports the role of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) as an important natural reservoir. Foot-and-mouth disease virus is a livestock pathogen of major economic importance, with seven distinct serotypes occurring globally. The SAT 2 serotype, endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, has caused a number of outbreaks in North Africa and the Middle East during the last decades, including three separate incidents in 2012. A comprehensive analysis of all available RNA sequences for SAT 2 has not been published for some years. In this work, we performed this analysis using all previously published sequences and 49 newly determined examples. We also used phylogenetic methods to infer the source country for all outbreaks occurring outside sub-Saharan Africa since 1990 and to reconstruct the spread of viral lineages between countries where it is endemic and movements between different host species.
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Upadhyaya S, Ayelet G, Paul G, King DP, Paton DJ, Mahapatra M. Genetic basis of antigenic variation in foot-and-mouth disease serotype A viruses from the Middle East. Vaccine 2013; 32:631-8. [PMID: 24035435 PMCID: PMC3898079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) from serotype A exhibit high antigenic diversity. Within the Middle East, a strain called A-Iran-05 emerged in 2003, and subsequently replaced the A-Iran-96 and A-Iran-99 strains that were previously circulating in the region. Viruses from this strain did not serologically match with the established A/Iran/96 vaccine, although most early samples matched with the older A22/Iraq vaccine. However, many viruses from this strain collected after 2006 had poor serological match with the A22/Iraq vaccine necessitating the development of a new vaccine strain (A/TUR/2006). More recently, viruses from the region now exhibit lower cross-reactivity with the A/TUR/2006 antisera highlighting the inadequacy of the serotype A vaccines used in the region. In order to understand the genetic basis of these antigenic phenotypes, we have determined the full capsid sequence for 57 Middle Eastern viruses isolated between 1996 and 2011 and analysed these data in context of antigenic relationship (r1) values that were generated using antisera to A22/Iraq and A/TUR/2006. Comparisons of capsid sequences identified substitutions in neutralising antigenic sites (1, 2 and 4), which either individually or together underpin these observed antigenic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guntram Paul
- MSD Animal Health, Intervet International GmbH, Osterather Straße 1a, 50739 Cologne, Germany
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - David J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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Xu L, Hurtle W, Rowland JM, Casteran KA, Bucko SM, Grau FR, Valdazo-González B, Knowles NJ, King DP, Beckham TR, McIntosh MT. Development of a universal RT-PCR for amplifying and sequencing the leader and capsid-coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Virol Methods 2013; 189:70-6. [PMID: 23380590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with debilitating and devastating consequences for livestock industries throughout the world. Key antigenic determinants of the causative agent, FMD virus (FMDV), reside within the surface-exposed proteins of the viral capsid. Therefore, characterization of the sequence that encodes the capsid (P1) is important for tracking the emergence or spread of FMD and for selection and development of new vaccines. Reliable methods to generate sequence for this region are challenging due to the high inter-serotypic variability between different strains of FMDV. This study describes the development and optimization of a novel, robust and universal RT-PCR method that may be used to amplify and sequence a 3kilobase (kb) fragment encompassing the leader proteinase (L) and capsid-coding portions (P1) of the FMDV genome. This new RT-PCR method was evaluated in two laboratories using RNA extracted from 134 clinical samples collected from different countries and representing a range of topotypes and lineages within each of the seven FMDV serotypes. Sequence analysis assisted in the reiterative design of primers that are suitable for routine sequencing of these RT-PCR fragments. Using this method, sequence analysis was undertaken for 49 FMD viruses collected from outbreaks in the field. This approach provides a robust tool that can be used for rapid antigenic characterization of FMDV and phylogenetic analyses and has utility for inclusion in laboratory response programs as an aid to vaccine matching or selection in the event of FMD outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhe Xu
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944-0848, United States
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Engineering foot-and-mouth disease viruses with improved growth properties for vaccine development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55228. [PMID: 23372840 PMCID: PMC3555929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No licensed vaccine is currently available against serotype A foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in China, despite the isolation of A/WH/CHA/09 in 2009, partly because this strain does not replicate well in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Methodology/Principal Findings A novel plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used to construct a chimeric strain by replacing the P1 gene in the vaccine strain O/CHA/99 with that from the epidemic stain A/WH/CHA/09. The chimeric virus displayed growth kinetics similar to those of O/CHA/99 and was selected for use as a candidate vaccine strain after 12 passages in BHK cells. Cattle were vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine and humoral immune responses were induced in most of the animals on day 7. A challenge infection with A/WH/CHA/09 on day 28 indicated that the group given a 4-µg dose was fully protected and neither developed viremia nor seroconverted to a 3ABC antigen. Conclusions/Significance Our data demonstrate that the chimeric virus not only propagates well in BHK cells and has excellent antigenic matching against serotype A FMD, but is also a potential marker vaccine to distinguish infection from vaccination. These results suggest that reverse genetics technology is a useful tool for engineering vaccines for the prevention and control of FMD.
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48
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49
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Ahmed HA, Salem SAH, Habashi AR, Arafa AA, Aggour MGA, Salem GH, Gaber AS, Selem O, Abdelkader SH, Knowles NJ, Madi M, Valdazo-González B, Wadsworth J, Hutchings GH, Mioulet V, Hammond JM, King DP. Emergence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus SAT 2 in Egypt During 2012. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 59:476-81. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Ahmed
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | | | - A. R. Habashi
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - A. A. Arafa
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | | | - G. H. Salem
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - A. S. Gaber
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - O. Selem
- General Organisation for Veterinary Services; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - S. H. Abdelkader
- General Organisation for Veterinary Services; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | | | - M. Madi
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright; UK
| | | | | | | | - V. Mioulet
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright; UK
| | | | - D. P. King
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright; UK
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Emergence of antigenic variants with in serotype A foot and mouth disease virus in India and evaluation of a new vaccine candidate panel. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:405-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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