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Das S, Pal S, Rautaray SS, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Rout M, Rai SN, Singh RP. Estimation of foot-and-mouth disease virus sero-prevalence rates using novel computational approach for the susceptible bovine population in India during the period 2008-2021. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22583. [PMID: 38114542 PMCID: PMC10730831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In India, a vaccination-based official FMD control programme was started, which got expanded progressively to cover entire country in 2019. The serological tests are used to determine non-structural protein based sero-prevalence rates for properly implementing and assessing the control programme. Since 2008, reporting of the FMD sero-surveillance was limited to the serum sample-based serological test results without going for population-level estimation due to lack of proper statistical methodology. Thus, we present a computational approach for estimating the sero-prevalence rates at the state and national levels. Based on the reported approach, a web-application ( https://nifmd-bbf.icar.gov.in/FMDSeroSurv ) and an R software package ( https://github.com/sam-dfmd/FMDSeroSurv ) have been developed. The presented computational techniques are applied to the FMD sero-surveillance data during 2008-2021 to get the status of virus circulation in India under a strict vaccination policy. Furthermore, through various structural equation models, we attempt to establish a link between India's estimated sero-prevalence rate and field FMD outbreaks. Our results indicate that the current sero-prevalence rates are significantly associated with previous field outbreaks up to 2 years. Besides, we observe downward trends in sero-prevalence and outbreaks over the years, specifically after 2013, which indicate the effectiveness of various measures implemented under the FMD control programme. The findings of the study may help researchers and policymakers to track virus infection and identification of potential disease-free zones through vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarendra Das
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
| | - Soumen Pal
- Division of Computer Application, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sagar Sangam Rautaray
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Shesh N Rai
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
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2
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Hopker A, Pandey N, Bartholomew R, Blanton A, Hopker S, Dhamorikar A, Goswami J, Marsland R, Metha P, Sargison N. Livestock vaccination programme participation among smallholder farmers on the outskirts of National Parks and Tiger Reserves in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Assam. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256684. [PMID: 34449809 PMCID: PMC8396743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective livestock vaccination has the potential to raise prosperity and food security for the rural poor in low and middle income countries. To understand factors affecting access to vaccination services, and guide future policy, smallholder farmers in three locations in India were questioned about vaccination of their cattle and buffalo, with particular reference to foot and mouth disease (FMD), haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) and blackquarter (BQ). In the three regions 51%, 50%, and 31% of respondents reported vaccinating their livestock; well below any threshold for effective population level disease control. However, within the third region, 65% of respondents in villages immediately surrounding the Kaziranga National Park reported vaccinating their cattle. The majority of respondents in all three regions were aware of FMD and HS, awareness of BQ was high in the Kanha and Bandhavgarh regions, but much lower in the Kaziranga region. The majority of respondents had positive attitudes to vaccination; understood vaccination protected their animals from specific diseases; and wished to immunise their livestock. There was no significant association between the age or gender of respondent and the immunisation of their livestock. Common barriers to immunisation were: negative attitudes to vaccination; lack of awareness of date and time of vaccination events; and difficulty presenting animals. Poor access to vaccination services was significantly associated with not vaccinating livestock. Fear of adverse reactions to vaccines was not significantly associated with not vaccinating livestock. Respondents who reported that vets or animal health workers (AHWs) were their main source of animal health knowledge were significantly more likely to have immunised their livestock in the last twelve months. Participants cited poor communication from vaccinators as problematic, both in publicising immunisation programmes, and explaining the purpose of vaccination. Where vaccinations were provided free of charge, farmers commonly displayed passive attitudes to accessing vaccination services, awaiting organised “immunisation drives” rather than seeking vaccination themselves. Based on these findings the following recommendations are made to improve participation and effectiveness of immunisation programmes. Programmes should be planned to integrate with annual cycles of: disease risk, agricultural activity, seasonal climate, social calendar of villages; and maximise efficiency for vaccinators. Dates and times of immunisation in each village must be well publicised, as respondents frequently reported missing the vaccinators. Relevant farmer education should precede immunisation programmes to mitigate against poor knowledge or negative attitudes. Immunisation drives must properly engage beneficiaries, particularly ensuring that services are accessible to female livestock keepers, and sharing some responsibilities with local farmers. Payment of a small monetary contribution by animal keepers could be considered to encourage responsibility for disease prevention, making vaccination an active process by farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hopker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Naveen Pandey
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Rosie Bartholomew
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Blanton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hopker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jadumoni Goswami
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Rebecca Marsland
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Prakash Metha
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
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3
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Colenutt C, Brown E, Paton DJ, Mahapatra M, Parida S, Nelson N, Maud J, Motta P, Sumption K, Adhikari B, Kafle SC, Upadhyaya M, Pandey SK, Gubbins S. Environmental sampling for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus and peste des petits ruminants virus in a live goat market, Nepal. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:3041-3046. [PMID: 34331827 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Livestock markets are considered vital parts of the agricultural economy, particularly in developing countries where livestock keeping contributes to both food security and economic stability. Animals from diverse sources are moved to markets, they mix while they are there and are subsequently redistributed over wide geographic areas. Consequently, markets provide an opportunity for targeted surveillance for circulating pathogens. This study investigated the use of environmental sampling at a live goat market in Nepal for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), both of which are endemic. Five visits to the market were carried out between November 2016 and April 2018, with FMDV RNA detected on four visits and PPRV RNA detected on all five visits. Overall, 4.1% of samples (nine out of 217) were positive for FMDV RNA and 60.8% (132 out of 217) were positive for PPRV RNA, though the proportion of positive samples varied amongst visits. These results demonstrate that non-invasive, environmental sampling methods have the potential to be used to detect circulation of high priority livestock diseases at a live animal market and, hence, to contribute to their surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Brown
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jenny Maud
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Motta
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Keith Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Bishnu Adhikari
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nepal Country Office, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sharmila Chapagain Kafle
- FMD and TADs Laboratory, Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Livestock Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mukul Upadhyaya
- Department of Livestock Services, Veterinary Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Livestock Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Samjana Kafle Pandey
- Directorate of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Livestock Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
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4
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Ahmed NH, Osman NA, Alfouz W, Saeed HM, A/Raouf Y. Serological detection and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from cattle in northern sudan, 2016‑2018. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 13:100188. [PMID: 34307959 PMCID: PMC8283133 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical FMD was confirmed as serotype O of an unnamed lineage within the topotype East Africa 3 (EA3). Unlike Western, Eastern, Central and Southern Sudan, no predominance of serotype O antibodies was detected in Northern Sudan. Sero-prevalence estimates of serotype-specific antibodies ranged between 15.4% (serotype A) in the River Nile State to 3.4% (serotype SAT2) in the Northern State.
Northern Sudan is an important corridor cluster between pools of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in East and North Africa. It involves almost the whole border area with Egypt and represents a considerable part of a projected disease-free zone in Sudan. The study monitored FMD infection between 2016 and 2018 in Northern Sudan. Clinical and serological surveillance were carried out. Results largely confirmed previous reports that have described the relatively lower circulation of FMDV in the area than in other parts of the country. Clinical FMD was confirmed, once in the three years period, as serotype O of an unnamed lineage within the topotype East Africa 3 (EA3). Using serial testing (the ID ELISA and virus neutralization test), sero-prevalence estimates of serotype-specific antibodies in the two States of Northern Sudan ranged between 15.4% (serotype A) in the River Nile State to 3.4% (serotype SAT2) in the Northern State. Striking disparities between patterns of FMD in Northern Sudan and the rest of Sudan were observed. Unlike Western, Eastern, Central and Southern Sudan, no predominance of serotype O antibodies was detected in Northern Sudan. Concurrently, a serotype O isolate from Northern Sudan in 2016 was found to be of transboundary nature circulating in East and North Africa and in the Middle East (nt. id. > 99%); like serotype O that caused the last episode of disease in Northern Sudan in 2012. Molecular findings were compatible with the inferred low circulation of FMDV in Northern Sudan. Elsewhere in Sudan, endogenous serotype O viruses seemed to be circulating more unabated. It was concluded that low animal density and limited animal movement in Northern Sudan together with the high antibody levels against serotype O in immediately neighbouring States (Khartoum and Kassala) effectively decreased infiltration of endogenous O viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nussiba H Ahmed
- Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204 Kuku, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Nussieba A Osman
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204 Kuku, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Wefag Alfouz
- Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204 Kuku, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Haitham M Saeed
- Dongola Veterinary Research Laboratory, Northern State, Sudan
| | - Yazeed A/Raouf
- Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
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5
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Campbell Z, Coleman P, Guest A, Kushwaha P, Ramuthivheli T, Osebe T, Perry B, Salt J. Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105279. [PMID: 33581421 PMCID: PMC8024747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Campbell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Paul Coleman
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Guest
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed Asia Office, Unit 118 & 120 B, Splendor Forum, Plot No 3, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Osebe
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Perry
- Nuffield College of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Arthurstone House, Meigle, Blairgowrie, PH12 8QW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed UK Office, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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6
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Singanallur NB, Nampanya S, MacPhillamy I, Soukvilay V, Keokhamphet C, Bush RD, Khounsy S, Dhand NK, Windsor P, Vosloo W. Serological Evidence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Infection in Goats in Lao PDR. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:544. [PMID: 32974404 PMCID: PMC7469533 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) causes significant economic loss in Lao PDR (Laos) and perpetuates the cycle of smallholder poverty mainly through large ruminant productivity losses, increased costs of production and potential limitations to market access for trade in livestock and their products. Goats are emerging as an important livestock species in Laos, and there is an increasing trend in the number of households with goats, often farmed alongside cattle and buffalo. Although an FMD susceptible species, very little is known about the role of goats in the epidemiology of the disease in Laos. A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted by detecting antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSP), an indication of a previous infection, and serotype-specific structural proteins (SP) that could be due to vaccination or infection. The study commenced in late 2017 and sera were collected from 591 goats in 26 villages of northern, central and southern Laos. For a subset of sera samples, paired oral swab samples were also collected by a simple random sampling method to detect the prevalence of FMD virus infection at the time of collection. The NSP seroprevalence in the provinces of Borkeo and Xayabouli in the north was 42 and 8%, respectively and in Khammoune in the center, it was 20%. In the other five provinces, Luang Namtha and Luang Prabang (northern Laos), Xieng Khouang and Savannaket (central Laos), and Champasak (southern Laos), the seroprevalence was close to zero. The multivariable analysis indicated that age (p < 0.001) was positively associated with animal-level seropositivity and males were less likely to be seropositive than females (OR: 0.29; 95%CI: 0.10–0.83; p = 0.017). Continued sero-surveillance for FMD in goats is recommended to improve our understanding of their role in the epidemiology of FMD in the region and to extend support to FMD control decisions, particularly regarding vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendrakumar B Singanallur
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (Formerly Australian Animal Health Laboratory), CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Sonevilay Nampanya
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.,National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Kounta, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Isabel MacPhillamy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Vilayvanh Soukvilay
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Kounta, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Chattouphone Keokhamphet
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Kounta, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Russell D Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Kounta, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (Formerly Australian Animal Health Laboratory), CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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KUMAR YOGESH, SINGH AJAYPRATAP, SINGH RASHMI. Serological response against foot-and-mouth disease virus to FMD-haemorrhagic septicaemia-black quarter combined vaccine and FMD vaccine alone in sheep and goat. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i2.98762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is subclinical in small ruminants and they may play role in spread of disease. Presently, they are not included in vaccination coverage in India under FMD-control programme. A total of 43 animals including sheep (16) and goat (27) were used for vaccination study by combined vaccine (FMD, HS and BQ) and FMD vaccine alone. Humoral immune response was evaluated by monitoring serum antibody titres against FMDV serotypes O, A and Asia 1 on 30, 60, 90 dpv. In both vaccinated groups, peak antibody titre for all 3 serotypes was obtained on 30 dpv, it remained constant up to day 60 and after that there was gradual decrease at 90 dpv. As in both groups there was no significant difference and protective titre remained upto 90 dpv, use of combined vaccine can be suggested as cost effective strategy.
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Sharma AK, Bhatt M, Sankar M, Mohapatra JK, Dash BB, Gowane GR, Subramaniam S, Ranjan R, Pattnaik B. Kinetics of Interferon gamma and Interleukin-21 response following foot and mouth disease virus infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:20-25. [PMID: 30145254 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious diseases of cloven footed animals causing significant economic impediment in livestock production system. The immune response to FMD virus (FMDV) infection is regulated by a complex interplay between various cells, cytokines and other immune components. Based on the well established role of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-21 (IL-21) in viral infections, this study aimed to determine expression level of these cytokines in clinically infected adults and calves; and the results were compared with those in the subclinically infected animals up to 120 days post outbreak (DPO) in a vaccinated cattle herd. The expression level of IFN-γ and IL-21 was assayed on 0, 7, 14, 28, 60, 90, and 120 DPO by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with simultaneous assessment of FMDV structural protein-antibody titer against serotype 'O' by liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) and nonstructural protein-antibody, a differential marker of infection, using r3AB3 indirect ELISA (r3AB3 I-ELISA). Although, the peak expression of IFN-γ was observed on 14 DPO across all categories of animals, the clinically infected animals registered a significant increase in IFN-γ level as compared to the subclinically infected population possibly due to the difference in the extent of virus replication and inflammation. The IL-21 level increased significantly during 14-28 DPO and highest expression was noticed on 28 DPO. The increase in the expression level of IFN-γ and IL-21 at 28 DPO correlated with the increase in antibody titer as determined by LPBE suggesting the role of these cytokines in augmenting immune response to FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus Uttarakhand, 263 138, India
| | - Mukesh Bhatt
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus Uttarakhand, 263 138, India
| | - Muthu Sankar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus Uttarakhand, 263 138, India.
| | | | - Bana B Dash
- ICAR-Project Directorate of FMD, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, 263 138, India
| | - Gopal R Gowane
- ICAR-Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, 304501, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Project Directorate of FMD, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, 263 138, India
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9
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Dash L, Subramaniam S, Khulape SA, Prusty BR, Pargai K, Narnaware SD, Patil NV, Pattnaik B. Development and Utilization of VHH Antibodies Derived from Camelus Dromedarius Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Anim Biotechnol 2018. [PMID: 29527970 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1433191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious, and economically devastating viral disease of domestic and wildlife species. For effective implementation of FMD control program, there is an imperative need for developing a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostics which help in the identification of serotypes involved in the outbreaks. The humoral immune response of the Camelidae is unique since in these animals 75% of circulating antibodies are constituted by heavy-chain antibodies and 25% are conventional immunoglobulin with two identical heavy chains. In the present study, we developed and characterized FMD virus-specific single-domain heavy-chain antibodies (VHHs) against inactivated whole-virus antigens of FMDV serotypes O (INDR2/1975), A (IND40/2000), and Asia 1 (IND63/1972) vaccine strains. After six rounds of panning and enrichment, these VHHs were stably expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The VHHs directed against outer capsid proteins of FMD virus were successfully utilized as the capture antibody in liquid-phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) thus replacing rabbit coating antibodies. Our study demonstrated the utility of FMD virus-specific VHHs as potential candidates in FMD research and diagnostic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipsa Dash
- a ICAR-Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease , Mukteswar , Nainital, Uttarakhand , India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- a ICAR-Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease , Mukteswar , Nainital, Uttarakhand , India
| | - Sagar A Khulape
- a ICAR-Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease , Mukteswar , Nainital, Uttarakhand , India
| | - Bikash Ranjan Prusty
- a ICAR-Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease , Mukteswar , Nainital, Uttarakhand , India
| | - Kamal Pargai
- a ICAR-Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease , Mukteswar , Nainital, Uttarakhand , India
| | - Shirish D Narnaware
- b ICAR-National Research Center on Camel , Jorbeer, Bikaner , Rajasthan , India
| | - Niteen V Patil
- b ICAR-National Research Center on Camel , Jorbeer, Bikaner , Rajasthan , India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- a ICAR-Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease , Mukteswar , Nainital, Uttarakhand , India
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10
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Hayer SS, Ranjan R, Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Sharma GK, Rout M, Dash BB, Das B, Prusty BR, Sharma AK, Stenfeldt C, Perez A, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B, VanderWaal K, Arzt J. Quantitative characteristics of the foot-and-mouth disease carrier state under natural conditions in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:253-260. [PMID: 28251837 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize the properties and duration of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) carrier state and associated serological responses subsequent to vaccination and naturally occurring infection at two farms in northern India. Despite previous vaccination of cattle in these herds, clinical signs of FMD occurred in October 2013 within a subset of animals at the farms containing juvenile-yearling heifers and steers (Farm A) and adult dairy cattle (Farm B). Subsequent to the outbreak, FMD virus (FMDV) asymptomatic carriers were identified in both herds by seroreactivity to FMDV non-structural proteins and detection of FMDV genomic RNA in oropharyngeal fluid. Carriers' seroreactivity and FMDV genome detection status were subsequently monitored monthly for 23 months. The mean extinction time of the carrier state was 13.1 ± 0.2 months, with extinction having occurred significantly faster amongst adult dairy cattle at Farm B compared to younger animals at Farm A. The rate of decrease in the proportion of carrier animals was calculated to be 0.07 per month. Seroprevalence against FMDV non-structural proteins decreased over the course of the study period, but was found to increase transiently following repeated vaccinations. These data provide novel insights into viral and host factors associated with the FMDV carrier state under natural conditions. The findings reported herein may be relevant to field veterinarians and governmental regulatory entities engaged in FMD response and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hayer
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - R Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J K Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - J K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - G K Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B B Dash
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B Das
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B R Prusty
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - A K Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - C Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - A Perez
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - L L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - B Pattnaik
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - K VanderWaal
- UMN, STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - J Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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11
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Eldaghayes I, Dayhum A, Kammon A, Sharif M, Ferrari G, Bartels C, Sumption K, King DP, Grazioli S, Brocchi E. Exploiting serological data to understand the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes circulating in Libya. Open Vet J 2017; 7:1-11. [PMID: 28180094 PMCID: PMC5283054 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) have occurred in Libya for almost fifty years. During the spring of 2013, a countrywide serosurvey was undertaken to assess the level of FMD virus circulation and identify FMD virus serotypes in the country. A total of 4221 sera were collected, comprising samples from large ruminants (LR; n=1428 samples from 357 farms) and small ruminants (SR; n=2793 samples from 141 farms). FMD sero-prevalence of NSP antibodies determined by ELISA were 19.0% (271/1428) with 95% CI (16.9 - 21.0) and 13.5% (378/2793) with 95% CI (12.3 - 14.8) for LR and SR samples, respectively. The sero-prevalence of NSP antibodies in LR was 12.3% and 19.8% for age group < 1 year and ≥ 1 year, respectively (X2= 4.95, P= 0.026), while in SR was 3.7%, 13.6% and 21.3% for age group < 1 year, 1-2 year and > 2 year, respectively (X2= 118.1, P= 0.000). These observed NSP serologic profiles support the hypothesis of an endemic level of FMD circulation in Libya. All positive sera were tested for SP antibodies for O, A and SAT-2 FMD virus serotypes. Serotype O was the dominant circulating serotype followed by serotype A, while evidence of SAT-2 was not found. These data provide an insight into the wider epidemiology of FMD in Libya, and contribute to field and laboratory investigations that during 2013 serotype O (O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage) was isolated from clinical samples collected from the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Eldaghayes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P. O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Abdunaser Dayhum
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P. O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Abdulwahab Kammon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P. O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Monier Sharif
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Omar Al-Mukhtar, Albeida, Libya
| | - Giancarlo Ferrari
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Christianus Bartels
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Keith Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
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12
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Knight-Jones TJD, McLaws M, Rushton J. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Impact on Smallholders - What Do We Know, What Don't We Know and How Can We Find Out More? Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1079-1094. [PMID: 27167976 PMCID: PMC5516236 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) endemic regions contain three‐quarters of the world's FMD susceptible livestock and most of the world's poor livestock keepers. Yet FMD impact on smallholders in these regions is poorly understood. Diseases of low mortality can exert a large impact if incidence is high. Modelling and field studies commonly find high FMD incidence in endemic countries. Sero‐surveys typically find a third of young cattle are sero‐positive, however, the proportion of sero‐positive animals that developed disease, and resulting impact, are unknown. The few smallholder FMD impact studies that have been performed assessed different aspects of impact, using different approaches. They find that FMD impact can be high (>10% of annual household income). However, impact is highly variable, being a function of FMD incidence and dependency on activities affected by FMD. FMD restricts investment in productive but less FMD‐resilient farming methods, however, other barriers to efficient production may exist, reducing the benefits of FMD control. Applying control measures is costly and can have wide‐reaching negative impacts; veterinary‐cordon‐fences may damage wildlife populations, and livestock movement restrictions and trade bans damage farmer profits and the wider economy. When control measures are ineffective, farmers, society and wildlife may experience the burden of control without reducing disease burden. Foot‐and‐mouth disease control has benefitted smallholders in South America and elsewhere. Success takes decades of regional cooperation with effective veterinary services and widespread farmer participation. However, both the likelihood of success and the full cost of control measures must be considered. Controlling FMD in smallholder systems is challenging, particularly when movement restrictions are hard to enforce. In parts of Africa this is compounded by endemically infected wildlife and limited vaccine performance. This paper reviews FMD impact on smallholders in endemic countries. Significant evidence gaps exist and guidance on the design of FMD impact studies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M McLaws
- European Commission for the Control of FMD, FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - J Rushton
- The Royal Veterinary College (VEEPH), North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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13
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Elnekave E, van Maanen K, Shilo H, Gelman B, Storm N, Berdenstain S, Berke O, Klement E. Prevalence and risk factors for foot and mouth disease infection in small ruminants in Israel. Prev Vet Med 2015; 125:82-8. [PMID: 26774447 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, 27% of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Israel affected small ruminant (SR) farms. FMD outbreaks reoccur in Israel despite vaccination of all livestock and application of control measures. We performed a cross-sectional serological study, aimed at estimating the prevalence of FMD infection in SR in Israel and the possible risk factors for infection. Overall, 2305 samples of adult sheep (n=1948) and goats (n=357) were collected during 2011-14 in two separate surveys. One survey was based on random sampling of intensive management system farms and the other was originally aimed at the detection of Brucella melitensis at extensive and semi-intensive management system farms. Sera were tested by NS blocking ELISA (PrioCHECK(®)). The serological prevalence of antibodies against non structural proteins (NSP) of FMD virus was estimated at 3.7% (95% confidence interval (CI95%)=3.0% -4.5%). Additionally, a significantly lower infection prevalence (p value=0.049) of 1.0% (CI95%=0.1%-3.6%) was found in a small sample (197 sera) of young SR, collected during 2012. The positive samples from adult SR were scattered all over Israel, though two significant infection clusters were found by the spatial scan statistic. Occurrence of an outbreak on a non-SR farm within 5km distance was associated with a fifteen times increase in the risk of FMD infection of SR in the univariable analysis. Yet, this variable was not included in the multivariable analysis due to collinearities with the other independent variables. Multivariable logistic regression modeling found significantly negative associations (P value<0.05) of grazing and being in a herd larger than 500 animals with risk of infection. Grazing herds and herds larger than 500 animals, both represent farms that are intensively or semi-intensively managed. Higher maintenance of bio-safety, fewer introductions of new animals and higher vaccination compliance in these farms may explain their lower risk of infection by FMD virus. We conclude that despite the wide distribution of infection among SR farms, low farm level prevalence indicates that in Israel SR pose only limited role in the transmission and dissemination of FMD. This conclusion may be applicable for other endemic countries in which, similar to Israel, all livestock are vaccinated against FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Elnekave
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Kees van Maanen
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EUFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Italy
| | - Hila Shilo
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boris Gelman
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, The Foot and Mouth Disease laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Nick Storm
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, The Foot and Mouth Disease laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Svetlane Berdenstain
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Brucellosis referent laboratory, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Olaf Berke
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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14
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Mohanty NN, Subramaniam S, Rout M, Sarangi LN, Bisht P, Pandey LK, Mohapatra JK, Panda HK. Serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in ruminant population of Coastal Odisha, India. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Biswal JK, Bisht P, Mohapatra JK, Ranjan R, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Application of a recombinant capsid polyprotein (P1) expressed in a prokaryotic system to detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. J Virol Methods 2015; 215-216:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Mahajan S, Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK, Sharma GK, Pattnaik B. Indirect ELISA using recombinant nonstructural protein 3D to detect foot and mouth disease virus infection associated antibodies. Biologicals 2015; 43:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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17
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Rout M, Senapati MR, Mohapatra JK, Dash BB, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in sheep and goat population of India. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:273-7. [PMID: 24262775 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Serological investigation to detect foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus circulation in the domestic small ruminant population of India was conducted. A total of 4407 and 4035 serum samples from sheep and goats, respectively were collected at random covering majority of the states across the country during 2010-2012. These samples were analyzed for antibodies against the non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMD virus in an indirect 3AB NSP ELISA and against the structural proteins (SP) in a liquid phase blocking (LPB) ELISA. A total of 20.35% sheep and 13.60% goats were found to be positive for 3AB NSP antibodies providing a serological evidence of extensive viral activity. In LPB ELISA, only 4.54% sheep and 6.27% goats were found to have protective antibody (log10 titre of ≥1.8) against all three serotype strains in the vaccine, which correlates with "no or sparse vaccination" scenario in these species in the country. Hence, to check silent amplification and dissemination of virus in a mixed farming set up, small ruminants may be brought under the ambit of routine vaccination and surveillance programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Rout
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar 263138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manas R Senapati
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar 263138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar 263138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Bana B Dash
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar 263138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar 263138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar 263138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
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18
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Sharma GK, Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK, Mahajan S, Mathapati BS, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Immunodiagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease using mutated recombinant 3ABC polyprotein in a competitive ELISA. J Virol Methods 2012; 185:52-60. [PMID: 22683829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) is essential for effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) by vaccination. The antibody response against FMD viral non-structural proteins (NSPs) has been used widely for this purpose. Among all the NSPs, the 3ABC polyprotein has been recognized as the most appropriate indicator for DIVA. In this study, mutated full-length 3ABC polyprotein was expressed in a prokaryotic system and monoclonal antibody against the recombinant protein was developed. A competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) for DIVA was standardized for different species of livestock animals using recombinant 3ABC and monoclonal antibodies. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay were estimated by testing a panel of known serum samples consisting of sera from naive, vaccinated and infected animals as 86.9% with 66.4-97.2 (95%) confidence interval and 97% with 89.6-99.6 (95%) confidence interval respectively at 40% inhibition cut-off. The assay was validated further by testing sera from different livestock species collected at random from different parts of the country. The assay will provide a common method for testing sera from different species of livestock and wild animals. The C-ELISA is a sensitive and specific DIVA assay for FMD and can be used as a method for FMD control programme with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India
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19
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Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Recombinant non-structural polyprotein 3AB-based serodiagnostic strategy for FMD surveillance in bovines irrespective of vaccination. J Virol Methods 2011; 177:184-92. [PMID: 21864578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In India, the proportion of bovines vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is increasing since the implementation of the Government supported 'FMD Control Programme', and non-structural protein (NSP)-based serological assays for discriminating between antibodies induced by infection or vaccination (DIVA) could be useful. The FMD virus NSP 3AB was expressed in a prokaryotic system and an indirect ELISA (r3AB(3) I-ELISA) was developed and validated as a screening assay for detecting virus in vaccinated bovines. The diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was estimated to be 96%, while the diagnostic specificity varied between the naïve and vaccinates as 99.1% and 96.4%, respectively. This assay could detect antibodies to 3AB (3AB-Ab) from 10 to as late as 900 days post-infection in cattle infected experimentally. The "in-house" assay demonstrated higher sensitivity than a commercial 3ABC ELISA kit particularly with samples obtained from the late stages of infection. Transient post-vaccinal 3AB-Ab response could be detected in one of the three commercial vaccines during the six-month vaccination regimen, which emphasizes the fact that for a DIVA-compatible diagnostic strategy to be a realistic option, all vaccines need to be quality checked for the NSP content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jajati K Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Veterinary Research Institute Campus, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
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