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Shiffman S, Rios Piedra EA, Adedeji AO, Ruff CF, Andrews RN, Katavolos P, Liu E, Forster A, Brumm J, Fuji RN, Sullivan R. Analysis of cellularity in H&E-stained rat bone marrow tissue via deep learning. J Pathol Inform 2023; 14:100333. [PMID: 37743975 PMCID: PMC10514468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpi.2023.100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to develop an automated deep-learning-based method to evaluate cellularity in rat bone marrow hematoxylin and eosin whole slide images for preclinical safety assessment. We trained a shallow CNN for segmenting marrow, 2 Mask R-CNN models for segmenting megakaryocytes (MKCs), and small hematopoietic cells (SHCs), and a SegNet model for segmenting red blood cells. We incorporated the models into a pipeline that identifies and counts MKCs and SHCs in rat bone marrow. We compared cell segmentation and counts that our method generated to those that pathologists generated on 10 slides with a range of cell depletion levels from 10 studies. For SHCs, we compared cell counts that our method generated to counts generated by Cellpose and Stardist. The median Dice and object Dice scores for MKCs using our method vs pathologist consensus and the inter- and intra-pathologist variation were comparable, with overlapping first-third quartile ranges. For SHCs, the median scores were close, with first-third quartile ranges partially overlapping intra-pathologist variation. For SHCs, in comparison to Cellpose and Stardist, counts from our method were closer to pathologist counts, with a smaller 95% limits of agreement range. The performance of the bone marrow analysis pipeline supports its incorporation into routine use as an aid for hematotoxicity assessment by pathologists. The pipeline could help expedite hematotoxicity assessment in preclinical studies and consequently could expedite drug development. The method may enable meta-analysis of rat bone marrow characteristics from future and historical whole slide images and may generate new biological insights from cross-study comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Shiffman
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Edgar A. Rios Piedra
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Adeyemi O. Adedeji
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Catherine F. Ruff
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Rachel N. Andrews
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Paula Katavolos
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
- Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Evan Liu
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Department of Development Sciences Informatics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Ashley Forster
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jochen Brumm
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Department of Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Reina N. Fuji
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - Ruth Sullivan
- Genentech Research and Early Development (gRED), Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Silano (until 21 December 2020†) V, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Vernis L, Zorn H, Batke M, Bignami M, Corsini E, FitzGerald R, Gundert‐Remy U, Halldorsson T, Hart A, Ntzani E, Scanziani E, Schroeder H, Ulbrich B, Waalkens‐Berendsen D, Woelfle D, Al Harraq Z, Baert K, Carfì M, Castoldi AF, Croera C, Van Loveren H. Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2023; 21:e06857. [PMID: 37089179 PMCID: PMC10113887 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.6857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2015, EFSA established a temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) for BPA of 4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day. In 2016, the European Commission mandated EFSA to re-evaluate the risks to public health from the presence of BPA in foodstuffs and to establish a tolerable daily intake (TDI). For this re-evaluation, a pre-established protocol was used that had undergone public consultation. The CEP Panel concluded that it is Unlikely to Very Unlikely that BPA presents a genotoxic hazard through a direct mechanism. Taking into consideration the evidence from animal data and support from human observational studies, the immune system was identified as most sensitive to BPA exposure. An effect on Th17 cells in mice was identified as the critical effect; these cells are pivotal in cellular immune mechanisms and involved in the development of inflammatory conditions, including autoimmunity and lung inflammation. A reference point (RP) of 8.2 ng/kg bw per day, expressed as human equivalent dose, was identified for the critical effect. Uncertainty analysis assessed a probability of 57-73% that the lowest estimated Benchmark Dose (BMD) for other health effects was below the RP based on Th17 cells. In view of this, the CEP Panel judged that an additional uncertainty factor (UF) of 2 was needed for establishing the TDI. Applying an overall UF of 50 to the RP, a TDI of 0.2 ng BPA/kg bw per day was established. Comparison of this TDI with the dietary exposure estimates from the 2015 EFSA opinion showed that both the mean and the 95th percentile dietary exposures in all age groups exceeded the TDI by two to three orders of magnitude. Even considering the uncertainty in the exposure assessment, the exceedance being so large, the CEP Panel concluded that there is a health concern from dietary BPA exposure.
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Colman K, Andrews RN, Atkins H, Boulineau T, Bradley A, Braendli-Baiocco A, Capobianco R, Caudell D, Cline M, Doi T, Ernst R, van Esch E, Everitt J, Fant P, Gruebbel MM, Mecklenburg L, Miller AD, Nikula KJ, Satake S, Schwartz J, Sharma A, Shimoi A, Sobry C, Taylor I, Vemireddi V, Vidal J, Wood C, Vahle JL. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Non-proliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Non-human Primate ( M. fascicularis). J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:1S-182S. [PMID: 34712008 PMCID: PMC8544165 DOI: 10.1293/tox.34.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of
Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North
America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to
provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most
tissues and organs from the nonhuman primate used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of
the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature
presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet
(http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from
government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes
spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant
infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized
international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide
a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different
countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among
toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Colman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel N Andrews
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd., Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | - Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Capobianco
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Caudell
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Takuya Doi
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andew D Miller
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Shigeru Satake
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima and Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Alok Sharma
- Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Wood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - John L Vahle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis IN, USA
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4
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Woicke J, Al-Haddawi MM, Bienvenu JG, Caverly Rae JM, Chanut FJ, Colman K, Cullen JM, Davis W, Fukuda R, Huisinga M, Walker UJ, Kai K, Kovi RC, Macri NP, Marxfeld HA, Nikula KJ, Pardo ID, Rosol TJ, Sharma AK, Singh BP, Tamura K, Thibodeau MS, Vezzali E, Vidal JD, Meseck EK. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Dog. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:5-109. [PMID: 33393871 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320968181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the societies of toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the dog used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions, lesions induced by exposure to test materials, and relevant infectious and parasitic lesions. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Karyn Colman
- Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John M Cullen
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Ryo Fukuda
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiyonori Kai
- Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Medical Safety Research Laboratories, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories (EPL), Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,National Toxicology Program (NTP), US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Kazutoshi Tamura
- Pathology Department, BoZo Research Center Inc, Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Emily K Meseck
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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5
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Knoblaugh SE, Hohl TM, La Perle KMD. Pathology Principles and Practices for Analysis of Animal Models. ILAR J 2019; 59:40-50. [PMID: 31053847 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 60% of NIH extramural funding involves animal models, and approximately 80% to 90% of these are mouse models of human disease. It is critical to translational research that animal models are accurately characterized and validated as models of human disease. Pathology analysis, including histopathology, is essential to animal model studies by providing morphologic context to in vivo, molecular, and biochemical data; however, there are many considerations when incorporating pathology endpoints into an animal study. Mice, and in particular genetically modified models, present unique considerations because these modifications are affected by background strain genetics, husbandry, and experimental conditions. Comparative pathologists recognize normal pathobiology and unique phenotypes that animals, including genetically modified models, may present. Beyond pathology, comparative pathologists with research experience offer expertise in animal model development, experimental design, optimal specimen collection and handling, data interpretation, and reporting. Critical pathology considerations in the design and use of translational studies involving animals are discussed, with an emphasis on mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue E Knoblaugh
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, and Comparative Pathology & Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Diseases Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Krista M D La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, and Comparative Pathology & Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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6
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Kozlowski C, Fullerton A, Cain G, Katavolos P, Bravo J, Tarrant JM. Proof of Concept for an Automated Image Analysis Method to Quantify Rat Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Lineages on H&E Sections. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:336-347. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318766458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow is an important site for assessment of the hematopoietic toxicity of new drug candidates. Here, we extended our previous work, where we developed a computer algorithm to automatically quantitate overall bone marrow cell density by analyzing digitized images of standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides of rat bone marrow and further evaluated the capability to quantify myeloid: erythroid + lymphoid (M:EL) ratio and megakaryocyte cell density. We tested the algorithm in a toxicity study, where rats were dosed with two molecules known to affect bone marrow composition, monomethyl auristatin E, and a Bcl-xL inhibitor. The image analysis method detected significant changes in M:EL and megakaryocyte number that were either not found or semiquantitatively described by manual microscopic observation of the same slides. The image analysis results were consistent with other more established but time-consuming methods that measure changes in bone marrow cell composition: smear cytology, flow cytometry, and microscopic assessment. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of a rapid and more quantitative assessment of changes in bone marrow cell lineage composition using a computer algorithm compared to microscopic examination of H&E-stained bone marrow sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleopatra Kozlowski
- Safety Assessment, Development Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aaron Fullerton
- Safety Assessment, Development Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gary Cain
- Safety Assessment, Development Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paula Katavolos
- Safety Assessment, Development Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph Bravo
- Safety Assessment, Development Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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7
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Kozlowski C, Brumm J, Cain G. An Automated Image Analysis Method to Quantify Veterinary Bone Marrow Cellularity on H&E Sections. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:324-335. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318766457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow toxicity is a common finding when assessing safety of drug candidate molecules. Standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) marrow tissue sections are typically manually evaluated to provide a semiquantitative assessment of overall cellularity. Here, we developed an automated image analysis method that allows quantitative assessment of changes in bone marrow cell population in sternal bone. In order to test whether the method was repeatable and sensitive, we compared the automated method with manual subjective histopathology scoring of total cellularity in rat sternal bone marrow samples across 17 independently run studies. The automated method was consistent with manual scoring methodology for detecting altered bone marrow cellularity and, in multiple cases, identified changes at lower doses. The image analysis method allows rapid and more quantitative assessment of bone marrow toxicity compared to manual examination of H&E slides, making it an excellent tool to aid detection of bone marrow cell depletion in preclinical toxicologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleopatra Kozlowski
- Safety Assessment Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jochen Brumm
- Biostatistics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gary Cain
- Safety Assessment Pathology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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8
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Carter CM, Cregar LC, Aulbach AD. Cytological Bone Marrow Cell Differential Counts and Morphologic Findings in Healthy Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) from Nonclinical Toxicology Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 45:267-274. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316677067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytological bone marrow evaluation is utilized in nonclinical toxicology studies to characterize hematopoietic effects when the combined interpretation of histologic and complete blood count data does not yield sufficient information. Results from cytological bone marrow examination should be interpreted in the context of variability observed in concurrent control animals with consideration of cytologist experience and historical/published data. Cytological bone marrow differential counts and cellular morphologic findings from 130 (66 male, 64 female) healthy control cynomolgus monkeys from nonclinical toxicology studies were retrospectively analyzed. Myeloid to erythroid (M:E) ratios and the percentage of total cells for each cell type were determined from differential cell count data. M:E ratios ranged from 0.6:1 to 2.3:1. Percentages of total granulocytic cells, total erythroid cells, and lymphocytes ranged from 26.6% to 60.6%, 25.7% to 52.2%, and 5.5% to 40.4%, respectively. Monocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, and mitotic figures were typically <1% of total cells. Notable morphologic findings included occasional giant neutrophilic metamyelocytes and band neutrophils, ring-shaped band neutrophil nuclei, metarubricyte nuclear blebbing and binucleation, multiple or nonfused megakaryocyte nuclei, and emperipolesis. These results represent cytological bone marrow findings from healthy control cynomolgus monkeys utilized in nonclinical toxicology studies and provide insight into expected background variability.
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9
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Martínez-Vega R, Murillo-Cuesta S, Partearroyo T, Varela-Moreiras G, Varela-Nieto I, Pajares MA. Long-Term Dietary Folate Deficiency Accelerates Progressive Hearing Loss on CBA/Ca Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:209. [PMID: 27630560 PMCID: PMC5006747 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary folic acid deficiency induced early hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice after 2-months, corroborates the epidemiological association previously described between vitamin deficiency and this sensory impairment. However, this strain is prone to early hearing loss, and hence we decided to analyze whether the effects exerted by folate deprivation follow the same pattern in a mouse strain such as CBA/Ca, which is resistant to hearing impairment. Here, we show results of a long-term study on hearing carried out on CBA/Ca mice subjected to dietary folate deprivation. Systemic changes included decreased serum folate levels, hyperhomocysteinemia and signs of anemia in the group fed with folate-deficient (FD) diet. Initial signs of hearing loss were detected in this strain after 8-months of vitamin deficiency, and correlated with histological damage in the cochleae. In conclusion, the data presented reinforce the importance of adequate folic acid levels for the auditory system and suggest that the impact of dietary deficiencies may depend on the genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Murillo-Cuesta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ)Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Partearroyo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain; Unidad 761, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ)Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM)Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ)Madrid, Spain
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10
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Albl B, Haesner S, Braun-Reichhart C, Streckel E, Renner S, Seeliger F, Wolf E, Wanke R, Blutke A. Tissue Sampling Guides for Porcine Biomedical Models. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:414-20. [PMID: 26883152 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316631023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This article provides guidelines for organ and tissue sampling adapted to porcine animal models in translational medical research. Detailed protocols for the determination of sampling locations and numbers as well as recommendations on the orientation, size, and trimming direction of samples from ∼50 different porcine organs and tissues are provided in the Supplementary Material. The proposed sampling protocols include the generation of samples suitable for subsequent qualitative and quantitative analyses, including cryohistology, paraffin, and plastic histology; immunohistochemistry;in situhybridization; electron microscopy; and quantitative stereology as well as molecular analyses of DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites, and electrolytes. With regard to the planned extent of sampling efforts, time, and personnel expenses, and dependent upon the scheduled analyses, different protocols are provided. These protocols are adjusted for (I) routine screenings, as used in general toxicity studies or in analyses of gene expression patterns or histopathological organ alterations, (II) advanced analyses of single organs/tissues, and (III) large-scale sampling procedures to be applied in biobank projects. Providing a robust reference for studies of porcine models, the described protocols will ensure the efficiency of sampling, the systematic recovery of high-quality samples representing the entire organ or tissue as well as the intra-/interstudy comparability and reproducibility of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Albl
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany Minitüb GmbH, Tiefenbach, Germany
| | - Serena Haesner
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Braun-Reichhart
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Streckel
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Eckhard Wolf
- Gene Center and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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11
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Petterino C, Mukaratirwa S, Bradley A. Bone marrow spontaneous lesions in rodents from nonclinical 104-week carcinogenicity studies. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:115-22. [PMID: 26376165 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The authors performed a retrospective study to determine the incidences and range of spontaneous lesions in the bone marrow (sternum and femur) of control mice and rats. Data was collected from 2186 mice (Crl:CD-1(ICR)BR), and 2347 rats (Han Wistar and CD(SD) rats) from the control dose groups of 104-week carcinogenicity studies carried out between 2005 and 2014. The incidence of spontaneous lesions in the bone marrow was higher in mice than in rats, and in both species non-neoplastic lesions were more common than neoplastic lesions. In mice, the most common non-neoplastic lesions in the bone marrow were increased cellularity, pigmented macrophages, and decreased cellularity, and the most common neoplastic lesions were malignant lymphoma, granulocytic leukemia and histiocytic sarcoma. There were occasional sex and site differences (sternum marrow vs femur marrow) in the incidence of a few bone marrow lesions in mice. In rats, the most common non-neoplastic lesions were increased cellularity and stromal fibrosis, and the most common neoplastic lesion was malignant lymphoma. In rats, no sex predilection in the incidence of bone marrow lesions was apparent, and there were no significant site differences in the incidence of lesions. To the best knowledge of the authors, there are no recent reports on spontaneous pathological findings in bone marrow of rodents, and we believe that these results will facilitate the interpretation of background findings and/or their increased incidence in carcinogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Department of Pathology, Charles River Edinburgh, Tranent, UK
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12
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Brayton CF, Treuting PM, Ward JM. Pathobiology of aging mice and GEM: background strains and experimental design. Vet Pathol 2014; 49:85-105. [PMID: 22215684 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811430696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of induced and spontaneous mutant mice and genetically engineered mice (and combinations thereof) to study cancers and other aging phenotypes to advance improved functional human life spans will involve studies of aging mice. Genetic background contributes to pathology phenotypes and to causes of death as well as to longevity. Increased recognition of expected phenotypes, experimental variables that influence phenotypes and research outcomes, and experimental design options and rationales can maximize the utility of genetically engineered mice (GEM) models to translational research on aging. This review aims to provide resources to enhance the design and practice of chronic and longevity studies involving GEM. C57BL6, 129, and FVB/N strains are emphasized because of their widespread use in the generation of knockout, transgenic, and conditional mutant GEM. Resources are included also for pathology of other inbred strain families, including A, AKR, BALB/c, C3H, C57L, C58, CBA, DBA, GR, NOD.scid, SAMP, and SJL/J, and non-inbred mice, including 4WC, AB6F1, Ames dwarf, B6, 129, B6C3F1, BALB/c,129, Het3, nude, SENCAR, and several Swiss stocks. Experimental strategies for long-term cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to assess causes of or contributors to death, disease burden, spectrum of pathology phenotypes, longevity, and functional healthy life spans (health spans) are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Brayton
- Johns Hopkins University, 733 North Broadway, BRB Ste 851, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Zhang J, Ye L, Wang W, Du G, Yu X, Zhu X, Dong Q, Cen X, Guan X, Fu F, Tian J. A 12-week subchronic intramuscular toxicity study of risperidone-loaded microspheres in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:205-23. [PMID: 24812153 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114532380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting injectable formulations of antipsychotics have been an important treatment option to increase the compliance of the patient with schizophrenia by monitoring drug administration and identifying medication noncompliance and to improve the long-term management of schizophrenia. Risperidone, a serotoninergic 5-HT2 and dopaminergic D2 receptor antagonist, was developed to be a long-acting sustained-release formulation for the treatment of schizophrenia. In this study, 12-week subchronic toxicity study of risperidone-loaded microspheres (RMs) in rats by intramuscular injection with an 8-week recovery phase was carried out to investigate the potential subchronic toxicity of a novel long-acting sustained-release formulation. The results indicated that the dosage of 10-90 mg/kg of RM for 2 weeks did not cause treatment-related mortality. The main drug-related findings were contributed to the dopamine D2 receptor and α1-adrenoceptor antagonism of risperidone such as elevation of serum and pituitary prolactin levels and ptosis and changes in reproductive system (uterus, ovary, vagina, mammary gland, testis, seminal vesicle, epididymis, and prostate). In addition, foreign body granuloma in muscle at injection sites caused by poly-lactide-co-glycolide was observed. At the end of the recovery phase, these changes mostly returned to normal. The results indicated that RM had a good safety profile in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University and State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - L Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University and State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - W Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University and State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - G Du
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University and State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - X Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University and State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - X Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University and State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University and State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - X Cen
- WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co. (WCFP) and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs (NCCSED), Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - X Guan
- WestChina-Frontier PharmaTech Co. (WCFP) and National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs (NCCSED), Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - F Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University and State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - J Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University and State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery Technologies, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Tomlinson L, Boone LI, Ramaiah L, Penraat KA, von Beust BR, Ameri M, Poitout-Belissent FM, Weingand K, Workman HC, Aulbach AD, Meyer DJ, Brown DE, MacNeill AL, Bolliger AP, Bounous DI. Best practices for veterinary toxicologic clinical pathology, with emphasis on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:252-69. [PMID: 23889060 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper by the Regulatory Affairs Committee (RAC) of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) is to review the current regulatory guidances (eg, guidelines) and published recommendations for best practices in veterinary toxicologic clinical pathology, particularly in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, and to utilize the combined experience of ASVCP RAC to provide updated recommendations. Discussion points include (1) instrumentation, validation, and sample collection, (2) routine laboratory variables, (3) cytologic laboratory variables, (4) data interpretation and reporting (including peer review, reference intervals and statistics), and (5) roles and responsibilities of clinical pathologists and laboratory personnel. Revision and improvement of current practices should be in alignment with evolving regulatory guidance documents, new technology, and expanding understanding and utility of clinical pathology. These recommendations provide a contemporary guide for the refinement of veterinary toxicologic clinical pathology best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Tomlinson
- Drug Safety and Research Development, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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Evaluation of micronuclei in mice bone marrow and antioxidant systems in erythrocytes exposed to α-amanitin. Toxicon 2013; 63:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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