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Barbaresi P, Fabri M, Lorenzi T, Sagrati A, Morroni M. Intrinsic organization of the corpus callosum. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1393000. [PMID: 39035452 PMCID: PMC11259024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1393000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum-the largest commissural fiber system connecting the two cerebral hemispheres-is considered essential for bilateral sensory integration and higher cognitive functions. Most studies exploring the corpus callosum have examined either the anatomical, physiological, and neurochemical organization of callosal projections or the functional and/or behavioral aspects of the callosal connections after complete/partial callosotomy or callosal lesion. There are no works that address the intrinsic organization of the corpus callosum. We review the existing information on the activities that take place in the commissure in three sections: I) the topographical and neurochemical organization of the intracallosal fibers, II) the role of glia in the corpus callosum, and III) the role of the intracallosal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Barbaresi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mara Fabri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Teresa Lorenzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Sagrati
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Manrico Morroni
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ancona, Italy
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2
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Nguyen HS, Kang SJ, Kim S, Cha BH, Park KS, Jeong SW. Changes in the expression of satellite glial cell-specific markers during postnatal development of rat sympathetic ganglia. Brain Res 2024; 1829:148809. [PMID: 38354998 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The sympathetic ganglia represent a final motor pathway that mediates homeostatic "fight and flight" responses in the visceral organs. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) form a thin envelope close to the neuronal cell body and synapses in the sympathetic ganglia. This unique morphological feature suggests that neurons and SGCs form functional units for regulation of sympathetic output. In the present study, we addressed whether SGC-specific markers undergo age-dependent changes in the postnatal development of rat sympathetic ganglia. We found that fatty acid-binding protein 7 (FABP7) is an early SGC marker, whereas the S100B calcium-binding protein, inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir4.1 and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, SK3 are late SGC markers in the postnatal development of sympathetic ganglia. Unlike in sensory ganglia, FABP7 + SGC was barely detectable in adult sympathetic ganglia. The expression of connexin 43, a gap junction channel gradually increased with age, although it was detected in both SGCs and neurons in sympathetic ganglia. Glutamine synthetase was expressed in sensory, but not sympathetic SGCs. Unexpectedly, the sympathetic SGCs expressed a water-selective channel, aquaporin 1 instead of aquaporin 4, a pan-glial marker. However, aquaporin 1 was not detected in the SGCs encircling large neurons. Nerve injury and inflammation induced the upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein, suggesting that this protein is a hall marker of glial activation in the sympathetic ganglia. In conclusion, our findings provide basic information on the in vivo profiles of specific markers for identifying sympathetic SGCs at different stages of postnatal development in both healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Son Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea; Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jun Kang
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Cha
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea; Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
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Yaghoobi Z, Seyed Bagher Nazeri SS, Asadi A, Derafsh E, Talebi Taheri A, Tamtaji Z, Dadgostar E, Rahmati-Dehkordi F, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR, Nabavizadeh F. Non-coding RNAs and Aquaporin 4: Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:583-596. [PMID: 38114727 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a major group of non-communicable diseases affecting quality of life. Non-Coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have an important role in the etiology of neurological disorders. In studies on the genesis of neurological diseases, aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression and activity have both been linked to ncRNAs. The upregulation or downregulation of several ncRNAs leads to neurological disorder progression by targeting AQP4. The role of ncRNAs and AQP4 in neurological disorders is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yaghoobi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | | | - Amir Asadi
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Addiction Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, St Kitts and Nevis
| | - Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Tamtaji
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahmati-Dehkordi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
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4
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Hirose Y, Oda Y, Yoshino K, Yano F, Kimura M, Kimura H, Iyo M, Shirayama Y. Reduction of claudin-5 and aquaporin-4 in the rat hippocampal CA-1 and CA-3 regions of a learned helplessness model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 234:173676. [PMID: 37992974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although findings from both animal and clinical research indicate that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) contributes to the pathogenesis of various psychiatric disorders (including depression), the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We investigated the levels of the tight-junction proteins claudin-5 and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) in astrocytes of learned helplessness (LH) rats (an animal model of depression) and non-LH rats (a model of resilience). METHODS We administered inescapable mild electric shock to rats and then identified the LH and non-LH rats by a post-shock test. The expressions of claudin-5 and AQP-4 in several brain regions of the LH and non-LH rats were then evaluated by a western blot analysis. RESULTS The levels of both claudin-5 and AQP-4 in the CA-1 and CA-3 hippocampal areas of the LH group were significantly lower than those of the control group, whereas those of the non-LH rats were not significantly different from those of the control and LH rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that LH rats but not non-LH rats experienced down-regulations of claudin-5 and AQP-4 in the CA-1 and CA-3. It is possible that a region-specific modulation of claudin-5 and AQP-4 is involved in the mechanisms of vulnerability but not resilience in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirose
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Yano
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Shirayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba 290-0111, Japan
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Dan Q, Jiang X, Wang R, Dai Z, Sun D. Biogenic Imaging Contrast Agents. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207090. [PMID: 37401173 PMCID: PMC10477908 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Imaging contrast agents are widely investigated in preclinical and clinical studies, among which biogenic imaging contrast agents (BICAs) are developing rapidly and playing an increasingly important role in biomedical research ranging from subcellular level to individual level. The unique properties of BICAs, including expression by cells as reporters and specific genetic modification, facilitate various in vitro and in vivo studies, such as quantification of gene expression, observation of protein interactions, visualization of cellular proliferation, monitoring of metabolism, and detection of dysfunctions. Furthermore, in human body, BICAs are remarkably helpful for disease diagnosis when the dysregulation of these agents occurs and can be detected through imaging techniques. There are various BICAs matched with a set of imaging techniques, including fluorescent proteins for fluorescence imaging, gas vesicles for ultrasound imaging, and ferritin for magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, bimodal and multimodal imaging can be realized through combining the functions of different BICAs, which helps overcome the limitations of monomodal imaging. In this review, the focus is on the properties, mechanisms, applications, and future directions of BICAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Xinpeng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Run Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Desheng Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
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Gomolka RS, Hablitz LM, Mestre H, Giannetto M, Du T, Hauglund NL, Xie L, Peng W, Martinez PM, Nedergaard M, Mori Y. Loss of aquaporin-4 results in glymphatic system dysfunction via brain-wide interstitial fluid stagnation. eLife 2023; 12:82232. [PMID: 36757363 PMCID: PMC9995113 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system is a fluid transport network of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) entering the brain along arterial perivascular spaces, exchanging with interstitial fluid (ISF), ultimately establishing directional clearance of interstitial solutes. CSF transport is facilitated by the expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels on the perivascular endfeet of astrocytes. Mice with genetic deletion of AQP4 (AQP4 KO) exhibit abnormalities in the brain structure and molecular water transport. Yet, no studies have systematically examined how these abnormalities in structure and water transport correlate with glymphatic function. Here, we used high-resolution 3D magnetic resonance (MR) non-contrast cisternography, diffusion-weighted MR imaging (MR-DWI) along with intravoxel-incoherent motion (IVIM) DWI, while evaluating glymphatic function using a standard dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging to better understand how water transport and glymphatic function is disrupted after genetic deletion of AQP4. AQP4 KO mice had larger interstitial spaces and total brain volumes resulting in higher water content and reduced CSF space volumes, despite similar CSF production rates and vascular density compared to wildtype mice. The larger interstitial fluid volume likely resulted in increased slow but not fast MR diffusion measures and coincided with reduced glymphatic influx. This markedly altered brain fluid transport in AQP4 KO mice may result from a reduction in glymphatic clearance, leading to enlargement and stagnation of fluid in the interstitial space. Overall, diffusion MR is a useful tool to evaluate glymphatic function and may serve as valuable translational biomarker to study glymphatics in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren M Hablitz
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
- Department of Neurology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Michael Giannetto
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Ting Du
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | | | - Lulu Xie
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Weiguo Peng
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | | | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Yuki Mori
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Streptococcal meningitis reveals the presence of residual streptococci and down-regulated aquaporin 4 in the brain. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:6329-6335. [PMID: 34562144 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of streptococcal meningitis is poorly understood, even though streptococcal infection induces meningitis. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between streptococcal meningitis and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in the mouse brain. After Streptococcus suis infection, the streptococcal number was calculated, and AQP4 mRNA expression in the brain was quantified at 2 and 7 days after infection. At 7-day post-infection, mice with neurological symptoms showed significantly higher S. suis levels in the brain than mice without neurological symptoms. AQP4 expression was significantly decreased in mice with neurological symptoms than in mice without neurological symptoms. Image analysis demonstrated that S. suis progressed to invade the white matter. Pathological analysis revealed that infected mouse brains had higher inflammation and neurological damage scores than uninfected mouse brains. Therefore, mice with neurological symptoms caused by streptococcal meningitis had high S. suis levels in the brain and reduced AQP4 expression.
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Etemadifar M, Nouri H, Khorvash R, Salari M, Ghafari K, Aghababaee A. Frequency of diencephalic syndrome in NMOSD. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 122:961-967. [PMID: 34515964 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diencephalic region of the brain harbors sites with a considerable amount of aquaporin-4 expression. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) primarily involves autoimmune processes against this molecule. However, little is known about the frequency of symptoms of diencephalic involvement in NMOSD patients. OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequency of symptoms of diencephalic involvement in NMOSD patients and describe the associated characteristics in patients presenting such symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective cohort included 145 NMOSD patients (39 males and 106 females) who visited Isfahan Multiple Sclerosis Center from January 2013 to February 2020 for approximately 61 months. Demographic and clinical information of patients and findings from radiological and serological investigations were retrieved. RESULTS The frequency of diencephalic involvement in NMOSD patients was 3.4% (five cases). Diencephalic syndrome-associated symptoms observed in this cohort consisted of narcolepsy (n = 2; 40%), hypotension (n = 1; 20%), amenorrhea (n = 1; 20%), and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (n = 1; 20%). These manifestations responded well to NMOSD-associated treatments, i.e., rituximab and azathioprine. CONCLUSION Although rarely manifested through symptoms suggestive of diencephalic involvement, NMOSD should be considered when encountering patients with the diencephalic syndrome to identify the primary cause of these manifestations.
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Gautam J, Xu L, Nirwane A, Nguyen B, Yao Y. Loss of mural cell-derived laminin aggravates hemorrhagic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:103. [PMID: 32252790 PMCID: PMC7133020 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mural cells synthesize and deposit laminin to the basement membrane. To investigate the function of mural cell-derived laminin, we generated a mutant mouse line lacking mural cell-derived laminin (termed PKO). In a previous study, we showed that the PKO mice were grossly normal under homeostatic condition, but developed blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown with advanced age (> 8 months), suggesting that these mutants are intrinsically weak. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that PKO mice have exacerbated injuries in pathological conditions. METHODS Using collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) as an injury model, we examined various stroke outcomes, including hematoma volume, neurological function, neuronal death, BBB integrity, paracellular/transcellular transport, inflammatory cell infiltration, and brain water content, in PKO mice and their wildtype littermates at young age (6-8 weeks). In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and an in vitro ICH model were used to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Compared to age-matched wildtype littermates, PKO mice display aggravated stroke outcomes, including larger hematoma size, worse neurological function, increased neuronal cell death, enhanced BBB permeability, increased transcytosis, and elevated inflammatory cell infiltration. These mutants also exhibit high baseline brain water content independent of aquaporin-4 (AQP4). In addition, mural cell-derived laminin significantly reduced caveolin-1 without affecting tight junction proteins in the in vitro ICH model. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that mural cell-derived laminin attenuates BBB damage in ICH via decreasing caveolin-1 and thus transcytosis, regulates brain water homeostasis, and plays a beneficial role in ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Abhijit Nirwane
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Wu YF, Sytwu HK, Lung FW. Polymorphisms in the Human Aquaporin 4 Gene Are Associated With Schizophrenia in the Southern Chinese Han Population: A Case-Control Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:596. [PMID: 32676041 PMCID: PMC7333661 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In psychiatric illness, pathogenic role of neuroinflammation has been supported by multiple lines of evidence. Astrocytes contribute to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with formation of the "glymphatic" drainage system of the central nervous system (CNS) through perivascular processes. Found primarily at the end-feet of astrocytes, the aquaporin 4 (AQP4) gene has been suspected to play putative roles in the development of psychiatric disorders as well as the clearance of the glymphatic system. However, there remain many uncertainties because of the limited research on AQP4. The present study is focused on the association between AQP4 gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia (SCZ) in the Southern Chinese Han population. METHODS Two hundred ninety-two patients and 100 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. To study the relationship of AQP4 gene polymorphisms and SCZ, genetic information was drawn from a cohort of 100 healthy controls and 100 matched patients with SCZ of Southern Han Chinese descent. Comparisons of the allele and genotype distributions between control and case groups were made using the χ2 test. Two-group comparisons were made to assess the linkage equilibrium and haplotype. RESULTS Three SNPs were found. In comparison to healthy controls, patients had higher T-allele frequencies at rs1058424 and G-allele frequencies at rs3763043 (p = 0.043 and p = 0.045, respectively). Furthermore, there is an association between the decreased risk of SCZ and the AA genotype at both rs1058424 (p = 0.021, OR = 2.04) and rs3763043 (p = 0.018, OR = 2.25) The TCG haplotype (p = 0.036) was associated with a potential risk of SCZ, while the ACA haplotype (p = 0.0007) was associated with a decreased risk of SCZ and retained statistical significance after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS An etiological reference for SCZ is provided by the association between AQP4 gene polymorphisms and SCZ in Southern Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fu Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - For-Wey Lung
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Calo Psychiatric Center, Pingtung County, Taiwan
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Suzuki Y, Nakamura Y, Yamada K, Kurabe S, Okamoto K, Aoki H, Kitaura H, Kakita A, Fujii Y, Huber VJ, Igarashi H, Kwee IL, Nakada T. Aquaporin Positron Emission Tomography Differentiates Between Grade III and IV Human Astrocytoma. Neurosurgery 2019. [PMID: 28645205 PMCID: PMC5952963 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporin (AQP) water channels play a significant role in mesenchymal microvascular proliferation and infiltrative growth. AQPs are highly expressed in malignant astrocytomas, and a positive correlation is observed between their expression levels and histological tumor grade. OBJECTIVE To examine the utility of aquaporin positron emission tomography (PET) for differentiating between astrocytoma grade III and grade IV using the AQP radioligand [11C]TGN-020. METHODS Fifteen astrocytoma patients, grade III (n = 7) and grade IV (n = 8), and 10 healthy volunteers underwent [11C]TGN-020 aquaporin PET imaging. Surgical tissues of astrocytoma patients were examined for histopathological grading using the WHO classification standard and expression of AQP1 and AQP4 immunohistochemically. RESULTS Mean standardized uptake values of astrocytoma grade III and IV (0.51 ± 0.11 vs 1.50 ± 0.44, respectively) were higher than normal white matter (0.17 ± 0.02, P < .001) for both tumor grades. Importantly, mean standardized uptake values of astrocytoma grade IV were significantly higher than grade III (P < .01). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that [11C]TGN-020 aquaporin PET imaging differentiated between astrocytoma grades III and IV. We suggest its clinical application as a noninvasive diagnostic tool would lead to advancements in the management of these malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Suzuki
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Sci-ence, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nakamura
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Sci-ence, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamada
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Sci-ence, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kurabe
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Sci-ence, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Ins-titute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kouichirou Okamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Ins-titute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Ins-titute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kitaura
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Sci-ence, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Fujii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Ins-titute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Vincent J Huber
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Sci-ence, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hironaka Igarashi
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Sci-ence, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ingrid L Kwee
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Tsutomu Nakada
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Sci-ence, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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12
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da Silva APB, Souza DG, Souza DO, Machado DC, Sato DK. Role of Glutamatergic Excitotoxicity in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:142. [PMID: 31031597 PMCID: PMC6473164 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory disorder mediated by immune-humoral responses directed against central nervous system (CNS) antigens. Most patients are positive for specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) auto-antibodies for aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water channel present in astrocytes. Antigen-antibody binding promotes complement system cascade activation, immune system cell infiltration, IgG deposition, loss of AQP4 and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) expression on the astrocytic plasma membrane, triggering necrotic destruction of spinal cord tissue and optic nerves. Astrocytes are very important cells in the CNS and, in addition to supporting other nerve cells, they also regulate cerebral homeostasis and control glutamatergic synapses by modulating neurotransmission in the cleft through the high-affinity glutamate transporters present in their cell membrane. Specific IgG binding to AQP4 in astrocytes blocks protein functions and reduces EAAT2 activity. Once compromised, EAAT2 cannot take up free glutamate from the extracellular space, triggering excitotoxicity in the cells, which is characterized by overactivation of glutamate receptors in postsynaptic neurons. Therefore, the longitudinally extensive myelitis and optic neuritis lesions observed in patients with NMOSD may be the result of primary astrocytic damage triggered by IgG binding to AQP4, which can activate the immune-system cascade and, in addition, downregulate EAAT2. All these processes may explain the destructive lesions in NMOSD secondary to neuroinflammation and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. New or repurposed existing drugs capable of controlling glutamatergic excitotoxicity may provide new therapeutic options to reduce tissue damage and permanent disability after NMOSD attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Bornes da Silva
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical School, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Débora Guerini Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Denise Cantarelli Machado
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical School, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas Kazutoshi Sato
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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13
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Association of Genetic Variation at AQP4 Locus with Vascular Depression. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040164. [PMID: 30563176 PMCID: PMC6316852 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its substantial clinical importance, specific genetic variants associated with depression have not yet been identified. We sought to identify genetic variants associated with depression by (a) focusing on a more homogenous subsample (vascular depression) and (b) applying a three-stage approach. First, we contacted 730 participants with a confirmed atherosclerotic disease (coronary artery disease) from a population-based study population (German Myocardial Infarction Family Study IV) for psychiatric assessment with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Second, we genotyped these patients using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Third, we characterized the SNP via in-silico analysis. The final sample consisted of 342 patients (78.3% male, age = 63.2 ± 9.9 years), 22.8% with a severe depressive disorder. Variant rs528732638 on chromosome 18q11.2 was a genome-wide significant variant and was associated with 3.6-fold increase in the odds of lifetime depression. The locus belongs to a linkage disequilibrium block showing expression quantitative trait loci effects on three putative cis-regulated genes, including the aquaporin 4 (AQP4) locus. AQP4 is already known to mediate the formation of ischemic edema in the brain and heart, increasing the size and extent of resulting lesions. Our findings indicate that AQP4 may also play a role in the etiopathology of vascular depression.
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14
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Sun ZL, Jiang XF, Cheng YC, Liu YF, Yang K, Zhu SL, Kong XB, Tu Y, Bian KF, Liu ZL, Chen XY. Exendin-4 inhibits high-altitude cerebral edema by protecting against neurobiological dysfunction. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:653-663. [PMID: 29722317 PMCID: PMC5950675 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.230291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of exendin-4 (Ex-4) have been reported previously. However, whether (Ex-4) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) remains poorly understood. In this study, two rat models of HACE were established by placing rats in a hypoxic environment with a simulated altitude of either 6000- or 7000-m above sea level (MASL) for 72 hours. An altitude of 7000 MASL with 72-hours of hypoxia was found to be the optimized experimental paradigm for establishing HACE models. Then, in rats where a model of HACE was established by introducing them to a 7000 MASL environment with 72-hours of hypoxia treatment, 2, 10 and, 100 μg of Ex-4 was intraperitoneally administrated. The open field test and tail suspension test were used to test animal behavior. Routine methods were used to detect change in inflammatory cells. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to determine pathological changes to brain tissue. Wet/dry weight ratios were used to measure brain water content. Evans blue leakage was used to determine blood-brain barrier integrity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure markers of inflammation and oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malonaldehyde values, as well as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in the brain tissue. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the levels of occludin, ZO-1, SOCS-3, vascular endothelial growth factor, EPAC1, nuclear factor-kappa B, and aquaporin-4. Our results demonstrate that Ex-4 preconditioning decreased brain water content, inhibited inflammation and oxidative stress, alleviated brain tissue injury, maintain blood-brain barrier integrity, and effectively improved motor function in rat models of HACE. These findings suggest that Ex-4 exhibits therapeutic potential in the treatment of HACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Lei Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Institute of Traumatic Brain Trauma and Neurological of CAPF, Neurotrauma Repair Key Laboratory of Tianjin, Tianjin; Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xian-Feng Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Institute of Traumatic Brain Trauma and Neurological of CAPF, Neurotrauma Repair Key Laboratory of Tianjin; Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan-Chi Cheng
- Central Hospital of Fengxian District of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Fu Liu
- Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Yang
- The No. 2 Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Xian-Bin Kong
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Tu
- Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Institute of Traumatic Brain Trauma and Neurological of CAPF, Neurotrauma Repair Key Laboratory of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke-Feng Bian
- Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen-Lin Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Institute of Traumatic Brain Trauma and Neurological of CAPF, Neurotrauma Repair Key Laboratory of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu-Yi Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Institute of Traumatic Brain Trauma and Neurological of CAPF, Neurotrauma Repair Key Laboratory of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
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15
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Pivotal neuroinflammatory and therapeutic role of high mobility group box 1 in ischemic stroke. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171104. [PMID: 29054968 PMCID: PMC5715129 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Stroke is a frequent and severe neurovascular disorder. The main cause of stroke is atherosclerosis, and the most common risk factor for atherosclerosis is hypertension. Therefore, prevention and treatment of stroke are crucial issues in humans. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is non-histone nuclear protein that is currently one of the crucial proinflammatory alarmins in ischemic stroke (IS). It is instantly released from necrotic cells in the ischemic core and activates an early inflammatory response. HMGB1 may signal via its putative receptors, such as receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes during IS. These receptors are expressed in brain cells. Additionally, brain-released HMGB1 can be redox modified in the circulation and activate peripheral immune cells. The role of HMGB1 may be more complex. HMGB1 possesses beneficial actions, such as endothelial activation, enhancement of neurite outgrowth, and neuronal survival. HMGB1 may also provide a novel link for brain-immune communication leading to post-stroke immunomodulation. Therefore, HMGB1 is new promising therapeutic intervention aimed at promoting neurovascular repair and remodeling after stroke. In this review, we look at the mechanisms of secretion of HMGB1, the role of receptors, MMP enzymes, hypoglycemia, atherosclerosis, edema, angiogenesis as well as neuroimmunological reactions and post-ischemic brain recovery in IS. We also outline therapeutic roles of HMGB1 in IS.
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16
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Mendes NF, Mariotti FFN, de Andrade JS, de Barros Viana M, Céspedes IC, Nagaoka MR, Le Sueur-Maluf L. Lactulose decreases neuronal activation and attenuates motor behavioral deficits in hyperammonemic rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:2073-2083. [PMID: 28875419 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactulose is a nonabsorbable disaccharide commonly used in clinical practice to treat hepatic encephalopathy. However, its effects on neuropsychiatric disorders and motor behavior have not been fully elucidated. Male Wistar rats were bile-duct ligated, and 3 weeks after surgery, treated with lactulose administrated by gavage (1.43 or 3.57 g/kg), once a day for seven days. Plasma levels of ammonia, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and creatinine were quantified and histopathological analysis of the livers was performed. Locomotor activity measurements were performed in an open field. The expression of water channel aquaporin-4 was investigated and the analysis of Fos protein immunoreactivity was used to evaluate the pattern of neural activation in brain areas related to motor behavior. Bile-duct ligated rats showed hyperammonemia, loss of liver integrity and function, impaired locomotor activity, reduced aquaporin-4 protein expression, and neuronal hyperactivity. Lactulose treatment was able to reduce ammonia plasma levels, despite not having an effect on biochemical parameters of liver function, such as aspartate aminotransferase activity and total bilirubin levels, or on the cirrhotic hepatic architecture. Lactulose was also able to reduce the locomotor activity impairments and to mitigate or reverse most changes in neuronal activation. Lactulose had no effect on reduced aquaporin-4 protein expression. Our findings confirm the effectiveness of lactulose in reducing hyperammonemia and neuronal hyperactivity in brain areas related to motor behavior, reinforcing the importance of its clinical use in the treatment of the symptoms of cirrhosis-associated encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Ferreira Mendes
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas/SP, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Flora França Nogueira Mariotti
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - José Simões de Andrade
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Céspedes
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 11015-020, São Paulo/SP, 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina Nagaoka
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Luciana Le Sueur-Maluf
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil.
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17
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Yang DM, Huettner JE, Bretthorst GL, Neil JJ, Garbow JR, Ackerman JJH. Intracellular water preexchange lifetime in neurons and astrocytes. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:1616-1627. [PMID: 28675497 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the intracellular water preexchange lifetime, τi , the "average residence time" of water, in the intracellular milieu of neurons and astrocytes. The preexchange lifetime is important for modeling a variety of MR data sets, including relaxation, diffusion-sensitive, and dynamic contrast-enhanced data sets. METHODS Herein, τi in neurons and astrocytes is determined in a microbead-adherent, cultured cell system. In concert with thin-slice selection, rapid flow of extracellular media suppresses extracellular signal, allowing determination of the transcytolemmal-exchange-dominated, intracellular T1 . With this knowledge, and that of the intracellular T1 in the absence of exchange, τi can be derived. RESULTS Under normal culture conditions, τi for neurons is 0.75 ± 0.05 s versus 0.57 ± 0.03 s for astrocytes. Both neuronal and astrocytic τi s decrease within 30 min after the onset of oxygen-glucose deprivation, with the astrocytic τi showing a substantially greater decrease than the neuronal τi . CONCLUSIONS Given an approximate intra- to extracellular volume ratio of 4:1 in the brain, these data imply that, under normal physiological conditions, an MR experimental characteristic time of less than 0.012 s is required for a nonexchanging, two-compartment (intra- and extracellular) model to be valid for MR studies. This characteristic time shortens significantly (i.e., 0.004 s) under injury conditions. Magn Reson Med 79:1616-1627, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghan M Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James E Huettner
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - G Larry Bretthorst
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Neil
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel R Garbow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph J H Ackerman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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18
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Chen JQ, Zhang CC, Jiang SN, Lu H, Wang W. Effects of Aquaporin 4 Knockdown on Brain Edema of the Uninjured Side After Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4809-4819. [PMID: 27930615 PMCID: PMC5161431 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces edema on the uninjured side (i.e., contralateral brain tissue; CBT). We evaluated the role of AQP4 in CBT edema formation following TBI. Material/Methods Mild or severe TBI was induced using a controlled cortical impact model in rats, immediately followed by intraventricular siRNA infusions. The effects of AQP4 siRNA on CBT edema were assessed at up to 168 h. Results Mild or severe TBI induced different patterns of CBT edema. Furthermore, following mild TBI, brain water content (BWC) was increased at 72 h thereafter and AQP4 expression was increased after 168 h, relative to non-injured rats (i.e., sham). AQP4 interference reduced AQP4 expression 48 h thereafter and BWC 72 h thereafter, relative to control siRNA. In contrast, following severe TBI, BWC was increased 1 h thereafter and AQP4 expression was transiently enhanced after 1 h, relative to sham. However, AQP4 interference reduced AQP4 expression after 1 h and BWC 24 h thereafter, relative to control siRNA. Finally, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value in CBT was positively correlated with AQP4 expression level following severe, but not mild, TBI. AQP4 interference disrupted this correlation. Conclusions AQP4 interference reduces CBT edema formation, and ADC value may predict TBI severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Cheng-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated to Haikou Hospital Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South Universit, Haikou, Hainan, China (mainland)
| | - Sheng-Nan Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated to Haikou Hospital Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China (mainland)
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing The Seventh People's Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
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19
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Liu S, Mao J, Wang T, Fu X. Downregulation of Aquaporin-4 Protects Brain Against Hypoxia Ischemia via Anti-inflammatory Mechanism. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6426-6435. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Aquaporin-4: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Edema. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101413. [PMID: 27690011 PMCID: PMC5085613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a family member of water-channel proteins and is dominantly expressed in the foot process of glial cells surrounding capillaries. The predominant expression at the boundaries between cerebral parenchyma and major fluid compartments suggests the function of aquaporin-4 in water transfer into and out of the brain parenchyma. Accumulating evidences have suggested that the dysregulation of aquaporin-4 relates to the brain edema resulting from a variety of neuro-disorders, such as ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, trauma, etc. During edema formation in the brain, aquaporin-4 has been shown to contribute to the astrocytic swelling, while in the resolution phase, it has been seen to facilitate the reabsorption of extracellular fluid. In addition, aquaporin-4-deficient mice are protected from cytotoxic edema produced by water intoxication and brain ischemia. However, aquaporin-4 deletion exacerbates vasogenic edema in the brain of different pathological disorders. Recently, our published data showed that the upregulation of aquaporin-4 in astrocytes probably contributes to the transition from cytotoxic edema to vasogenic edema. In this review, apart from the traditional knowledge, we also introduce our latest findings about the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and microRNA-29b on aquaporin-4, which could provide powerful intervention tools targeting aquaporin-4.
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21
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Bernardino RL, Marinelli RA, Maggio A, Gena P, Cataldo I, Alves MG, Svelto M, Oliveira PF, Calamita G. Hepatocyte and Sertoli Cell Aquaporins, Recent Advances and Research Trends. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071096. [PMID: 27409609 PMCID: PMC4964472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are proteinaceous channels widespread in nature where they allow facilitated permeation of water and uncharged through cellular membranes. AQPs play a number of important roles in both health and disease. This review focuses on the most recent advances and research trends regarding the expression and modulation, as well as physiological and pathophysiological functions of AQPs in hepatocytes and Sertoli cells (SCs). Besides their involvement in bile formation, hepatocyte AQPs are involved in maintaining energy balance acting in hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism, and in critical processes such as ammonia detoxification and mitochondrial output of hydrogen peroxide. Roles are played in clinical disorders including fatty liver disease, diabetes, obesity, cholestasis, hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. In the seminiferous tubules, particularly in SCs, AQPs are also widely expressed and seem to be implicated in the various stages of spermatogenesis. Like in hepatocytes, AQPs may be involved in maintaining energy homeostasis in these cells and have a major role in the metabolic cooperation established in the testicular tissue. Altogether, this information represents the mainstay of current and future investigation in an expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Bernardino
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Raul A Marinelli
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas-Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 531 S2002LRK Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Anna Maggio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharnaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Gena
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharnaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Cataldo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharnaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Marco G Alves
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharnaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharnaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Long-term effects of simulated microgravity and/or chronic exposure to low-dose gamma radiation on behavior and blood-brain barrier integrity. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16019. [PMID: 28725731 PMCID: PMC5516431 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts on lengthy voyages will be exposed to an environment of microgravity and ionizing radiation that may have adverse effects on physical abilities, mood, and cognitive functioning. However, little is known about the long-term effects of combined microgravity and low-dose radiation. We exposed mice to gamma radiation using a cobalt-57 plate (0.01 cGy/h for a total dose of 0.04 Gy), hindlimb unloading to simulate microgravity, or a combination of both for 3 weeks. Mice then underwent a behavioral test battery after 1 week, 1 month, 4 months, and 8 months to assess sensorimotor coordination/balance (rotarod), activity levels (open field), learned helplessness/depression-like behavior (tail suspension test), risk-taking (elevated zero maze), and spatial learning/memory (water maze). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression was assessed in the brain after behavioral testing to determine blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Mice that received unloading spent significantly more time in the exposed portions of the elevated zero maze, were hypoactive in the open field, and spent less time struggling on the tail suspension test than mice that did not receive unloading. Mice in the combination group expressed more AQP4 immunoactivity than controls. Elevated zero maze and AQP4 data were correlated. No differences were seen on the water maze or rotarod, and no radiation-only effects were observed. These results suggest that microgravity may lead to changes in exploratory/risk-taking behaviors in the absence of other sensorimotor or cognitive deficits and that combined microgravity and a chronic, low dose of gamma radiation may lead to BBB dysfunction.
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23
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Detection of Antibodies against Human and Plant Aquaporins in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Autoimmune Dis 2015; 2015:905208. [PMID: 26290755 PMCID: PMC4529886 DOI: 10.1155/2015/905208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the body's central nervous system. Around 90% of MS sufferers are diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). We used ELISA to measure IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies against linear epitopes of human and plant aquaporins (AQP4) as well as neural antigens in RRMS patients and controls to determine whether patients suffering from RRMS have simultaneous elevations in antibodies against these peptides and antigens. In comparison to controls, significant elevations in isotype-specific antibodies against human and plant AQP4 and neural antigens such as MBP, MOG, and S100B were detected in RRMS patients, indicating a high correlation in antibody reaction between plant aquaporins and brain antigens. This correlation between the reactivities of RRMS patients with various tested antigens was the most significant for the IgM isotype. We conclude that a subclass of patients with RRMS reacts to both plant and human AQP4 peptides. This immune reaction against different plant aquaporins may help in the development of dietary modifications for patients with MS and other neuroimmune disorders.
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Hopkins AM, DeSimone E, Chwalek K, Kaplan DL. 3D in vitro modeling of the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 125:1-25. [PMID: 25461688 PMCID: PMC4324093 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are currently more than 600 diseases characterized as affecting the central nervous system (CNS) which inflict neural damage. Unfortunately, few of these conditions have effective treatments available. Although significant efforts have been put into developing new therapeutics, drugs which were promising in the developmental phase have high attrition rates in late stage clinical trials. These failures could be circumvented if current 2D in vitro and in vivo models were improved. 3D, tissue-engineered in vitro systems can address this need and enhance clinical translation through two approaches: (1) bottom-up, and (2) top-down (developmental/regenerative) strategies to reproduce the structure and function of human tissues. Critical challenges remain including biomaterials capable of matching the mechanical properties and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition of neural tissues, compartmentalized scaffolds that support heterogeneous tissue architectures reflective of brain organization and structure, and robust functional assays for in vitro tissue validation. The unique design parameters defined by the complex physiology of the CNS for construction and validation of 3D in vitro neural systems are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Hopkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Elise DeSimone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Karolina Chwalek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science & Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Xiong XX, Gu LJ, Shen J, Kang XH, Zheng YY, Yue SB, Zhu SM. Probenecid protects against transient focal cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting HMGB1 release and attenuating AQP4 expression in mice. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:216-24. [PMID: 24317635 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke results in inflammation, brain edema, and neuronal death. However, effective neuroprotectants are not available. Recent studies have shown that high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes to ischemic brain injury. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a water channel protein, is considered to play a pivotal role in ischemia-induced brain edema. More recently, studies have shown that pannexin 1 channels are involved in cerebral ischemic injury and the cellular inflammatory response. Here, we examined whether the pannexin 1 channel inhibitor probenecid could reduce focal ischemic brain injury by inhibiting cerebral inflammation and edema. Transient focal ischemia was induced in C57BL/6J mice by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 h. Infarct volume, neurological score and cerebral water content were evaluated 48 h after MCAO. Immunostaining, western blot analysis and ELISA were used to assess the effects of probenecid on the cellular inflammatory response, HMGB1 release and AQP4 expression. Administration of probenecid reduced infarct size, decreased cerebral water content, inhibited neuronal death, and reduced inflammation in the brain 48 h after stroke. In addition, HMGB1 release from neurons was significantly diminished and serum HMGB1 levels were substantially reduced following probenecid treatment. Moreover, AQP4 protein expression was downregulated in the cortical penumbra following post-stroke treatment with probenecid. These results suggest that probenecid, a powerful pannexin 1 channel inhibitor, protects against ischemic brain injury by inhibiting cerebral inflammation and edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xing Xiong
- Department of Anesthesia, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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The role of astrocytes in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:185463. [PMID: 24369508 PMCID: PMC3867861 DOI: 10.1155/2013/185463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate synaptic transmission and play a role in the formation of new memories, long-term potentiation (LTP), and functional synaptic plasticity. Specifically, astroglial release of glutamate, ATP, and cytokines likely alters the survivability and functioning of newly formed connections. Among these pathways, regulation of glutamate appears to be most directly related to the promotion of LTP, which is highly dependent on the synchronization of synaptic receptors through the regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Moreover, regulation of postsynaptic glutamate receptors, particularly AMPA receptors, is dependent on signaling by ATP synthesized in astrocytes. Finally, cytokine signaling is also implicated in regulating LTP, but is likely most important in plasticity following tissue damage. Despite the role of these signaling factors in regulating LTP and functional plasticity, an integrative model of these factors has not yet been elucidated. In this review, we seek to summarize the current body of evidence on astrocytic mechanisms for regulation of LTP and functional plasticity, and provide an integrative model of the processes.
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Wang X, Zhang J, Yang Y, Dong W, Wang F, Wang L, Li X. Progesterone attenuates cerebral edema in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and aquaporin-4. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:263-267. [PMID: 23935758 PMCID: PMC3735911 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of progesterone (PROG) on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, cerebral edema and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) and to explore the mechanism of its neuroprotective effect. Sixty 7-day-old Wistar rats were divided into sham surgery, hypoxic ischemia (HI) and drug prophylaxis (PROG) groups. HIBD animal models were established. All the animals were sacrificed after 24 h. The BBB was assessed using Evans blue. Cerebral moisture capacity was determined using the dry-wet method. MMP-9 was detected in the brain tissues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of AQP-4 and MMP-9 in the cerebral cortex was observed using immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The MMP-9 levels in the cortex, BBB permeability, cerebral moisture capacity and expression of AQP-4 and MMP-9 in the HI group were significantly higher compared with those in the sham surgery group (P<0.01), and they were significantly lower in the drug prophylaxis group compared with those in the HI group (P<0.05). In conclusion, PROG reduces BBB damage and cerebral edema and inhibits MMP-9 generation to protect rat brains against HIBD. The protective effect of PROG may be correlated with downregulated expression of AQP-4 and MMP-9 in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University
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