1
|
Equine Cervical Pain and Dysfunction: Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020422. [PMID: 33562089 PMCID: PMC7915466 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neck pain and dysfunction in the horse is becoming an increasingly important topic among riders, trainers and veterinarians. Some horses may present for a subtle performance decline, while others may show dramatic, dangerous behavior. It is important to recognize how to carefully evaluate the horse in an effort to understand the different types of pain that may be contributing to the different behaviors. The musculoskeletal and nervous systems may both play a role in the development of clinical signs. Recognizing that there are many diagnostic options as well as several treatments choices is important. This synopsis covers the disease processes that may contribute to the development of neck pain and dysfunction in the horse, as well as several possible diagnostic and treatment options. Abstract Interest in the cervical spine as a cause of pain or dysfunction is increasingly becoming the focus of many equine practitioners. Many affected horses are presented for poor performance, while others will present with dramatic, sometimes dangerous behavior. Understanding and distinguishing the different types of neck pain is a starting point to comprehending how the clinical presentations can vary so greatly. There are many steps needed to systematically evaluate the various tissues of the cervical spine to determine which components are contributing to cervical pain and dysfunction. Osseous structures, soft tissues and the central and the peripheral nervous system may all play a role in these various clinical presentations. After completing the clinical evaluation, several imaging modalities may be implemented to help determine the underlying pathologic processes. There are multiple treatment options available and each must be carefully chosen for an individual horse. Provided is a synopsis of the current knowledge as to different disease processes that can result in cervical pain and dysfunction, diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies. Improving the knowledge in these areas will ideally help to return horses to a state of well-being that can be maintained over time and through the rigors of their job or athletic endeavors.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hablolvarid MH. Unilateral malignant melanoma of the adrenal gland with metastatic spread to the thorax in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Hablolvarid
- Department of Pathology Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Karaj Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Groom LM, Sullins KE. Surgical excision of large melanocytic tumours in grey horses: 38 cases (2001-2013). EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Groom
- Marion DuPont Scott Equine Medical Centre; Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Leesburg Virginia USA
| | - K. E. Sullins
- Marion DuPont Scott Equine Medical Centre; Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Leesburg Virginia USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coelho C, Lopes M, Flôres F, Zangirolami Filho D, Canola P, Valadão C. Horner-s Syndrome following common carotid artery translocation in a horse: case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-6771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Horner's syndrome (HS) is a sympathetic dysfunction caused by injuries to the sympathetic pathway. A clinical case of HS following common carotid artery transposition and catheterization in a horse is described. The animal presented head and neck sweating with focal skin temperature elevation, facial paralysis and ptosis. Most clinical signs were transient and persisted for two hours following percutaneous catheter removal. Recurrence of clinical signs was observed at subsequent catheterizations. Ptosis endured for 10 months as a consequence of the first catheter placement which demonstrates the importance of careful manipulation of the anatomical structures of the neck when performing any surgical manipulation in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C.M.M. Coelho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho
| | | | | | | | - P.A. Canola
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nannarone S, Cercone M, Gialletti R, Pepe M. Horner's Syndrome Associated with Disseminated Thoracic Melanoma in a Lipizzaner Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Abstract
Melanomas are among the most common skin tumors in horses, with prevalence rates reaching as high as 80% in adult gray horses. Most melanocytic tumors are benign at initial presentation; however, if left untreated, up to two-thirds can progress to overt malignant behavior. Standard local treatment options can be used to treat solitary early-stage lesions but do not address the underlying risk of recurrent tumor formation or the transformation to a malignant phenotype. An understanding of the specific molecular genetic factors associated with tumor formation should lead to targeted therapies that can be used to treat or ideally prevent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Phillips
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Albanese V, Newton JC, Waguespack RW. Malignant melanoma of the third eyelid in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Albanese
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama USA
| | - J. C. Newton
- Department of Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama USA
| | - R. W. Waguespack
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moore JS, Shaw C, Shaw E, Buechner-Maxwell V, Scarratt WK, Crisman M, Furr M, Robertson J. Melanoma in horses: Current perspectives. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Palumbo MIP, Moreira JJ, Olivo G, Neto CR, Pyles MD, Watanabe MJ, Borges AS. Right-sided laryngeal hemiplegia and Horner's syndrome in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
11
|
Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR, Allen AK, Waldsmith JD. Use of infrared thermography to detect performance enhancing techniques in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2000.tb01772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Firshman AM, Hayden DW, Valberg SJ, McKenzie EC. Horner's syndrome associated with fungal mediastinitis in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2003.tb00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Fry MM, Magdesian KG, Judy CE, Pusterla N, Vidal JD, Pesavento RA, Zinkl JG. Antemortem diagnosis of equine mesothelioma by pleural biopsy. Equine Vet J 2010; 35:723-7. [PMID: 14649368 DOI: 10.2746/042516403775696375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Fry
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, The University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
|
16
|
|
17
|
Abstract
Melanoma is a devastating disease frequently encountered within both veterinary and human medicine. Molecular changes linked with neoplastic transformation of melanocytes include mutations in genes that encode proteins intrinsic to the regulatory pathways of two tumor suppressor proteins (retinoblastoma protein and p53), proto-oncogene mutation to oncogenes, altered expression of epithelial cadherin and CD44 adhesion molecules, and upregulation of angiogenic factors and other growth factors. Histologic evaluation of the primary mass is the most common means of diagnosis, with cytology used more frequently to document metastasis. Melanoma's highly variable histologic and cytologic patterns can make diagnosis by either method problematic. Adherent epithelioid morphology, including signet ring forms, and nonadherent round and spindle forms are recognized, with pigmentation an inconsistent finding. The site of the tumor, the thickness of the primary tumor or depth of invasion, and the number of mitotic figures per high-power field or per millimeter are used histologically to predict biologic behavior, whereas site and degree of pleomorphism are typically used for cytologic preparations. Diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma can be aided by ancillary diagnostic techniques. Tumor cells are usually positive for vimentin, S100, neuron-specific enolase, and Melan-A, and negative for cytokeratin. Melan-A as a positive marker is not as sensitive as the others are but is likely more specific. Monoclonal antibodies to human melanosome-specific antigens 1 and 5 cross-react with canine antigens for a combined sensitivity rate of 83%. Mouse monoclonal antibody IBF9 specifically recognizes canine melanoma antigen and also has good sensitivity. Serologic markers, including cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and melanoma-inhibitory activity, are being investigated as potential sentinels of melanoma. Currently, there is no single diagnostic technique capable of differentiating benign from malignant melanocytic neoplasms or predicting survival time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Van hoogmoed LM, Snyder JR. Use of infrared thermography to detect injections and palmar digital neurectomy in horses. Vet J 2002; 164:129-41. [PMID: 12359467 DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.2002.0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermography is a non-contact, non-invasive technique that detects surface heat emitted as infrared radiation. Because skin temperature reflects the status of underlying tissue metabolism and blood circulation, abnormal thermal patterns can signify areas of superficial inflammation. The objective of this study was to determine if thermography could detect the injection of analgesic and neurolytic agents and surgical palmar digital neurectomy. Procedures evaluated include injection of the lumbar region, suspensory ligaments, tibial nerve, palmar digital nerves, and palmar digital neurectomy. Thermographic images were obtained before and after the procedures until a significant difference was no longer detected. Local injection of the lumbar region and the suspensory ligament produced detectable thermal patterns for two days, and tibial nerve infiltration with a neurolytic agent was significant for two days. Analgesia of the palmar nerves was significant for 24h with bupivicaine, compared to five days for ammonium chloride. Palmar digital neurectomy produced more variable thermal patterns. While sensitive enough to detect changes in heat patterns from control regions, thermography is not specific enough to discriminate between procedures and injury inducing an inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Van hoogmoed
- Comparative Gastroenterology Laboratory, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Tarrant J, Stokol T, Bartol J, Wakshlag J, Blue J. Diagnosis of malignant melanoma in a horse from cytology of body cavity fluid and blood. Equine Vet J 2001; 33:531-4. [PMID: 11558753 DOI: 10.2746/042516401776254899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Tarrant
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Infrared thermographic imaging (ITI) is the most sensitive objective imaging currently available for the detection of back disease in horses. It is, however, only a physiological study primarily of vasomotor tone overlying other superficial tissue factors. Interpretation requires extreme care in imaging protocol and in understanding the significance of altered sympathetic nervous tone and the sympathetic distribution. Most discussions on back pain have centered on nociception and inflammatory events. ITI provides information and localization for more significant than diagnosing areas of hot spots. Chronic back pain usually involves vasoconstriction at the affected sites and from ITI studies in man, we have an opportunity to appreciate chronic pain phenomena that involves non-inflammatory events. These occur commonly in horses, but are still seldom recognized and treated.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Neoplasia of the central nervous system (CNS) can be divided into two main categories: nonpituitary CNS neoplasia and pituitary adenomas. Nonpituitary CNS neoplasias are generally compressive in nature, although some are also invasive. The majority of reported CNS tumors are secondary with only a few originating from nervous tissue. Pituitary adenomas predominantly occur in the pars intermedia of the older horse. Clinical signs, diagnostic testing, and possible treatments are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Paradis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|