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Porter LT, Adin CA, Crews CD, Mott J, Gilor C. Isolation of feline islets of Langerhans by selective osmotic shock produces glucose responsive islets. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1365611. [PMID: 38515535 PMCID: PMC10954776 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1365611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pancreatic islet isolation is essential for studying islet physiology, pathology, and transplantation, and feline islets could be an important model for human type II diabetes mellitus (T2D). Traditional isolation methods utilizing collagenases inflict damage and, in cats, may contribute to the difficulty in generating functional islets, as demonstrated by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). GLUT2 expression in β cells may allow for adaptation to hyperosmolar glucose solutions while exocrine tissue is selectively disrupted. Methods Here we developed a protocol for selective osmotic shock (SOS) for feline islet isolation and evaluated the effect of different hyperosmolar glucose concentrations (300 mmol/L and 600 mmol/L) and incubation times (20 min and 40 min) on purity, morphology, yield, and GSIS. Results Across protocol treatments, islet yield was moderate and morphology excellent. The treatment of 600 mmol/L glucose solution with 20 min incubation resulted in the highest stimulation index by GSIS. Discussion Glucose responsiveness was demonstrated, permitting future in vitro studies. This research opens avenues for understanding feline islet function and transplantation possibilities and enables an additional islet model for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T. Porter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christopher A. Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine Dean’s Office, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chiquitha D. Crews
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jocelyn Mott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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2
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Briens JM, Subramaniam M, Kilgour A, Loewen ME, Desai KM, Adolphe JL, Zatti KM, Drew MD, Weber LP. Glycemic, insulinemic and methylglyoxal postprandial responses to starches alone or in whole diets in dogs versus cats: Relating the concept of glycemic index to metabolic responses and gene expression. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 257:110973. [PMID: 33933629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Species differences between domestic cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis familiaris) has led to differences in their ability to digest, absorb and metabolize carbohydrates through poorly characterized mechanisms. The current study aimed to first examine biopsied small intestine, pancreas, liver and skeletal muscle from laboratory beagles and domestic cats for mRNA expression of key enzymes involved in starch digestion (amylase), glucose transport (sodium-dependent SGLTs and -independent glucose transporters, GLUT) and glucose metabolism (hexokinase and glucokinase). Cats had lower mRNA expression of most genes examined in almost all tissues compared to dogs (p < 0.05). Next, postprandial glucose, insulin, methylglyoxal (a toxic glucose metabolite) and d-lactate (metabolite of methylglyoxal) after single feedings of different starch sources were tested in fasted dogs and cats. After feeding pure glucose, peak postprandial blood glucose and methylglyoxal were surprisingly similar between dogs and cats, except cats had a longer time to peak and a greater area under the curve consistent with lower glycolytic enzyme expression. After feeding starches or whole diets to dogs, postprandial glycemic response, glycemic index, insulin, methylglyoxal and d-lactate followed reported glycemic index trends in humans. In contrast, cats showed very low to negligible postprandial glycemic responses and low insulin after feeding different starch sources, but not whole diets, with no relationship to methylglyoxal or d-lactate. Thus, the concept of glycemic index appears valid in dogs, but not cats. Differences in amylase, glucose transporters, and glycolytic enzymes are consistent with species differences in starch and glucose handling between cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Briens
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Marina Subramaniam
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Alyssa Kilgour
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Matthew E Loewen
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Kaushik M Desai
- Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Adolphe
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Kyla M Zatti
- Animal & Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Murray D Drew
- Animal & Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Lynn P Weber
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
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3
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Camara A, Verbrugghe A, Cargo-Froom C, Hogan K, DeVries TJ, Sanchez A, Robinson LE, Shoveller AK. The daytime feeding frequency affects appetite-regulating hormones, amino acids, physical activity, and respiratory quotient, but not energy expenditure, in adult cats fed regimens for 21 days. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238522. [PMID: 32946478 PMCID: PMC7500645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of feeding frequency on postprandial response of circulating appetite-regulating hormones, insulin, glucose and amino acids, and on physical activity, energy expenditure, and respiratory quotient were studied in healthy adult cats. Two experiments were designed as a 2 x 3 replicated incomplete Latin square design. Eight cats, with an average body weight (BW) of 4.34 kg ± 0.04 and body condition score (BCS) of 5.4 ± 1.4 (9 point scale), were fed isocaloric amounts of a commercial adult maintenance canned cat food either once (0800 h) or four times daily (0800 h, 1130 h, 1500 h, 1830 h). Study 1 consisted of three 21-d periods. On day 14, two fasted and 11 postprandial blood samples were collected over 24 hours to measure plasma concentrations of ghrelin, GLP-1, GIP, leptin, PYY, insulin and amino acids, and whole blood glucose. Physical activity was monitored from day 15 to 21 of each period. In Study 2 indirect calorimetry was performed on the last day of each period. Body weight was measured weekly and feed intake recorded daily in both experiments. No effect of feeding regimen on BW was detected. Cats eating four times daily had lesser plasma concentrations of GIP and GLP-1 (P<0.05) and tended to have lesser plasma PYY concentrations (P<0.1). Plasma leptin and whole blood glucose concentrations did not differ between regimens (P>0.1). Cats fed once daily had a greater postprandial plasma amino acid response, and greater plasma ghrelin and insulin concentrations (P<0.05). Physical activity was greater in cats fed four times (P<0.05), though energy expenditure was similar between treatments at fasting and in postprandial phases. Finally, cats eating one meal had a lower fasting respiratory quotient (P<0.05). Overall, these data indicate that feeding once a day may be a beneficial feeding management strategy for indoor cats to promote satiation and lean body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Camara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cara Cargo-Froom
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kylie Hogan
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor J. DeVries
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay E. Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Gilor C, Niessen S, Furrow E, DiBartola S. What's in a Name? Classification of Diabetes Mellitus in Veterinary Medicine and Why It Matters. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:927-40. [PMID: 27461721 PMCID: PMC5108445 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a syndrome caused by various etiologies. The clinical manifestations of DM are not indicative of the cause of the disease, but might be indicative of the stage and severity of the disease process. Accurately diagnosing and classifying diabetic dogs and cats by the underlying disease process is essential for current and future studies on early detection, prevention, and treatment of underlying disease. Here, we review the current etiology-based classification of DM and definitions of DM types in human medicine and discuss key points on the pathogenesis of each DM type and prediabetes. We then review current evidence for application of this etiology-based classification scheme in dogs and cats. In dogs, we emphasize the lack of consistent evidence for autoimmune DM (Type 1) and the possible importance of other DM types such as DM associated with exocrine pancreatic disease. While most dogs are first examined because of DM in an insulin-dependent state, early and accurate diagnosis of the underlying disease process could change the long-term outcome and allow some degree of insulin independence. In cats, we review the appropriateness of using the umbrella term of Type 2 DM and differentiating it from DM secondary to other endocrine disease like hypersomatotropism. This differentiation could have crucial implications on treatment and prognosis. We also discuss the challenges in defining and diagnosing prediabetes in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Gilor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH
| | - S.J.M. Niessen
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonNorth MymmsHertfordshireUK
| | - E. Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMN
| | - S.P. DiBartola
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH
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5
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Mimura K, Mori A, Lee P, Ueda K, Oda H, Saeki K, Arai T, Sako T. Impact of commercially available diabetic prescription diets on short-term postprandial serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations of obese cats. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:929-37. [PMID: 23449461 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet therapy is an important treatment component available for obese cats. In this study, the impact of four commercially available prescription diet regimens (1 for general use and 3 aimed at treating obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM)) on short-term postprandial serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations was investigated with five obese cats. The diet regimens used were as follows: C/D dry (general use: moderate protein, moderate fat, high carbohydrate and low fiber), M/D dry (DM: high protein, high fat, low carbohydrate and high fiber), W/D dry (DM: high protein, low fat, high carbohydrate and high fiber) and Diabetic dry (DM: high protein, low fat, low carbohydrate and high fiber). A significant reduction (10-13%) in postprandial glucose (area under the curve; AUC) was observed with the M/D and Diabetic diets, which both contained lower concentrations of carbohydrates than the C/D diet. An accompanying significant reduction (30-36%) in postprandial insulin AUC was also observed with the three DM diets, which all had higher amounts of fiber, as compared with the C/D diet. Lastly, a significant increase (32-65%) in postprandial NEFA AUC was observed with the M/D and Diabetic diets as compared with the C/D diet. Therefore, dietary amounts of carbohydrates and fiber, as opposed to protein content or dietary fat, appear to have a very significant impact on postprandial glycemia and subsequent insulin requirement levels in obese cats. In addition, dietary amounts of carbohydrates may also impact lipid metabolism in obese cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Mimura
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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6
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Tschuor F, Zini E, Schellenberg S, Wenger M, Kaufmann K, Furrer D, Lutz TA, Reusch CE. Remission of diabetes mellitus in cats cannot be predicted by the arginine stimulation test. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 25:83-9. [PMID: 21143647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cats with diabetes mellitus frequently achieve clinical remission, suggesting residual β-cell function. Responsiveness of β-cells to arginine persists the longest during diabetes progression, making the intravenous arginine stimulation test (IVAST) a useful tool to assess residual insulin and glucagon secretion. HYPOTHESIS Diabetic cats with and without remission will have different arginine-induced insulin or glucagon response. ANIMALS Seventeen cats with diabetes, 7 healthy cats. METHODS Blood samples collected on admission and during subsequent IVAST. Glucose, insulin, and glucagon were measured. Response to IVAST was assessed by calculating the insulin and glucagon area under the curve (AUC) and the AUC glucagon-to-insulin ratio. Diabetic cats were treated with insulin and were followed for 18 weeks. Remission was defined as normoglycemia and disappearance of clinical signs of diabetes for ≥4 weeks, without requiring insulin. RESULTS Seven diabetic cats (41%) achieved remission. On admission, blood glucose concentration was significantly lower in cats with remission (median, 389 mg/dL; range, 342-536 mg/dL) than in those without remission (median, 506 mg/dL; range, 266-738 mg/dL). After IVAST, diabetic cats with remission had higher AUC glucagon-to-insulin ratios (median, 61; range, 34-852) than did cats without remission (median, 26; range, 20-498); glucose, insulin, and glucagon AUCs were not different. Diabetic cats had lower insulin AUC than did healthy cats but comparable glucagon AUC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Diabetic cats with and without remission have similar arginine-stimulated insulin secretion on admission. Although cats with remission had lower blood glucose concentrations and higher AUC glucagon-to-insulin ratios, large overlap between groups prevents use of these parameters in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tschuor
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Postprandial response of plasma insulin, amylin and acylated ghrelin to various test meals in lean and obese cats. Br J Nutr 2010; 103:1610-9. [PMID: 20100379 DOI: 10.1017/s000711450999359x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The propensity of diets of different composition to promote obesity is a current topic in feline medicine. The effects of three meals with different protein:fat ratios on hormones (insulin, acylated ghrelin and amylin) involved in the control of food intake and glucose metabolism were compared. Five lean (two females and three males, 28.6 (sd 3.4) % body fat mass (BFM), mean body weight (BW) 4590 g) and five obese (two females and three males, 37.1 (sd 4.1) % BFM, mean BW 4670 g) adult cats were studied. Only BFM differed significantly between obese and lean cats. The cats were fed a high-protein (HP), a high-fat and a high-carbohydrate diet in a randomised cross-over design. Food intake did not differ between cats fed on the different diets, but obese cats consumed significantly more energy, expressed as per kg fat-free mass, than lean cats. After a 6-week adaptation period, a test meal was given and blood samples were collected before and 0, 30, 60 and 100 min after the meal. Baseline concentrations of glucose, amylin and acylated ghrelin were higher in obese cats than in lean cats, and obese cats showed the highest postprandial responses of glucose and amylin. The HP diet led to higher postprandial amylin concentrations than the other diets, indicating a possible effect of amino acids on beta-cell secretion. Postprandial ghrelin concentrations were unaffected by diet composition. The relationship between insulin, amylin and ghrelin secretion and their relevant roles in food intake and glucose metabolism in cats require further study.
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8
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Lowe AD, Graves TK, Campbell KL, Schaeffer DJ. A Pilot Study Comparing the Diabetogenic Effects of Dexamethasone and Prednisolone in Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2009; 45:215-24. [DOI: 10.5326/0450215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen cats received either daily prednisolone (4.4 mg/kg per os [PO]) or dexamethasone (0.55 mg/kg PO) for 56 days. These doses were clinically equipotent. Serum fructosamine and urine glucose were measured on days 0, 28, and 56. Insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and peak insulin secretion were measured in each group prior to and at the end of the courses of glucocorticoid administration. On day 56, the prevalence of glucosuria was significantly greater (P=0.027), and a trend was seen toward greater fructosamine concentrations (P=0.083) in dexamethasone-treated cats compared to prednisolone-treated cats. The results of this pilot study also showed a trend toward a greater decrease in insulin sensitivity (P=0.061) and a significantly lower compensatory increase in insulin secretion (P=0.081) in the dexamethasone-treated cats than in cats administered prednisolone. These preliminary data suggest that dexamethasone exhibits greater diabetogenic effects in cats than equipotent doses of prednisolone. Further study is justified to support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Lowe
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Medicine (Lowe, Graves, Campbell) and Veterinary Biosciences (Schaeffer), University of Illinois, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61834
- From the
| | - Thomas K. Graves
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Medicine (Lowe, Graves, Campbell) and Veterinary Biosciences (Schaeffer), University of Illinois, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61834
- From the
| | - Karen L. Campbell
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Medicine (Lowe, Graves, Campbell) and Veterinary Biosciences (Schaeffer), University of Illinois, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61834
- From the
| | - David J. Schaeffer
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Medicine (Lowe, Graves, Campbell) and Veterinary Biosciences (Schaeffer), University of Illinois, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61834
- From the
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9
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Mori A, Sako T, Lee P, Nishimaki Y, Fukuta H, Mizutani H, Honjo T, Arai T. Comparison of three commercially available prescription diet regimens on short-term post-prandial serum glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy cats. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:669-80. [PMID: 19322671 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dietary therapy is an important treatment component for diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, the impact of three different commercially available diet regiments (1 general use and 2 aimed for treating obesity and DM) on short-term post-prandial serum glucose and insulin concentrations of five healthy cats to better understand what impact each of these diets may have for diabetic cats. The diet regiments used in this study were as follows: C/D dry (General Use- Low protein, High fat, High carbohydrate, and Low fiber), M/D dry (DM- High protein, High fat, Low carbohydrate, and High Fiber), and W/D dry (DM- Low Protein, Low Fat, High Carbohydrate, and High Fiber). No significant difference in post-prandial serum glucose levels were observed with the C/D (84.6 +/- 1.5 mg/dl) and W/D (83.8 +/- 1.4 mg/dl) dry diets when compared to pre-prandial fasting levels (83.9 +/- 1.4 mg/dl). However, a significant reduction was observed with the M/D diet (78.9 +/- 0.8 mg/dl) which had 50-60% less carbohydrates than either C/D or W/D diet. Unlike what was observed with post-prandial glucose levels, an interesting pattern emerged with post-prandial insulin levels, which were increasing with W/D, C/D, and M/D diets in that order (1.1 +/- 0.2, 1.7 +/- 0.2, and 2.3 +/- 0.2 ng/ml respectively). Most surprising, though, was the fact that the W/D diet did not seem to stimulate insulin secretion as compared to pre-prandial levels (1.1 +/- 0.1 ng/ml) in healthy cats. Interestingly, the W/D diet had high levels of carbohydrate and low levels of protein. Coincidentally, the only diet (M/D) which had a significant reduction in post-prandial glucose also showed the highest increase in post-prandial insulin in healthy cats. Therefore, dietary amounts of carbohydrate, fat, protein and fiber can all have an individual impact on post-prandial glycemia and subsequent insulin requirement levels. Just as concepts regarding dietary management of people with DM are evolving, investigators are reassessing what constitutes the ideal diet for the diabetic feline. As such, having a better understanding for each dietary component, may lead us to better understand how we can synergize certain dietary components to aid in DM management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mori
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
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10
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Furrer D, Kaufmann K, Reusch CE, Lutz TA. Amylin reduces plasma glucagon concentration in cats. Vet J 2009; 184:236-40. [PMID: 19299171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic amylin plays an important role in the control of nutrient fluxes and is an established therapy in human diabetes as it reduces post-prandial glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. Given the similar pathophysiology of human type-2 and feline diabetes mellitus, we investigated whether amylin reduces plasma glucagon levels in cats. Healthy cats were tested using an intravenous arginine stimulation test (IVAST), a meal response test with the test meal comprising 50% of average daily food intake, and an IV glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Non-amyloidogenic rat amylin injected 5 min before the respective stimulus significantly reduced plasma glucagon levels under all test situations. In the IVAST and IVGTT, cats treated with amylin also had lower plasma insulin concentrations. It was concluded that amylin does reduce plasma glucagon levels in cats, a feature that has treatment potential in diabetic animals as co-administration of amylin would reduce the insulin requirement to control glycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Furrer
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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NAKAYA M, KITO Y, MATSUKI N, SHIBATA H, TOUHATA Y, TAMAHARA S, ONO K. A Novel Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Feline Insulin. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1005-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko NAKAYA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuko KITO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Naoaki MATSUKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | | | - Satoshi TAMAHARA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Kenichiro ONO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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12
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Ruiz M, Singh P, Thomson SC, Munger K, Blantz RC, Gabbai FB. L-arginine-induced glomerular hyperfiltration response: the roles of insulin and ANG II. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R1744-51. [PMID: 18353876 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00871.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infusion of L-arginine produces an increase in glomerular filtration via kidney vasodilation, correlating with increased kidney excretion of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, but the specific underlying mechanisms are unknown. We utilized clearance and micropuncture techniques to examine the whole kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and single nephron GFR (SNGFR) responses to 1) L-arginine (ARG), 2) ARG+octreotide (OCT) to block insulin release, 3) ARG+OCT+insulin (INS) infusion to duplicate ARG-induced insulin levels, and 4) losartan (LOS), an angiotensin AT-1 receptor blocker, +ARG+OCT. ARG infusion increased GFR, while increasing insulin levels. OCT coinfusion prevented this increase in GFR, but with insulin infusion to duplicate ARG induced rise in insulin, the GFR response was restored. Identical insulin levels in the absence of ARG had no effect on GFR. In contrast to ARG infusion alone, coinfusion of OCT with ARG reduced proximal tubular fractional and absolute reabsorption potentially activating tubuloglomerular feedback. Losartan infusion, in addition to ARG and OCT (LOS+ARG+OCT), restored the increase in both SNGFR and proximal tubular reabsorption, without increasing insulin levels. In conclusion, 1) hyperfiltration responses to ARG require the concurrent, modest, permissive increase in insulin; 2) inhibition of insulin release after ARG reduces proximal reabsorption and prevents the hyperfiltration response; and 3) inhibition of ANG II activity restores the hyperfiltration response, maintains parallel increases in proximal reabsorption, and overrides the arginine/octreotide actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, VA San Diego Healthcare System and the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
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13
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Mazzaferro EM, Greco DS, Turner AS, Fettman MJ. Treatment of feline diabetes mellitus using an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and a low-carbohydrate diet. J Feline Med Surg 2003; 5:183-9. [PMID: 12765629 DOI: 10.1016/s1098-612x(03)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (acarbose), combined with a low-carbohydrate diet on the treatment of naturally occurring diabetes mellitus in cats. Eighteen client-owned cats with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus were entered into the study. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was performed prior to and 4 months after feeding the diet to determine total body composition, including lean body mass (LBM) and percent body fat. Each cat was fed a commercially available low-carbohydrate canned feline diet and received 12.5mg/cat acarbose orally every 12h with meals. All cats received subcutaneous insulin therapy except one cat in the study group that received glipizide (5mg BID PO). Monthly serum glucose and fructosamine concentrations were obtained, and were used to adjust insulin doses based on individual cat's requirements. Patients were later classified as responders (insulin was discontinued, n=11) and non-responders (continued to require insulin or glipizide, n=7). Responders were initially obese (>28% body fat) and non-responders had significantly less body fat than responders (<28% body fat). Serum fructosamine and glucose concentrations decreased significantly in both responder and non-responder groups over the course of 4 months of therapy. Better results were observed in responder cats, for which exogenous insulin therapy was discontinued, glycemic parameters improved, and body fat decreased. In non-responders, median insulin requirements decreased and glycemic parameters improved significantly, despite continued insulin dependence. The use of a low-carbohydrate diet with acarbose was an effective means of decreasing exogenous insulin dependence and improving glycemic control in a series of client-owned cats with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Mazzaferro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Hoenig M, Alexander S, Holson J, Ferguson D. Influence of Glucose Dosage on Interpretation of Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Tests in Lean and Obese Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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15
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Abstract
This article describes the clinical presentation of diabetes mellitus in cats and dogs, including the types of diabetes, signalment, history, physical examination findings, and laboratory diagnosis. Newer diagnostic tests such as serum fructosamine concentrations and arginine response rate are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Greco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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