Functional Urethral Obstruction in 3 Dogs: Clinical and Urethral Pressure Profile Findings

ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence in dogs

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a disorder of micturition that can occur in dogs of any age, sex, and breed depending on the underlying cause and time of onset. Diagnosis and treatment for various causes of UI in dogs have been described by multiple comprehensive single author review articles, but large prospective clinical trials comparing treatment outcomes in veterinary medicine are lacking. The objectives of this consensus statement therefore are to provide guidelines on both recommended diagnostic testing and treatment for various causes of UI in dogs. Specifically, pathophysiology directly related to the canine urinary system will be reviewed and diagnostic and therapeutic challenges will be addressed. A panel of 12 experts in the field (8 small animal internists [L. Adams, J. Bartges, A. Berent, J. Byron, J. Foster, A. Kendall, S. Vaden, J. Westropp], 2 neurologists [J. Coates, N. Olby], 1 radiologist [G. Oetelaar], and 1 surgeon [C. Adin]) was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer-reviewed literature and to complement it with consensus recommendations using the Delphi method. Some statements were not voted on by all panelists. This consensus statement aims to provide guidance for management of both male and female dogs with underlying storage or voiding disorders resulting in UI.

Idiopathic functional urinary outflow tract obstruction in dogs, a retrospective case series (2010-2021): 31 cases

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic functional urinary outflow tract obstruction (iFUOTO) is an uncommon but life-limiting disease whose etiology and clinical course of disease remain poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE

Characterize signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathologic findings, treatments, and propose a standardized response score for dogs with iFUOTO.

ANIMALS

Thirty-one client-owned dogs diagnosed with iFUOTO.

METHODS

Retrospective case series. Medical records from 2010 to 2021 were reviewed and findings recorded. Dogs were categorized based on the presence or absence of overt signs of neurological disease. Response to treatment was scored.

RESULTS

Thirty-one dogs were included. All dogs had stranguria and 14 (45%) had overflow urinary incontinence. Mean age of onset for signs was 6.9 years±8 months. Twenty-four dogs (77%) were castrated males, 5 (16%) intact males, and 2 (6%) spayed females. Eight (26%) of dogs had overt neurological deficits. Follow-up data were available for 29 dogs (median 38 days, range: 2-1277). Final outcome scores were not significantly different among dogs with overt signs of neurological disease (median score 2.5; range: 0-3) and those without (median score 1; range; 0-3; P = .35). Treatments included alpha antagonists, skeletal muscle relaxants, parasympathomimetics, anti-inflammatories, castration, temporary placement of a urethral catheter, or a combination of these.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Multimodal treatment was frequently prescribed, but a standard outcome score is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of these therapies. Serial neurological examinations and monitoring of the dogs' dysuria are warranted.

Lymphoplasmacytic prostatitis associated with urethral obstruction in a dog; a case report

A 10-year-old, male intact, mixed breed dog was admitted with a history of intermittent lower urinary tract signs of eighteen-months duration. Dysuria, stranguria, pollakiuria and overflow incontinence developed 2 weeks prior to presentation, while vomiting, polydipsia and anorexia were seen a few days prior to admission. Physical examination revealed prostatomegaly. Biochemistry results were compatible with postrenal azotemia. Abdominal imaging confirmed prostatomegaly with consequent urethral obstruction, and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology of the prostate gland was consistent with granulomatous inflammation. The dog was hospitalized, urethral patency was preserved and upon laparotomy a cystostomy tube was placed, and prostatic biopsy was obtained. Orchiectomy was also performed. Urine culture performed two days prior to the surgery was negative. Prostatic histopathology revealed mild to moderate lymphoplasmacytic prostatitis. Three months postoperatively, clinical signs had resolved completely and urinations remained normal while the dog is still in good health three years after diagnosis. This is the first case of canine lymphoplasmacytic prostatitis in which clinical signs, diagnostic evaluation, management and long-term follow up are available.

Detrusor urethral dyssynergy in dogs: 35 cases (2007-2019)

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of dogs diagnosed with detrusor urethral dyssynergy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Multicentre (n = 3 UK referral clinics), retrospective, observational study. Database searches were performed (2007 to 2019) to identify dogs with detrusor urethral dyssynergy. Dogs with structural abnormalities or detectable neurological disorders affecting micturition were excluded. Clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures, treatment and outcome were evaluated.

RESULTS

Thirty-five dogs were included. Middle-aged, large-breed, male neutered dogs were most frequently documented. Four female dogs were included. Fifteen breeds, including Labrador retrievers (8/35; 22.9%), golden retrievers (5/35;14.3%) and cross-breeds (5/35; 14.3%) were identified. Median duration of clinical signs was 152 days (range 0 to 1095). All dogs were dysuric at presentation with 17/35 (48.6%) reported to have an altered stream of urine and 17/35 (48.6%) to be stranguric. Follow-up data were available for 34 dogs (median 136 days, range 4 to 2188). Response was classified as good (20/34; 58.8%), partial (7/34; 20.5%) or poor (7/34; 20.5%). Overall time to response was known for 21 of 34 dogs (partial n = 6, good n = 15) with a median of 11 days (range 1 to 155). Four dogs had surgical intervention (castration n = 4, cystostomy tube n = 2). Three dogs were euthanased due to partial (n = 1) or poor (n = 2) response. Medications were discontinued in 11 of 20 (55.0%) dogs with a good response to therapy, two of these relapsed.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Detrusor urethral dyssynergy is an uncommon micturition disorder in dogs, in particular females. Medical therapy with or without surgery resulted in a favourable prognosis in the majority of dogs, although many require long-term medication.

Evaluation of a 3-dimensional ultrasound device for noninvasive measurement of urinary bladder volume in dogs

Background

The BladderScan Prime Plus (BPP; Verathon, Bothell, Washington) is an application‐specific, three‐dimensional ultrasound device used for human, point‐of‐care volumetry of the urinary bladder.

Objective

To estimate the BPP's accuracy, repeatability, and optimized settings for assessing urinary bladder volumes in dogs, a variable utilized in assessing micturition disorders.

Animals

Twenty‐four, client‐owned, healthy, male dogs presenting for routine examination.

Methods

Prospective examinations were conducted by an experienced ultrasonographer and a novice, selecting the BPP's “man” or “child” setting, and were compared to urine volume obtained by catheterization.

Results

Mean urine volume significantly varied by operator (P = .05), device setting (P < .001), and weight (P = .01); the “man” setting produced mean volumes nearer to catheterized volumes. The mean difference between BPP's “man” setting and catheterized volume was 0.88 mL, with maximal positive and negative disagreement of +23.2 mL to −55.3 mL (SD 19.0). Percent disagreement between BPP and catheterized volumes demonstrated a mean of −4.5%, with maximal positive and negative disagreement of +58.1% to −74.1% (SD 34.9). The experienced operator recorded volumes significantly (P = .05) higher than the novice, with difference in means of 3.2 mL. In dogs weighing >5.5 kg (n = 18/24), mean difference between BPP's “man” setting and catheterized measurements, regardless of operator, was not significant.

Conclusions

Although small magnitude interuser variability is present in BPP examinations, the device provides accurate, though imprecise quantification of bladder volume in canids weighing >5.5 kg.

Retrospective evaluation of prazosin and diazepam after thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy in dogs

Management of urinary retention after spinal cord injury in dogs is often needed and can include use of medications to relax the urethral sphincter. This was a retrospective study evaluating two such medications, prazosin and diazepam, and whether dogs treated with these medications had different lengths of hospitalization, urinary continence levels, or development of bacteriuria compared to dogs not receiving these medications after thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy for intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH). Electronic medical records were searched for dogs that underwent CT or MRI followed by a hemilaminectomy between the 3^rd thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra for treatment of IVDH. Dogs were grouped based on whether or not they received a medication to aid in urethral sphincter relaxation (either prazosin, diazepam, or both medications). The total length of hospitalization, urinary continence at the time of discharge, and presence of bacteriuria were recorded from the medical file. Medical records from 71 dogs were included in the analysis. There were no significant associations between administration of prazosin and/or diazepam and length of hospitalization or urinary continence scores at the time of discharge from the hospital (P > 0.05).

Disorders of micturition in small animal patients: clinical significance, etiologies, and management strategies

OBJECTIVES

To review the physiology of micturition, the pathophysiology of micturition disorders, and current pharmacological agents used to treat these disorders. To discuss different urinary catheterization techniques, along with the risks of catheter-associated urinary tract infections attributed with these techniques.

ETIOLOGY

Many critically ill veterinary patients are at risk of developing a number of neurological and non neurological micturition-related disorders.

DIAGNOSIS

Micturition disorders can be diagnosed based on physical examination findings, urinary voiding contrast studies, urethral pressure profiles, and diagnostic testing such as urinalysis and urine cultures.

THERAPY

Therapy can be either pharmacological, involvement of urinary catheterization, surgical, or a combination of all the above. The goal of the treatment is to correct the underlying causes resulting in the micturition-related disorder, and if possible, allow the patient to regain their normal physiological micturition behavior.

PROGNOSIS

Depending on the underlying disease process and duration of the micturition disorder, the prognosis can be variable. In many instances, near-normal or normal function can return, but in severe cases, the patient may not regain its normal, appropriate micturition response.

Urodynamic testing in the diagnosis of small animal micturition disorders

Urodynamic testing provides a quantitative assessment of the function of the small animal lower urinary tract. Most commonly these techniques are utilized to assess urethral tone (urethral pressure profile or UPP) and bladder detrusor muscle function (cystometrogram or CMG). A UPP may be indicated in cases of canine and feline micturition disorders. Examples include suspected primary sphincter mechanism incontinence (PSMI), ureteral ectopia, other congenital abnormalities, suspected neurological disorders, and mechanical or functional urethral obstruction. A UPP can be performed effectively utilizing human dedicated equipment. A CMG may be indicated to assess detrusor function in all of the above cases as well as cases of suspected atonic or infiltrated urinary bladder. This procedure can also be performed using the same human equipment. These tests are useful not only in providing an accurate diagnosis, but also in providing a sensitive prognostic indicator for clinical outcome of micturition disorders with and without pharmacological or surgical therapy. A leak pressure point may also be established in dogs with urinary incontinence, and may be even more sensitive than a UPP to predict clinical incontinence in some cases.