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Samuels A, Burns TA. Lymphoma & Myeloproliferative Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024:S0749-0739(24)00058-0. [PMID: 39266412 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma and myeloproliferative diseases in horses are relatively uncommon. The clinical signs, prognosis, and treatment options depend upon the anatomic location and subtype. Significant gaps in knowledge remain regarding prevalence, pathogenesis of different subtypes, antemortem diagnostic tests, response to treatment, and standardized treatment protocols. However, treatment options are available, accessible on the farm, and could improve quality of life and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Samuels
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Teresa A Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Camacho‐Luna P, Andrews FM, Dehghanpir SD, Gaunt SD, Kim K, Wakamatsu N, Garcia H. Bicavitary effusion in a horse with multicentric lymphoma. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Camacho‐Luna
- Equine Health Studies Program Veterinary Clinical Sciences Baton RougeUSA
| | - F. M. Andrews
- Equine Health Studies Program Veterinary Clinical Sciences Baton RougeUSA
| | - S. D. Dehghanpir
- Clinical Pathology Comparative Biomedical Sciences Baton Rouge USA
| | - S. D. Gaunt
- Clinical Pathology Comparative Biomedical Sciences Baton Rouge USA
| | - K. Kim
- Pathobiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University Baton Rouge USA
| | - N. Wakamatsu
- Pathobiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University Baton Rouge USA
| | - H. Garcia
- Kleinpeter and Associates Prairieville Louisiana USA
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Satué K, Gardon JC, Muñoz A. A review of current knowledge of myeloproliferative disorders in the horse. Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:8. [PMID: 33622355 PMCID: PMC7903742 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid disorders are conditions being characterized by abnormal proliferation and development of myeloid lineage including granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils), monocytes, erythroids, and megakaryocytes precursor cells. Myeloid leukemia, based on clinical presentation and proliferative rate of neoplastic cells, is divided into acute (AML) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). The most commonly myeloid leukemia reported in horses are AML-M4 (myelomonocytic) and AML-M5 (monocytic). Isolated cases of AML-M6B (acute erythroid leukemia), and chronic granulocytic leukemia have also been reported. Additionally, bone marrow disorders with dysplastic alterations and ineffective hematopoiesis affecting single or multiple cell lineages or myelodysplastic diseases (MDS), have also been reported in horses. MDSs have increased myeloblasts numbers in blood or bone marrow, although less than 20%, which is the minimum level required for diagnosis of AML. This review performed a detailed description of the current state of knowlegde of the myeloproliferative disorders in horses following the criteria established by the World Health Organization.
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Long AE, Javsicas LH, Stokol T, Felippe MJB, Frimberger AE. Rapid clinical progression of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 255:716-721. [PMID: 31478818 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.6.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 17-year-old Friesian gelding was examined at a referral hospital because of a 1-month history of mild exercise intolerance and marked lymphocytosis. CLINICAL FINDINGS Physical examination revealed no peripheral lymphadenopathy or other abnormalities. Results of an abdominal palpation examination per rectum and thoracic and abdominal ultrasonographic examinations were unremarkable. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was diagnosed on the basis of severe lymphocytosis and positive expression of the B-cell marker CD20 by lymphocytes in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Treatment with prednisolone (2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/lb], PO, every other day) and chlorambucil (20 mg/m2, PO, every 3 weeks for 2 doses, then every 2 weeks) was initially associated with improvement in clinical signs and a decrease in the lymphocyte count. However, 3 weeks after administration of the first dose of chlorambucil, the lymphocyte count began to increase. One week later, the horse developed episodes of recurrent fever and the lymphocyte count continued to increase. Despite continued administration of the prednisolone-chlorambucil protocol, the horse's clinical condition deteriorated rapidly, and it was euthanized 6 weeks after initial examination at the referral hospital because of a poor prognosis. A necropsy was not performed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE B-cell CLL has been infrequently described in horses. This report was the first to describe the use of chemotherapy, albeit unsuccessful, for the treatment of B-cell CLL in a horse. This information should be useful for guiding expectations for prognosis and management of other horses affected with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose E Raskin
- 1 Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Miglio A, Pepe M, Felippe MJB, Antognoni MT. Subleukaemic acute myeloid leukaemia with myelodysplasia in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - M. Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - M. J. B. Felippe
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. T. Antognoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo University of Perugia Perugia Italy
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Barrell EA, Asakawa MG, Felippe MJB, Divers TJ, Stokol T. Acute leukemia in six horses (1990-2012). J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:529-535. [PMID: 28467276 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717707724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute leukemia is rare in horses. Herein we describe historical, clinicopathologic, and postmortem findings in 6 horses with acute leukemia. Medical records of horses with >20% bone marrow blasts and cytochemical or immunophenotyping results were reviewed. Affected horses were 2-8 y of age and of different breeds and sex. Horses were presented acutely with nonspecific signs (e.g., fever, lethargy). Characteristic hemogram findings were bi- or pancytopenia with low blast numbers. Histologic examination revealed extramedullary infiltrates, especially in lymph nodes, spleen, kidney, liver, and lungs. Leukemias were classified as B-cell ( n = 3) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) ( n = 3). Tumors in 4 cases expressed multiple lineage markers, which complicated classification. Acute leukemia should be suspected in horses with moderate-to-severe bi- or pancytopenia. Blood smears should be reviewed for neoplastic cells, and bone marrow examination is required for diagnosis. Leukemia classification is best achieved using combined morphologic, cytochemical, and immunophenotyping results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Barrell
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Barrell, Felippe, Divers), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Asakawa, Stokol), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Midori Goto Asakawa
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Barrell, Felippe, Divers), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Asakawa, Stokol), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - M Julia B Felippe
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Barrell, Felippe, Divers), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Asakawa, Stokol), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Thomas J Divers
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Barrell, Felippe, Divers), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Asakawa, Stokol), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Tracy Stokol
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Barrell, Felippe, Divers), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Asakawa, Stokol), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Applied Protein and Molecular Techniques for Characterization of B Cell Neoplasms in Horses. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:1133-45. [PMID: 26311245 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00374-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mature B cell neoplasms cover a spectrum of diseases involving lymphoid tissues (lymphoma) or blood (leukemia), with an overlap between these two presentations. Previous studies describing equine lymphoid neoplasias have not included analyses of clonality using molecular techniques. The objective of this study was to use molecular techniques to advance the classification of B cell lymphoproliferative diseases in five adult equine patients with a rare condition of monoclonal gammopathy, B cell leukemia, and concurrent lymphadenopathy (lymphoma/leukemia). The B cell neoplasms were phenotypically characterized by gene and cell surface molecule expression, secreted immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype concentrations, Ig heavy-chain variable (IGHV) region domain sequencing, and spectratyping. All five patients had hyperglobulinemia due to IgG1 or IgG4/7 monoclonal gammopathy. Peripheral blood leukocyte immunophenotyping revealed high proportions of IgG1- or IgG4/7-positive cells and relative T cell lymphopenia. Most leukemic cells lacked the surface B cell markers CD19 and CD21. IGHG1 or IGHG4/7 gene expression was consistent with surface protein expression, and secreted isotype and Ig spectratyping revealed one dominant monoclonal peak. The mRNA expression of the B cell-associated developmental genes EBF1, PAX5, and CD19 was high compared to that of the plasma cell-associated marker CD38. Sequence analysis of the IGHV domain of leukemic cells revealed mutated Igs. In conclusion, the protein and molecular techniques used in this study identified neoplastic cells compatible with a developmental transition between B cell and plasma cell stages, and they can be used for the classification of equine B cell lymphoproliferative disease.
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Cian F, Tyner G, Martini V, Comazzi S, Archer J. Leukemic small cell lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a horse. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:301-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Cian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge; UK
| | - G. Tyner
- Chiltern Equine Clinic; Chalfont St Giles; UK
| | - V. Martini
- Department of Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - S. Comazzi
- Department of Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - J. Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge; UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Taintor
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn; Alabama; USA
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Norman TE, Rodrigues A, Russell KE, Burke K, Ajithdoss DK, Coleman M, Martin M. B cell lymphoma and secondary leukaemia in a mule. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schwarz B, Gruber A, Benetka V, Rütgen B, Schwendenwein I, Leidinger E, van den Hoven R. Concurrent T cell leukaemia and equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in a Hanoverian Warmblood mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Clinical, immunophenotypic and functional characterisation of T-cell leukaemia in six horses. Equine Vet J 2010; 39:522-8. [DOI: 10.2746/042516407x2163271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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de Bruijn CM, Veenman JN, Rutten VPMG, Teske E, van Nieuwstadt RA, van den Ingh TSGAM. Clinical, histopathological and immunophenotypical findings in five horses with cutaneous malignant lymphoma. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:63-72. [PMID: 17174365 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2006] [Revised: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study documents the clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and flow-cytometric findings in five horses with cutaneous non-epidermotropic malignant lymphoma (ML). The median survival time after discovery of the first subcutaneous nodules was 3.8 years (range 2-5 years: n=4). Histologically, the cutaneous ML had a pleiomorphic structure and contained a mixture of large reticulo-endothelial cells, medium-large sized lymphoid cells with a rounded nucleus and small nucleoli, many medium sized lymphoid cells with irregular nuclei, and some small lymphoid cells. Immunohistochemically (IHC) the lymphoid cells were positive for the pan-T-lymphocyte marker CD3 but negative for the B-lymphocyte markers CD21 and kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chains. Although routine haematological examination revealed no abnormalities in the horses with cutaneous ML, changes in the peripheral blood lymphocyte population were apparent flow-cytometrically. Compared to clinically healthy horses, a decreased total percentage of cells was recorded in the lymphocyte gate. In three horses with cutaneous ML, an increase in CD4 positive cells was noticed in the monocyte gate. Flow-cytometric analysis of tumour cells collected by fine needle aspiration (FNA) suggested that the cutaneous MLs consisted primarily of CD4 and CD8 positive T-lymphocytes. The results were compared to those of a monomorphic multicentric T- and a monomorphic multicentric B-cell lymphoma. The results of immunohistochemistry and flow-cytometry were largely but not completely in accordance. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that cutaneous non-epitheliotropic malignant lymphomas in the horse are of T-cell origin and that, after improvement of its accuracy, flow cytometric analysis of FNAs might become a useful aid to rapid tumour identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M de Bruijn
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Flow cytometry is a powerful tool for characterising the composition of complex cell populations. The accuracy and precision of this technology for describing and enumerating cells exceeds traditional methods. The number of diagnostic veterinary laboratories with access to a dedicated machine is increasing, and there is the potential to offer a clinical flow cytometry service. The improved availability of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to cell markers expressed by the leukocytes of companion animals, permits the implementation of comprehensive mAb panels suitable for diagnosis of lympho- and myeloproliferative disease. Reticulated erythrocyte and platelet quantification, antiglobulin assays for immune-mediated cytopenias, lymphocyte subset analysis, and immunophenotyping of lymphoma and leukemia, have been validated for companion animal samples on the flow cytometer. It is now timely to consider the role of flow cytometry in diagnostic practice, and the requirement for quality assurance and standardization of testing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Tarrant
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK.
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Perkins GA, Nydam DV, Flaminio MJBF, Ainsworth DM. Serum IgM concentrations in normal, fit horses and horses with lymphoma or other medical conditions. J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17:337-42. [PMID: 12774976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to (1) prospectively establish serum IgM and IgG concentrations in normal, fit, adult horses over time and (2) determine the accuracy of serum IgM concentrations for diagnosing lymphoma. Serial IgM and IgG concentrations were measured with a radial immunodiffusion assay in 25 regularly exercised horses at 6-week intervals. Horses had serum IgM concentrations ranging from 50 to 242 mg/dL over 5 months, with 20% of horses having IgM < or = 60 mg/dL. The normal range for IgM in fit horses should be considered 103 +/- 40 mg/dL and a cut-point for an IgM deficiency, < or = 23 mg/dL. IgG concentrations ranged from 1,372 to 3,032 mg/dL. Retrospectively, medical records of adult horses (n = 103) admitted to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals for which serum IgM was measured were examined. Horses were categorized as "lymphoma negative" (n = 34) or "lymphoma positive" (n = 18). The sensitivity and specificity of a serum IgM concentration (< or = 60 mg/dL) for detecting equine lymphoma was 50 and 35%, respectively. At the new cut-point (< or = 23 mg/dL), the sensitivity was low at 28% and the specificity improved to 88%. The negative predictive values at various population prevalences indicate that a horse with a high serum IgM (> 23 mg/dL) is unlikely to have lymphoma, whereas the positive predictive value (70%) does not allow for reliable determination of lymphoma in a horse with serum IgM < or = 23 mg/dL. Therefore, serum IgM concentrations should not be used as a screening test for equine lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Perkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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