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Nemec Svete A, Verk B, Čebulj-Kadunc N, Salobir J, Rezar V, Domanjko Petrič A. Inflammation and its association with oxidative stress in dogs with heart failure. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:176. [PMID: 33902566 PMCID: PMC8077822 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and oxidative stress can contribute to the development and progression of heart failure. This study aimed to investigate the association between inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF). Associations between the disease severity marker N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were also determined. RESULTS Thirty-seven dogs with cardiovascular diseases (dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM (16 dogs), myxomatous mitral valve disease, MMVD (21 dogs)) and ten healthy dogs were included in this prospective study. The patients were further divided into groups with (26) and without CHF (11). We found a significantly higher serum concentration of C-reactive protein (P = 0.012), white blood cell (P = 0.001), neutrophil (P = 0.001) and monocyte counts (P = 0.001) in patients with CHF compared to control dogs. The concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was significantly higher in patients with CHF compared to patients without CHF (P = 0.030). No significant difference was found in most of the measured parameters between MMVD and DCM patients, except for glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and NT-proBNP. In patients with CHF, TNF-α correlated positively with malondialdehyde (P = 0.014, r = 0.474) and negatively with GPX (P = 0.026, r = - 0.453), and interleukin-6 correlated negatively with GPX (P = 0.046, r = - 0.412). NT-proBNP correlated positively with malondialdehyde (P = 0.011, r = 0.493). In patients without CHF none of the inflammatory and oxidative stress markers correlated significantly. Furthermore, in the group of all cardiac patients, GPX activity significantly negatively correlated with NT-proBNP (P = 0.050, r = - 0.339) and several markers of inflammation, including TNF-α (P = 0.010, r = - 0.436), interleukin-6 (P = 0.026, r = - 0.382), white blood cell (P = 0.032, r = - 0.369), neutrophil (P = 0.027, r = - 0.379) and monocyte counts (P = 0.024, r = - 0.386). CONCLUSION Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers are linked in canine CHF patients, but not in patients without CHF. These results suggest complex cross communication between the two biological pathways in advanced stages of CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Nemec Svete
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Verk
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Čebulj-Kadunc
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Salobir
- Institute of Nutrition, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Vida Rezar
- Institute of Nutrition, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandra Domanjko Petrič
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Vatnikov Y, Rudenko A, Rudenko P, Kulikov E, Karamyan A, Lutsay V, Medvedev I, Byakhova V, Krotova E, Molvhanova M. Immune-inflammatory concept of the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Vet World 2019; 12:1491-1498. [PMID: 31749587 PMCID: PMC6813603 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1491-1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dilated cardiomyopathy is common in dogs. This form of cardiomyopathy is the main cause of death due to heart disease in dogs. Death can occur suddenly in clinically normal animals as a result of the progression of congestive heart failure (CHF). The pathogenesis of heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy involves activation of the neurohumoral system and immune-mediated inflammation, which leads to further progression of the condition. Heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by the progressive loss of cardiomyocytes, apoptosis, remodeling of the left ventricle, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, reduced cerebral blood flow, the involvement of other key internal organs, and intestinal dysbiosis. Aim: This study aimed to determine the immunological and inflammatory mechanisms surrounding the development of heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Materials and Methods: The subjects of this study were dogs with a dilated form of cardiomyopathy (n=159), complicated by various functional classes of heart failure syndrome. Evaluation of myocardial remodeling, systolic function, and systemic hemodynamics was performed using EMP-860 Vet and PU-2200V ultrasound scanners according to the standard technique. Electrocardiography was performed with all dogs in right lateral recumbency using the EK1T-04 Midas electrocardiograph (50 mm/s speed and 1 mV gain = 1 cm). Results: In some affected animals, especially in cases of compensated dilated cardiomyopathy, leukocytosis was noted. In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy complicated by heart failure syndrome of various functional classes, the number of neutrophils was significantly increased, and the number of lymphocytes was decreased by 1.9-2.1 times when compared with those in clinically normal animals. In dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy, neutrophilic leukocytosis develops with a simple regenerative shift to the left. The results of immunological studies indicate that dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy develop T lymphocytopenia as compared with clinically normal animals. Conclusion: The central component of heart failure syndrome in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy is the activation of the neurohumoral system and immune-mediated inflammation. The development of CHF in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by the progressive loss of cardiomyocytes, apoptosis, remodeling of the left ventricle, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, reduced cerebral blood flow, involvement of other key internal organs, and intestinal dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Vatnikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - A Rudenko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Moscow State University of Food Production, Moscow 125080, Russia
| | - P Rudenko
- Laboratory of Biological Experiments, Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 117997, Russia
| | - Ev Kulikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - A Karamyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - V Lutsay
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Moscow State University of Food Production, Moscow 125080, Russia
| | - I Medvedev
- Department of Adaptive Physical Culture and Recreation, Russian State Social University, Moscow 129226, Russia
| | - V Byakhova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - E Krotova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - M Molvhanova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
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Reimann M, Häggström J, Mortensen A, Lykkesfeldt J, Møller J, Falk T, Olsen L. Biopterin status in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease is associated with disease severity and cardiovascular risk factors. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1520-6. [PMID: 25274442 PMCID: PMC4895593 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction (ED) has been suggested to be associated with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an important cofactor for production of the endothelium-derived vasodilator nitric oxide (NO). Under conditions of oxidative stress, BH4 is oxidized to the biologically inactive form dihydrobiopterin (BH2). Thus, plasma concentrations of BH2 and BH4 may reflect ED and oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE To determine plasma concentrations of BH2 and BH4 in dogs with different degrees of MMVD. ANIMALS Eighty-four privately owned dogs grouped according to ACVIM guidelines (37 healthy control dogs including 13 Beagles and 24 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels [CKCSs], 33 CKCSs with MMVD of differing severity including 18 CKCSs [group B1] and 15 CKCSs [group B2], and 14 dogs of different breeds with clinical signs of congestive heart failure [CHF] because of MMVD [group C]). METHODS Dogs underwent clinical examination including echocardiography. Plasma concentrations of BH2 and BH4 were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. RESULTS Higher plasma BH4 and BH2 concentrations were found with dogs in CHF compared with all other groups (control, B1 and B2; P ≤ .001). Females had higher concentrations of BH4 and BH4/BH2 (P ≤ .0003). BH4/BH2 was found to decrease with age (P < .0001). Cardiovascular risk factors in humans such as passive smoking (P ≤ .01) and increased body weight (P ≤ .009) were associated with lower BH4 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Age, sex, body weight, passive smoking, and cardiac status are associated with plasma biopterin concentration in dogs. Additional studies should clarify the clinical implications of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Reimann
- Department of Veterinary Disease BiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - J. Häggström
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - A. Mortensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease BiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - J. Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease BiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - J.E. Møller
- Department of CardiologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - T. Falk
- Department of Veterinary Disease BiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - L.H. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease BiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
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The NO/ONOO-cycle as the central cause of heart failure. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22274-330. [PMID: 24232452 PMCID: PMC3856065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The NO/ONOO-cycle is a primarily local, biochemical vicious cycle mechanism, centered on elevated peroxynitrite and oxidative stress, but also involving 10 additional elements: NF-κB, inflammatory cytokines, iNOS, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide, mitochondrial dysfunction (lowered energy charge, ATP), NMDA activity, intracellular Ca(2+), TRP receptors and tetrahydrobiopterin depletion. All 12 of these elements have causal roles in heart failure (HF) and each is linked through a total of 87 studies to specific correlates of HF. Two apparent causal factors of HF, RhoA and endothelin-1, each act as tissue-limited cycle elements. Nineteen stressors that initiate cases of HF, each act to raise multiple cycle elements, potentially initiating the cycle in this way. Different types of HF, left vs. right ventricular HF, with or without arrhythmia, etc., may differ from one another in the regions of the myocardium most impacted by the cycle. None of the elements of the cycle or the mechanisms linking them are original, but they collectively produce the robust nature of the NO/ONOO-cycle which creates a major challenge for treatment of HF or other proposed NO/ONOO-cycle diseases. Elevated peroxynitrite/NO ratio and consequent oxidative stress are essential to both HF and the NO/ONOO-cycle.
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Osterbur K, Whitehead Z, Sharp CR, DeClue AE. Plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations in dogs with naturally developing sepsis and non-infectious forms of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Vet Rec 2011; 169:554. [PMID: 21908551 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d5137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this prospective observational study was to evaluate the differences in plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations between dogs with sepsis and those with non-infectious forms of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Eighteen dogs with sepsis, 20 dogs with SIRS and 29 healthy control dogs were enrolled. Blood samples were obtained from the dogs within 12 hours of admission to the University of Missouri Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (MU VMTH) Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in lithium heparin blood tubes. Plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations were measured using the Greiss reaction. Plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations at presentation, clinical parameters, organ dysfunction and in-hospital mortality were compared between groups. Plasma total nitrate/nitrite was significantly greater in the sepsis group compared with the control group (P=0.005) and SIRS group (P=0.037). There was no statistical difference in plasma nitrate/nitrite concentration between the SIRS and control groups (P=0.489). The sensitivity was 66.7 per cent (95 per cent CI, 41 to 87 per cent) and the specificity was 75.5 per cent (95 per cent CI, 61 to 87 per cent) for differentiating dogs with sepsis from dogs without sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osterbur
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 E. Campus Dr Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Jones ID, Fuentes VL, Fray TR, Vallance C, Elliott J. Evaluation of a flow-mediated vasodilation measurement technique in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:1154-61. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.10.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ljungvall I, Höglund K, Tidholm A, Olsen L, Borgarelli M, Venge P, Häggström J. Cardiac Troponin I Is Associated with Severity of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease, Age, and C-Reactive Protein in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:153-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Puglia GD, Freeman LM, Rush JE, King RGP, Crawford SL. Use of a flow-mediated vasodilation technique to assess endothelial function in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1533-40. [PMID: 16948597 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.9.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and assess the reproducibility of a protocol to noninvasively test endothelial function in dogs on the basis of the flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) procedure used in humans. ANIMALS 5 healthy spayed female dogs. PROCEDURES Luminal arterial diameter and blood flow velocity in the brachial and femoral arteries were measured with ultrasonography. The within-dog reproducibility of these ultrasonographic measurements was tested. An occlusion period of 1, 3, or 5 minutes with an inflatable cuff was used to create the FMD response. Measurements made at 15, 30, and 60 seconds following release of the occlusion were compared with measurements made immediately prior to each occlusion to assess the FMD response. RESULTS Within-dog reproducibility of measurements revealed moderate to high correlations. Change from baseline in luminal arterial diameter was most substantial when measured at 30 seconds following release of occlusion, whereas blood flow velocity changes were maximal when measured at 15 seconds following release. The brachial imaging site provided a larger number of significant FMD responses than the femoral site. The 3-minute occlusion period provided equal or better responses than the 5-minute occlusion period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ultrasonographic measurement of the FMD responses was a feasible and reproducible technique and significant changes from baseline were detected. The FMD responses in dogs were most substantial when performed at the brachial artery with blood flow velocity and luminal arterial diameter changes from baseline measured at 15 and 30 seconds, respectively, following release of a 3-minute occlusion period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Puglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Freeman LM, Rush JE, Markwell PJ. Effects of Dietary Modification in Dogs with Early Chronic Valvular Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Rush JE, Lee ND, Freeman LM, Brewer B. C-Reactive Protein Concentration in Dogs with Chronic Valvular Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Moesgaard SG, Pedersen LG, Teerlink T, Häggström J, Pedersen HD. Neurohormonal and Circulatory Effects of Short-Term Treatment with Enalapril and Quinapril in Dogs with Asymptomatic Mitral Regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Pedersen HD, Falk T, Häggström J, Tarnow I, Olsen LH, Kvart C, Nielsen MO. Circulating Concentrations of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Mitral Regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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