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Helland OB, Andreassen LV, Fischer AS, Gudbrandsen OA. Effects of Dietary Intake of Marine Ingredients on the Circulating Total Cholesterol Concentration in Domestic Dogs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 39295170 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
A high circulating total cholesterol (TC) concentration increases the risk for atherosclerosis in the domestic dog. Intake of marine foods is associated with a lowering effect on circulating TC concentration in humans and rodents, but the reported effects of marine ingredients on the TC concentration in domestic dogs has not yet been reviewed. The main aim was to investigate the effects of consuming marine ingredients on the TC concentration in domestic dogs. A systematic literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, structured around the population (domestic dogs), intervention (source and type of marine ingredients, dose, duration), comparator (control diet) and the primary outcome (circulating TC). Articles were assessed for risk of bias using the SYRCLE's tool. A meta-analysis was conducted in Review Manager v. 5.4.1 (the Cochrane Collaboration), comprising 12 articles with 243 dogs. Consumption of marine oils resulted in a significantly lower circulating TC concentration relative to comparator groups (mean difference -0.70 mmol/L, 95% CI (-1.21, -0.18), p = 0.008), with high statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 78%). The risk of bias is unclear since few of the entries in the SYRCLE's tool were addressed. We did not identify any studies using marine proteins or marine organisms other that fish. To conclude, intake of marine oils results in a lower TC concentration in dogs, thus reducing an important risk factor for atherosclerosis in canines. This study was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ as CRD42023396943.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Bysheim Helland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Dietary Protein Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Linnea Vikane Andreassen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Dietary Protein Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Sofie Fischer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Dietary Protein Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Oddrun Anita Gudbrandsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Dietary Protein Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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2
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ODA H, HAGA A, KOYAMA K, GOKITA K, AKIYAMA R, KOMIYA T, HASEGAWA S, SAKO T, MORI A. Treatment of Ezetimibe lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic dogs with hyperadorenocorticism. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:363-367. [PMID: 38383002 PMCID: PMC11061567 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor that blocks the intestinal absorption of both biliary and dietary cholesterol, thereby lowering primarily low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-chol) in human studies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ezetimibe on dyslipidemia control in nine dogs with hypercholesterolemia. Changes in total cholesterol (T-chol) and each lipoprotein fractions were evaluated at 0, 2, and 4 months following initiation of ezetimibe treatment. A significant decrease in T-chol was observed, and a mean T-chol concentration below 400 mg/dL was achieved at 2 and 4 months. Furthermore, a significant decrease in LDL-chol was observed (-53.3% and -64.3% at 2 and 4 months, respectively). Taken together, treatment of ezetimibe could lower LDL-chol levels in dogs with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi ODA
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aiko HAGA
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru KOYAMA
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kureha GOKITA
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ran AKIYAMA
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi KOMIYA
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshinori SAKO
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro MORI
- School of Veterinary Nursing & Technology, Faculty of
Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Travail V, Fernandez Sanchez C, Costo JM, Valentine N, Conroy M, Lee V, Bouziopoulos D, Bateman K, Gatehouse E, Cruzado‐Perez J, Pollard D, Lamb V, Juvet F, Kelly D. Assessment of the likelihood of hypothyroidism in dogs diagnosed with and treated for hypothyroidism at primary care practices: 102 cases (2016-2021). J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:931-941. [PMID: 38314891 PMCID: PMC10937491 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a possibility that an incorrect diagnosis of hypothyroidism could be made in euthyroid dogs, and the prevalence of hypothyroidism in the dog population remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To retrospectively assess the percentage of dogs diagnosed with, and treated for, hypothyroidism at first opinion practice which are likely to be hypothyroid and require levothyroxine supplementation. ANIMALS One hundred two client-owned dogs were included in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The computerized databases of 7 first opinion practices were searched to identify dogs treated with levothyroxine supplementation. Three European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine-Companian Animals (ECVIM-CA) diplomates independently assigned 1 of 4 clinical assessments to each case as follows: confirmed or likely hypothyroid, hypothyroidism suspected but not confirmed, hypothyroidism considered unlikely, and no reason to suspect hypothyroidism. They commented as to whether or not they thought levothyroxine supplementation was appropriate. RESULTS The clinical assessments of "confirmed or likely hypothyroid"; "Hypothyroidism suspected but not confirmed"; "Hypothyroidism considered unlikely"; and "No reason to suspect hypothyroidism" was assigned respectively by Clinician 1 to 38.2%, 5.9%, 3.9%, and 52% of cases, by Clinician 2 to 48%, 22.6%, 22.6%, 6.9% of cases, and by Clinician 3 to 55.9%, 11.8%, 13.7% and 18.6%. Clinician 1, Clinician 2, and Clinician 3 considered levothyroxine supplementation not indicated in 58.8%, 52.9%, and 45.1% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSION These results support the concern that hypothyroidism might be overly and incorrectly diagnosed in first opinion practice, and that thyroid function testing should be performed only in those dogs with a high pretest probability of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valerie Lamb
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsHampshireUK
| | | | - Darren Kelly
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsHampshireUK
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Fortuna L, Syme HM. Factors associated with thrombotic disease in dogs with renal proteinuria: A retrospective of 150 cases. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:228-237. [PMID: 38147488 PMCID: PMC10800230 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of additional risk factors for thrombotic disease (TD) among dogs with renal proteinuria is limited; these might differ for TD affecting the systemic arterial (AT), systemic venous (VT), and pulmonary circulation (PT). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare signalment and clinicopathological data between dogs with renal proteinuria with or without TD, and between dogs with AT, VT, and PT. ANIMALS One hundred fifty client-owned dogs with renal proteinuria, 50 of which had TD. METHODS Retrospective case-controlled study. A database search (2004-2021) identified proteinuric dogs (UPC > 2) with and without TD. Clinicopathological data were obtained from the records. TD and non-TD (NTD) groups were compared by binary logistic regression, and AT, VT, and PT groups by multinomial regression. Normal data presented as mean ± SD, non-normal data presented as median [25th, 75th percentiles]. RESULTS Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were overrepresented in the TD group (OR = 98.8, 95% CI 2.09-4671, P = .02). Compared to NTD cases, TD cases had higher concentration of neutrophils (11.06 [8.92, 16.58] × 109 /L vs 7.31 [5.63, 11.06] × 109 /L, P = .02), and lower concentration of eosinophils (0 [0, 0.21] × 109 /L vs 0.17 [0.04, 0.41] × 109 /L, P = .002) in blood, and lower serum albumin (2.45 ± 0.73 g/dL vs 2.83 ± 0.73 g/dL, P = .04). AT cases had higher serum albumin concentrations than VT cases (2.73 ± 0.48 g/dL vs 2.17 ± 0.49 g/dL, P = .03) and were older than PT cases (10.6 ± 2.6 years vs 7.0 ± 4.3 years, P = .008). VT cases were older (9.1 ± 4.2 years vs 7.0 ± 4.3 years, P = .008) and had higher serum cholesterol concentration (398 [309-692 mg/dL] vs 255 [155-402 mg/dL], P = .03) than PT cases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Differences between thrombus locations could reflect differences in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fortuna
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Harriet M. Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUnited Kingdom
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Jackson MI, Jewell DE. Feeding of fish oil and medium-chain triglycerides to canines impacts circulating structural and energetic lipids, endocannabinoids, and non-lipid metabolite profiles. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1168703. [PMID: 37691632 PMCID: PMC10484482 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1168703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effect of medium-chain fatty acid-containing triglycerides (MCT), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing triglycerides from fish oil (FO), and their combination (FO+MCT) on the serum metabolome of dogs (Canis familiaris) was evaluated. Methods Dogs (N = 64) were randomized to either a control food, one with 7% MCT, one with FO (0.18% eicosapentaenoate and 1.3% docosahexaenoate), or one with FO+MCT for 28 days following a 14-day washout period on the control food. Serum metabolites were analyzed via chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Results Additive effects of serum metabolites were observed for a number of metabolite classes, including fatty acids, phospholipids, acylated amines including endocannabinoids, alpha-oxidized fatty acids, and methyl donors. Some effects of the addition of FO+MCT were different when the oils were combined compared with when each oil was fed separately, namely for acylcarnitines, omega-oxidized dicarboxylic acids, and amino acids. Several potentially beneficial effects on health were observed, including decreased circulating triglycerides and total cholesterol with the addition of FO (with or without MCT) and decreases in N-acyl taurines with the addition of MCT, FO, or FO+MCT. Discussion Overall, the results of this study provide a phenotypic characterization of the serum lipidomic response to dietary supplementation of long-chain n3-polyunsaturated and medium-chain saturated fats in canines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I. Jackson
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | - Dennis E. Jewell
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Ševčíková MK, Figurová M, Ševčík K, Hluchý M, Domaniža M, Lapšanská M, Drahovská Z, Žert Z. Ultrasound Evaluation of Extracranial Cerebral Circulation (The Common, External and Internal Carotid Artery) in Different Breeds of Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101584. [PMID: 37238014 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive Doppler ultrasonography (US) examination is a standard method for the clinical evaluation of the carotid arteries. Extracranial cerebral circulation includes the common carotid artery (CCA), the external carotid artery (ECA), and the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery (ICA). The present study was conducted with the objective of assessing physiological normative values and describing the appearance of spectral waveforms of extracranial arteries in 104 healthy dogs of eight breeds divided into four groups according to weight. We also focused on searching for correlations for carotid blood velocities with the resistive index (RI), body weight and diameter, and differences between observers and the influence of sex in the calculations of Doppler parameters. In the evaluated breeds, significant differences were found in the velocity of peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV). There was a strong correlation between body weight and peak systolic velocity, the RI index and CCA diameter. The intra-observer agreement for the PSV and EDV parameters in each vessel was considered excellent reliability, and overall interobserver agreement showed very good reliability. This study could improve the descriptions of physiological values and waveforms recorded in carotid arteries. Defining the physiological values of velocity and the resistive index (RI) helps in the easier identification of pathology and diagnosis of disease. Our results may be used for further studies of vascular diseases in veterinary medicine that correlate with the pathology of neurological disorders of ischemic origin, further in thromboembolism, oncologic disease and degenerative, proliferative and inflammatory diseases of the arteries that lead to stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieta K Ševčíková
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mária Figurová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Karol Ševčík
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marián Hluchý
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Michal Domaniža
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mária Lapšanská
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Drahovská
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zdeněk Žert
- Clinic of Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
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Martins TDO, Ramos RC, Possidonio G, Bosculo MRM, Oliveira PL, Costa LR, Zamboni VAG, Marques MG, de Almeida BFM. Feline obesity causes hematological and biochemical changes and oxidative stress - a pilot study. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:167-177. [PMID: 35778642 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, an extremely important factor in feline clinical practice, is estimated to affect up to one third of the feline population. Moreover, it can trigger chronic inflammation, which could predispose to oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species, thereby generating potentially irreversible cellular damage. This study analyzed hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress profiles at various degrees of feline obesity. Forty-five cats were selected and divided into three groups: control (n = 17), overweight (n = 13) and obese (n = 15), after clinical and laboratory evaluation and body condition score. Biochemical and oxidative stress analyses were performed using a photocolorimeter and hematological analyses were performed in a veterinary cell counter. Obese cats showed increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), HDL cholesterol and triglycerides and decreased activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) than control cats, although within the reference ranges for the species. As for oxidative stress, obese cats showed higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC), by the inhibition of 2,2'-Azino-Bis-3-Ethylbenzthiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid (ABTS), inhibition of ABTS associated with horseradish peroxidase (ABTS + HRP), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, while overweight cats had a higher TAC-ABTS + HRP and TAC-FRAP than control cats. We conclude that the conditions of natural obesity and overweight in the feline species alter its hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainara de Oliveira Martins
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Cápera Ramos
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Geovana Possidonio
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Rachel Melo Bosculo
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Lima Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (FMVA-Unesp), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ramos Costa
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Aquiles Gomes Zamboni
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel Gambin Marques
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Breno Fernando Martins de Almeida
- Roque Quagliato Veterinary Hospital, University Center of the Integrated Faculties of Ourinhos (Unifio), Rodovia BR 153, km 338, Bairro Água do Cateto, 19909-100, Ourinhos, SP, Brazil. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (FMVA-Unesp), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
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Effects of ACTH-Induced Long-Term Hypercortisolism on the Transcriptome of Canine Visceral Adipose Tissue. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060250. [PMID: 35737302 PMCID: PMC9228614 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing’s syndrome, or hypercortisolism (HC), a common endocrinopathy in adult dogs, is caused by chronic hypercortisolemia. Among different metabolic disorders, this syndrome is associated with enhanced subcutaneous lipolysis and visceral adiposity. However, effects of HC in adipose tissue, especially regarding visceral adipose tissue (VAT), are still poorly understood. Herein, the transcriptomic effects of chronic HC on VAT of dogs were evaluated. For this, subcutaneously implanted ACTH-releasing pumps were used, followed by deep RNA sequencing of the canine VAT. Prolonged HC seems to affect a plethora of regulatory mechanisms in VAT of treated dogs, with 1190 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, p and FDR < 0.01) being found. The 691 downregulated DEGs were mostly associated with functional terms like cell adhesion and migration, intracellular signaling, immune response, extracellular matrix and angiogenesis. Treatment also appeared to modulate local glucocorticoid and insulin signaling and hormonal sensitivity, and several factors, e.g., TIMP4, FGF1, CCR2, CXCR4 and HSD11B1/2, were identified as possible important players in the glucocorticoid-related expansion of VAT. Modulation of their function during chronic HC might present interesting targets for further clinical studies. Similarities in the effects of chronic HC on VAT of dogs and humans are highlighted.
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Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS, Tham WK, Baumgartner F, Selva JJ, Wenk MR, Burla B, Boretti FS. Serum Lipidome Signatures of Dogs with Different Endocrinopathies Associated with Hyperlipidemia. Metabolites 2022; 12:306. [PMID: 35448493 PMCID: PMC9031822 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia) is a common finding in human and veterinary patients with endocrinopathies (e.g., hypothyroidism and hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome; CS)). Despite emerging use of lipidomics technology in medicine, the lipid profiles of these endocrinopathies have not been evaluated and characterized in dogs. The aim of this study was to compare the serum lipidomes of dogs with naturally occurring CS or hypothyroidism with those of healthy dogs. Serum samples from 39 dogs with CS, 45 dogs with hypothyroidism, and 10 healthy beagle dogs were analyzed using a targeted lipidomics approach with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. There were significant differences between the lipidomes of dogs with CS, hypothyroidism, and the healthy dogs. The most significant changes were found in the lysophosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylglycerols, ceramides, and sphingosine 1-phosphates. Lipid alterations were especially pronounced in dogs with hypothyroidism. Several changes suggested a more atherogenic lipid profile in dogs with HT than in dogs with CS. In this study, we found so far unknown effects of naturally occurring hypothyroidism and CS on lipid metabolism in dogs. Our findings provide starting points to further examine differences in occurrence of atherosclerotic lesion formation between the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja S. Sieber-Ruckstuhl
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (F.B.); (F.S.B.)
| | - Wai Kin Tham
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Program and Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore; (W.K.T.); (J.J.S.); (M.R.W.)
- Agilent Technologies Singapore Pte. Ltd., 1 Yishun Ave 7, Singapore 768923, Singapore
| | - Franziska Baumgartner
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (F.B.); (F.S.B.)
| | - Jeremy John Selva
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Program and Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore; (W.K.T.); (J.J.S.); (M.R.W.)
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Program and Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore; (W.K.T.); (J.J.S.); (M.R.W.)
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Bo Burla
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Felicitas S. Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (F.B.); (F.S.B.)
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10
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Giralico LC, Makii R, Pray BA, Parker VJ. Myxedema Coma and Acute Hepatopathy in a Dog with Severe Atherosclerosis. Case Rep Vet Med 2021; 2021:6622767. [PMID: 34745683 PMCID: PMC8570892 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6622767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 9-year-old male intact mixed-breed dog was presented to The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center for evaluation of two days' duration of weakness, lethargy, inappetence, and one episode of vomiting the day of presentation. On presentation, the dog was depressed and tetraparetic. He was noted to be icteric and dehydrated. Obesity and truncal alopecia with a "rat tail" appearance were observed. Diagnostic testing revealed evidence of an acute hepatopathy and peritonitis. Given the dog's neurologic status, physical examination abnormalities, including a "tragic facial expression", and hyperlipidemia, there was concern for possible myxedema coma. A thyroid panel was consistent with hypothyroidism. The dog experienced respiratory arrest prior to initiation of therapy, and an autopsy confirmed the presence of subacute necrotizing cholangiohepatitis, marked atherosclerosis, and severe thyroid atrophy. These clinical and pathologic changes were supportive of myxedema coma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C. Giralico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, USA
| | - Rebecca Makii
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, USA
| | - Betsy A. Pray
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, USA
| | - Valerie J. Parker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, USA
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11
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Bolton TA. Acute Hepatopathy in a Dog Secondary to Hypothyroidism-Induced Atherosclerotic Infarction and Necrosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2021; 57:47-50. [PMID: 33260219 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 7 yr old male beagle was examined because of lethargy, anorexia, and cranial abdominal discomfort. Significant clinicopathologic abnormalities included severe liver enzyme elevations and hypercholesterolemia. Abdominal imaging identified vascular compromise of the left lateral liver lobe and a gallbladder mucocele. Following liver lobectomy and cholecystectomy, the dog's clinical signs resolved, and liver enzymes substantially improved. Diffuse hepatocellular infarction and necrosis secondary to multifocal atherosclerosis was present on histopathology of the liver. Hypothyroidism was subsequently diagnosed. Restoration of euthyroidism with oral levothyroxine therapy resolved the remaining liver enzyme elevations and hypercholesterolemia. To the author's knowledge, this is the first case report of hypothyroidism resulting in a clinically apparent and resolvable acute hepatopathy due to atherosclerosis. Clinicians should include atherosclerosis as a differential diagnosis for dogs with an acute hepatopathy and investigate dogs for hypothyroidism if atherosclerosis is diagnosed on liver biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Andrew Bolton
- From the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
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12
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Thrombin Generation Assay and Hemostatic Profile for Elucidating Hypercoagulability in Endogenous Canine Hyperadrenocorticism. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100581. [PMID: 34509666 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine hyperadrenocorticism is a common endocrine disorder caused by chronic secretion of glucocorticoid, often associated with hypercoagulability and secondary thrombosis. The thrombin generation assay (TGA) evaluates hemostasis globally by measuring endogenous thrombin potential. We aimed to determine whether TGA is suitable for assessing hypercoagulability in dogs with endogenous hyperadrenocorticism (HAC), and to correlate TGA with coagulation markers including fibrinogen, antithrombin (AT), D-dimer, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and with routine laboratory tests for elucidating prothrombotic mechanisms and evaluating their utility as hypercoagulability screening tests. Thrombin generation performed with high activator concentration showed significantly higher endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) (P = .0239) and peak thrombin (P = .0281) in Cushing patients. Fibrinogen (P = <.0001) and AT (P = .0444) activities were significantly higher in the HAC group, while those of PT (P = .0046) and aPTT (P = .0002) were lower. Basal cortisol levels correlated positively with fibrinogen (r = 0.4503; P = .0355) and negatively with AT activity (r = -0.4580; P = .0280). Fibrinogen and hematocrit values were inversely correlated (r = -0.4853; P = .0076). Our study confirmed the presence of higher thrombin generation in dogs with HAC. However, TGA performed with lower activator concentrations was unsuitable for detecting hypercoagulability. Higher AT and fibrinogen levels and lower aPTT activity were identified in dogs with HAC relative to controls suggesting a potential role for the combined use of these assays when assessing hypercoagulability in canine hyperadrenocorticism.
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Lee E, Kim HW, Bae H, Yu D, Choi J. Radiography and ct features of atherosclerosis in two miniature schnauzer dogs. J Vet Sci 2021; 21:e89. [PMID: 33263236 PMCID: PMC7710456 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two miniature Schnauzer dogs with chronic pancreatitis were investigated. Both dogs showed systemic hypertension and increased concentrations of triglycerides and C-reactive protein. Abdominal radiography revealed cylindrical calcification in the retroperitoneum, and computed tomography (CT) showed extensive calcification of the abdominal and peripheral arteries in both dogs. Metastases and other dystrophic conditions that can cause arterial calcification were excluded based on the laboratory tests, and the dogs were diagnosed with atherosclerosis ante mortem. Atherosclerosis should be considered when extensive arterial calcification is observed on abdominal radiography or CT in miniature Schnauzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyeona Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - DoHyeon Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Jihye Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
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14
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Munro MJL, Hulsebosch SE, Marks SL, Gilor C. Efficacy of a micronized, nanocrystal fenofibrate formulation in treatment of hyperlipidemia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1733-1742. [PMID: 34096101 PMCID: PMC8295657 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Safe, effective, and readily available drug therapies are required for the management of hyperlipidemia and its associated complications in dogs. Objectives To investigate the efficacy of a micronized, nanocrystal formulation of fenofibrate (Tricor) in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in dogs. Animals Ten client‐owned dogs with primary (n = 7) and secondary (n = 3) hyperlipidemia. All dogs had hypertriglyceridemia at baseline; 3 dogs also had hypercholesterolemia. Methods Prospective dose‐escalation study. Dogs were treated with fenofibrate orally once daily in up to 3 cycles of 21 days each. Fenofibrate dose was increased at the end of each cycle if hypertriglyceridemia persisted and adverse effects were not documented. Complete blood count, biochemistry, and urine protein:creatinine ratio were collected serially. Baseline (T0) parameters were compared to time of maximal reduction in serum triglyceride concentrations (T1) and reported as median (range). Results Triglycerides normalized in all dogs (T0 = 662 mg/dL [189‐2391]; T1 = 113 mg/dL [81‐132]; P = .002). Fenofibrate dose at T1 = 6.4 mg/kg PO q24h (range, 2.2‐13.5). T1 was achieved at 3 (n = 4), 6 (n = 4), and 9 (n = 2) weeks. Serum cholesterol concentrations decreased in 9 of 10 dogs. Quiet demeanor and firm stools in 1 dog were the only reported adverse reactions. Fenofibrate administration resulted in a significant reduction in median alkaline phosphatase activity (P = .049). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Over 21 to 63 days, TriCor was effective in the management of primary and secondary hyperlipidemia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J L Munro
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, California 95616, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Sean E Hulsebosch
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Stanley L Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2560 SE 16th Ave., Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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15
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Ushio N, Chambers JK, Watanabe K, Kayano M, Uchida K. Age-Related Arteriolar Changes With Lipid and Amyloid Deposits in the Gonads of Dogs. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:558-567. [PMID: 33686886 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821996670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arteriolar lesions with lipid and/or amyloid deposits are frequently detected in canine gonads by routine histopathologic examination; however, they have never been examined in detail. In the present study, a total of 139 testes/epididymides and 200 ovaries from 72 male (4 months to 14 years old) and 105 female (7 months to 16 years old) dogs were examined for arteriolar lesions. Arteriolar lesions were detected in 21 of 72 male dogs (29%) and 54 of 105 female dogs (51%). These lesions were histologically classified into 4 types: "fibromuscular hypertrophy," characterized by thickening of the tunica intima; "focal vasculitis," characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration; "vacuolar change," consisting of lipid accumulation and infiltration of foamy cells; and "hyalinosis," characterized by irregular thickening with amyloid deposits. In the lesions of vacuolar change and hyalinosis, lipid deposition and infiltration of α-SMA-positive cells and Iba-1-positive cells were also observed. Foamy cells and amyloid deposits were immunopositive for apolipoproteins and oxidized low-density lipoprotein-related proteins. These results indicate that vacuolar change is possibly an early stage of atherosclerosis, and that amyloid may deposit as a consequence of the microenvironment associated with atherogenesis. Logistic regression analysis revealed that arteriolar lesions with lipid deposits were associated with age and interstitial cell tumors in male dogs, and with age in female dogs. Aging is likely an important risk factor of arteriolar lesions with lipid deposits of the canine gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenichi Watanabe
- 52746Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kayano
- 52746Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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16
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Shea EK, Hess RS. Assessment of postprandial hyperglycemia and circadian fluctuation of glucose concentrations in diabetic dogs using a flash glucose monitoring system. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:843-852. [PMID: 33522022 PMCID: PMC7995415 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPH) and circadian glucose concentration fluctuations recorded in the home environment of dogs with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus (DM) have not been reported. OBJECTIVES To determine if a flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS; FreeStyle Libre) can detect PPH and circadian fluctuations in glucose concentrations in dogs with variably controlled DM. ANIMALS Fourteen client-owned dogs with DM. METHODS Prospective observational study. Interstitial glucose (IG) concentrations measured by the FGMS during a 13-day study period were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 17, 446 FGMS IG concentrations were analyzed. For all dogs analyzed together, median IG concentration measured within 30 (288 mg/dL), 60 (286 mg/dL), 90 (285 mg/dL), and 120 (285 mg/dL) minutes of meals was each significantly higher than the median IG concentration at all other times (260 mg/dL, 259 mg/dL, 258 mg/dL, and 257 mg/dL, respectively; range, 40-500 mg/dL; P < .001 for each). Median night-time IG concentration measured from all dogs on 3,547 samples recorded between 1:00 am and 6:00 am (268 mg/dL; range, 40-500 mg/dL) was significantly higher than median IG measured on 13, 899 samples at all other time points (259 mg/dL; range, 40-500 mg/dL; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The FGMS can be used for future studies of PPH and circadian fluctuations of glucose concentrations in dogs with DM in their home environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Shea
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rebecka S. Hess
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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17
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Miceli DD, Vidal VP, Blatter MFC, Pignataro OP, Castillo VA. Fenofibrate treatment for severe hypertriglyceridemia in dogs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106578. [PMID: 33137654 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid disorders are relatively common in dogs. Hyperlipidemia can be primary or secondary to other diseases. In humans, fenofibrate is used to control hypertriglyceridemia. In dogs, there are no studies evaluating fenofibrate in hypertriglyceridemia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fenofibrate to control severe hypertriglyceridemia in dogs. A total of 124 dogs (n = 124) with severe hypertriglyceridemia (>300 mg/dL, 3.39 mmol/L) were randomly distributed in the fenofibrate group (n = 64) and the diet group (n = 60). Dogs of the fenofibrate group were treated with fenofibrate (10 mg/Kg) once daily. Dogs of the diet group were treated with low-fat diet (10%). Serum triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), liver enzymes, and creatine kinase concentrations were evaluated, before and after 1 mo of medical or dietary treatment. Triglyceride concentrations were reduced with fenofibrate (P < 0.001), and 85.93% of the dogs normalized their levels. Triglyceride concentrations also decreased with low-fat diet (P < 0.001), but only 26.6% of the dogs normalized their levels. Triglyceride concentrations were reduced with fenofibrate (P < 0.01) and with low-fat diet (P < 0.01). Of the cases with hypercholesterolemia, 53.7% and 50% of the dogs normalized their TC concentrations, with fenofibrate and diet, respectively. No significant adverse effects were observed (3% showed diarrhea). Fenofibrate was safe and effective in reducing and normalizing TG concentrations in dogs with severe hypertriglyceridemia, regardless of the cause of hyperlipidemia. The low-fat diet was effective in reducing, but not normalizing, TG concentrations. Fenofibrate and low-fat diet were effective in reducing TC concentrations. This is the first study evaluating fibrates in dogs with severe hypertriglyceridemia and comparing results with a low-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Miceli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, U. de Endocrinología-Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - V P Vidal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, U. de Endocrinología-Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M F C Blatter
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, U. de Endocrinología-Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O P Pignataro
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V A Castillo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, U. de Endocrinología-Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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The Serum and Saliva Proteome of Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122261. [PMID: 33271797 PMCID: PMC7760505 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the changes in salivary and serum proteomes that occur in canine diabetes mellitus type-1 (DM) through a high-throughput quantitative proteomic analysis. The proteomes of 10 paired serum and saliva samples from healthy controls (HC group, n = 5) and dogs with untreated DM (DM group, n = 5) were analyzed using Tandem Mass Tags (TMT)-based proteomic approach. Additionally, 24 serum samples from healthy controls and untreated DM were used to validate haptoglobin in serum. The TMT analysis quantified 767 and 389 proteins in saliva and serum, respectively. Of those, 16 unique proteins in serum and 26 in saliva were differently represented between DM and HC groups. The verification of haptoglobin in serum was in concordance with the proteomic data. Our results pointed out changes in both saliva and serum proteomes that reflect different physiopathological changes in dogs with DM. Although some of the proteins identified here, such as malate dehydrogenase or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, were previously related with DM in dogs, most of the proteins modulated in serum and saliva are described in canine DM for the first time and could be a source of potential biomarkers of the disease. Additionally, the molecular function, biological process, pathways and protein class of the differential proteins were revealed, which could improve the understanding of the disease's pathological mechanisms.
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19
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Bertalan AV, Drobatz KJ, Hess RS. Effects of treatment with lispro and neutral protamine Hagedorn insulins on serum fructosamine and postprandial blood glucose concentrations in dogs with clinically well-controlled diabetes mellitus and postprandial hyperglycemia. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:153-158. [PMID: 31985281 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess effects of basal-bolus insulin treatment (BBIT) with lispro and neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulins, compared with NPH insulin alone, on serum fructosamine concentration (SFC) and postprandial blood glucose concentration (BGC) in dogs with clinically well-controlled diabetes mellitus and postprandial hyperglycemia fed a high insoluble fiber-content diet. ANIMALS 6 client-owned dogs with diabetes mellitus. PROCEDURES Blood samples were collected for BGC and SFC measurement in hospitalized dogs just before feeding and routine SC NPH insulin administration (time 0); samples were collected for BGC measurement every 30 minutes for 2 hours, then every 2 hours for up to 10 additional hours. Postprandial hyperglycemia was identified when BGC 30 minutes after insulin administration exceeded BGC at time 0 or the 1-hour time point. For BBIT, owners were instructed to continue NPH insulin administration at the usual dosage at home (q 12 h, with feeding) and to administer lispro insulin (0.1 U/Kg, SC) separately at the time of NPH injections. Two weeks later, SFC and BGC measurements were repeated; results at the start and end of the study were compared statistically. RESULTS Median SFC was significantly higher at the start (400 μmol/L) than at the end (390 μmol/L) of the study. Median 1-hour (313 mg/dL) and 1.5-hour (239 mg/dL) BGC measurements at the start of the study were significantly higher than those at the end of the study (117 and 94 mg/dL, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this sample of dogs with well-controlled diabetes mellitus, addition of lispro insulin to an existing treatment regimen of NPH insulin and dietary management significantly decreased postprandial BGCs. Further study of BBIT for dogs with diabetes mellitus is warranted.
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20
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Ding H, Li Y, Li W, Tao H, Liu L, Zhang C, Kong T, Feng S, Li J, Wang X, Wu J. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate activates the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway to reduce lipid accumulation in canine hepatocytes. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:405-416. [PMID: 32572960 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) plays a crucial role in hepatic lipid metabolism. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism of hepatic lipid metabolism by EGCG in canine is unclear. Primary canine hepatocytes were treated with EGCG (0.01, 0.1, or 1 μM) and BML-275 (an AMP-activated protein kinase [AMPK] inhibitor) to study the effects of EGCG on the gene and protein expressions associated with AMPK signaling pathway. Data showed that treatment with EGCG had greater activation of AMPK, as well as greater expression levels and transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα) along with upregulated messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance and protein abundance of PPARα-target genes. EGCG decreased the expression levels and transcriptional activity of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) along with downregulated mRNA abundance and protein abundance of SREBP-1c target genes. Of particular interest, exogenous BML-275 could reduce or eliminate the effects of EGCG on lipid metabolism in canine hepatocytes. Furthermore, the content of triglyceride was significantly decreased in the EGCG-treated groups. These results suggest that EGCG might be a potential agent in preventing high-fat diet-induced lipid accumulation in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanqing Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Leihong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Tao Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinchun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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21
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Arnold SA, Platt SR, Gendron KP, West FD. Imaging Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Disease of the Brain in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:279. [PMID: 32528985 PMCID: PMC7266937 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Strokes, both ischemic and hemorrhagic, are the most common underlying cause of acute, non-progressive encephalopathy in dogs. In effect, substantial information detailing the underlying causes and predisposing factors, affected vessels, imaging features, and outcomes based on location and extent of injury is available. The features of canine strokes on both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been described in numerous studies. This summary article serves as a compilation of these various descriptions. Drawing from the established and emerging stroke evaluation sequences used in the investigation of strokes in humans, this summary describes all theoretically available sequences. Particular detail is given to logistics of image acquisition, description of imaging findings, and each sequence's advantages and disadvantages. As the imaging features of both forms of strokes are highly representative of the underlying pathophysiologic stages in the hours to months following stroke onset, the descriptions of strokes at various stages are also discussed. It is unlikely that canine strokes can be diagnosed within the same rapid time frame as human strokes, and therefore the opportunity for thrombolytic intervention in ischemic strokes is unattainable. However, a thorough understanding of the appearance of strokes at various stages can aid the clinician when presented with a patient that has developed a stroke in the days or weeks prior to evaluation. Additionally, investigation into new imaging techniques may increase the sensitivity and specificity of stroke diagnosis, as well as provide new ways to monitor strokes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Arnold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Simon R Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Karine P Gendron
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Franklin D West
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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22
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Fogaça J, Castiglioni M, Vettorato M, Silva J, Mazzante N, Filadelpho A, Puoli Filho J, Machado V. Comparação das artérias carótidas comuns de equinos e muares por ultrassonografia modo-B e Doppler espectral e a relação com a massa corpórea. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A ultrassonografia convencional e o Doppler espectral nas artérias carótidas comuns em equinos e muares são considerados escassos, diferentemente do que ocorre na medicina humana. Este trabalho propôs comparar as artérias carótidas comuns de equinos e muares por ultrassonografia modo-B e Doppler espectral, além de verificar as diferenças dessas variáveis entre os gêneros desses animais e a relação com a massa corpórea. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: massa corpórea, diâmetros das artérias, espessura da camada íntima-média (EIM), índice de resistividade (IR), índice de pulsatilidade (IP), velocidade sistólica (VS), velocidade diastólica (VD) e velocidade média (VM). Salvo a massa corpórea, esses parâmetros foram obtidos de três regiões (cranial, médio e caudal) e submetidos à análise conjuntamente. Os diâmetros das artérias carótidas comuns são diferentes entre equinos e muares, com valores menores nos equinos. O IR, o IP, a VS e a VM diferiram entre equinos e muares, sendo maiores nos equinos, e a VD superior nos muares. Não foi observada diferença das variáveis do modo-B e Doppler entre gêneros nos equinos, diferentemente dos muares, cujos machos apresentaram valores maiores do diâmetro, do IR e do IP, mas menores da VS e da VM. A massa corpórea não influenciou as variáveis do modo-B, independentemente do gênero, mas apresenta correlação significativa nas variáveis do modo Doppler. As artérias carótidas comuns de equinos e muares são diferentes pelos exames ultrassonográficos modo-B e Doppler espectral. O gênero não influencia no modo-B e no Doppler nos equinos, porém influencia parcialmente nos muares. A massa corpórea de equinos e de muares, independentemente do gênero, não tem associação com as variáveis do modo-B, apenas com o Doppler.
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Teixeira FA, Machado DP, Jeremias JT, Queiroz MR, Pontieri CFF, Brunetto MA. Starch sources influence lipidaemia of diabetic dogs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:2. [PMID: 31900155 PMCID: PMC6942337 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlipidaemia is considered a cause of other diseases that are clinically important and potentially life threatening. Combination of pea and barley as exclusive starch sources is known to interfere with glycemic control in diabetic dogs, but their effect on lipid profile of hiperlipidaemic dogs is yet to be evaluated. Twelve adult diabetic dogs were fed three dry extruded diets with different starch sources and different fat levels: peas and barley (PB), maize (Mi), and peas, barley and rice (Ba) with 15.7, 15.6 and 9.0% of their dry matter as fat, respectively. Plasmatic cholesterol and triglycerides concentration curves over 10 h were obtained after 60 days on each diet and with the same NPH insulin dose. ANOVA test or Friedman test were used to compare the dietary effects on triglycerides and cholesterol variables among the diets. RESULTS Dogs presented lower mean (p = 0.05), fasting (p = 0.03), and time 8-h postprandial (p = 0.05) triglyceridemia after PB diet period than Ba diet period and time 4-h postprandial (p = 0.02) lower after PB than Mi diet. Cholesterolemia mean, minimum, maximum, area under the cholesterol curve and times points: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10-h postprandial, had lower values after PB ingestion in comparison to Mi, without difference to Ba diet. CONCLUSION Inclusion of pea and barley, as exclusive starch sources, in therapeutic diets for diabetic dogs can minimize plasmatic triglycerides and cholesterol concentration at fasting and at different postprandial time, compared to the maize diet or diet with lesser fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Alves Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
| | - Daniela Pedrosa Machado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Ramos Queiroz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87 - Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-010 Brazil
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo University, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP Brazil
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Changes in the Canine Plasma Lipidome after Short- and Long-Term Excess Glucocorticoid Exposure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6015. [PMID: 30979907 PMCID: PMC6461633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are critical regulators of metabolic control in mammals and their aberrant function has been linked to several pathologies. GCs are widely used in human and veterinary clinical practice as potent anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive agents. Dyslipidaemia is a frequently observed consequence of GC treatment, typified by increased lipolysis, lipid mobilization, liponeogenesis, and adipogenesis. Dogs with excess GC show hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, and a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the risk of developing atherosclerotic lesions is low as compared to humans. This study aimed to examine alterations in the canine plasma lipidome in a model of experimentally induced short-term and long-term GC excess. Both treatments led to significant plasma lipidome alterations, which were more pronounced after long-term excess steroid exposure. In particular, monohexosylceramides, phosphatidylinositols, ether phosphatidylcholines, acyl phosphatidylcholines, triacylglycerols and sphingosine 1-phosphates showed significant changes. The present study highlights the hitherto unknown effects of GCs on lipid metabolism, which will be important in the further elucidation of the role and function of GCs as drugs and in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Blake RR, Longo M, Santarelli G, Liuti T, Martinez-Pereira LdaVet Y. Coronary arteriovenous malformation in a dog with a complex arrhythmia and hypothyroidism. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 23:38-44. [PMID: 31174728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A four-year-old Japanese Akita was referred for investigation of lethargy, exercise intolerance, and an irregular heart rhythm. He was diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, a complex ventricular arrhythmia, and hypothyroidism. Echocardiography identified a nest of anomalous vessels surrounding the heart and shunting into the pulmonary artery. Computed tomography confirmed a coronary arteriovenous malformation consisting of a coronary-to-pulmonary arterial communication and an associated complex nest of tortuous vessels, which was thought to be an incidental finding. Clinical signs improved with levothyroxine and antiarrhythmic treatment. Describing an unusual coronary artery anomaly as well, this case serves as a reminder to critically evaluate the hemodynamic significance of structural cardiac disease and to screen for systemic disease in patients with arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Blake
- Cardiopulmonary Service, Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - M Longo
- Diagnostic Imaging Service, Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - G Santarelli
- Cardiopulmonary Service, Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - T Liuti
- Diagnostic Imaging Service, Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Y Martinez-Pereira LdaVet
- Cardiopulmonary Service, Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies & The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Violette NP, Ledbetter EC. Lipemic uveitis and its etiologies in dogs: 75 cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:577-583. [PMID: 30716194 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical features of dogs with lipemic uveitis (LU). ANIMALS STUDIED Seventy-five dogs (114 eyes) with LU. PROCEDURES Medical records of dogs examined by the Cornell University ophthalmology service with a clinical diagnosis of LU between 2008 and 2017 were analyzed. Signalment and clinical case aspects, including concurrent ocular disease, systemic disease, and previous ophthalmic surgery, were recorded. RESULTS Lipemic uveitis was diagnosed in 114 eyes of 75 dogs. The mean (±standard deviation) age of dogs was 9.0 years (±2.7 years). Miniature Schnauzers and Yorkshire Terriers were statistically overrepresented compared to the ophthalmology canine referral population. Lipemic flare varied in severity with loss of menace response due to markedly opaque flare seen in 15/114 eyes (13%). Two dogs developed LU after dietary indiscretion. Forty-nine eyes (43%) had concurrent ocular disease, most commonly keratoconjunctivitis sicca, ulcerative keratitis, and cataracts. Pseudophakia was present in 75/114 eyes (66%) and LU developed within 30 days of an intraocular surgical procedure in 63/114 eyes (55%). Hypertriglyceridemia was noted in 52 dogs of the 55 dogs tested (95%). Systemic disease affected 54/75 dogs (72%), of which diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypothyroidism were overrepresented compared to the referral population. Primary hyperlipidemia was identified in 12 dogs. Lipemic uveitis resolved at first reevaluation in 92/110 eyes (84%) and recurred in 6/114 eyes (5%) after complete resolution. CONCLUSIONS Development of lipemic uveitis in dogs appears to require the combination of hyperlipidemia and uveitis. Systemic disease is commonly associated with LU in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel P Violette
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Auriemma E, Armienti F, Morabito S, Specchi S, Rondelli V, Domenech O, Guglielmini C, Lacava G, Zini E, Khouri T. Electrocardiogram-gated 16-multidetector computed tomographic angiography of the coronary arteries in dogs. Vet Rec 2018; 183:473. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Auriemma
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara; Granozzo con Monticello (No) Novara Italy
| | - Felice Armienti
- Diagnostic Imaging Department; Policlinico di Monza Hospital; Monza Italy
| | - Simona Morabito
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara; Granozzo con Monticello (No) Novara Italy
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Swan Specchi
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara; Granozzo con Monticello (No) Novara Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rondelli
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara; Granozzo con Monticello (No) Novara Italy
| | - Oriol Domenech
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara; Granozzo con Monticello (No) Novara Italy
| | - Carlo Guglielmini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health; University of Padova; Legnaro (PD) Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lacava
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara; Granozzo con Monticello (No) Novara Italy
| | - Eric Zini
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara; Granozzo con Monticello (No) Novara Italy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health; University of Padova; Legnaro (PD) Italy
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Toufic Khouri
- Diagnostic Imaging Department; Policlinico di Monza Hospital; Monza Italy
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Hoffman JM, Creevy KE, Franks A, O'Neill DG, Promislow DEL. The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12737. [PMID: 29457329 PMCID: PMC5946068 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Around the world, human populations have experienced large increases in average lifespan over the last 150 years, and while individuals are living longer, they are spending more years of life with multiple chronic morbidities. Researchers have used numerous laboratory animal models to understand the biological and environmental factors that influence aging, morbidity, and longevity. However, the most commonly studied animal species, laboratory mice and rats, do not experience environmental conditions similar to those to which humans are exposed, nor do we often diagnose them with many of the naturally occurring pathologies seen in humans. Recently, the companion dog has been proposed as a powerful model to better understand the genetic and environmental determinants of morbidity and mortality in humans. However, it is not known to what extent the age‐related dynamics of morbidity, comorbidity, and mortality are shared between humans and dogs. Here, we present the first large‐scale comparison of human and canine patterns of age‐specific morbidity and mortality. We find that many chronic conditions that commonly occur in human populations (obesity, arthritis, hypothyroidism, and diabetes), and which are associated with comorbidities, are also associated with similarly high levels of comorbidity in companion dogs. We also find significant similarities in the effect of age on disease risk in humans and dogs, with neoplastic, congenital, and metabolic causes of death showing similar age trajectories between the two species. Overall, our study suggests that the companion dog may be an ideal translational model to study the many complex facets of human morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Hoffman
- Department of Biology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Kate E. Creevy
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Alexander Franks
- Department of Statistics; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - Dan G. O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Health; The Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - Daniel E. L. Promislow
- Department of Pathology; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
- Department of Biology; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
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Frade MT, Ferreira JS, Nascimento MJ, Aquino VV, Macêdo IL, Carneiro RS, Souza AP, Dantas AF. Doenças do sistema nervoso central em cães. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: São descritas doenças do sistema nervoso central (SNC) em cães diagnosticadas no sertão da Paraíba. Os registros de necropsia de 1.205 cães foram revisados. Em 354 casos (29,38%) foram registrados história clínica de alterações do sistema nervoso. Duzentos e noventa e seis casos tiveram diagnóstico definitivo e 58 foram inconclusivos. As doenças infecciosas foram observadas em 59,60% (211/354) de casos que representam a principal causa de distúrbios neurológicos; 53% dos casos (186/354) foram representadas por doenças virais; 3,11% (11/354) foram de etiologia parasitária, 2,54% (9/354) foram causadas por bactérias e 1,41% (5/354) por fungos. Os agentes físicos representaram a segunda causa mais importante de transtornos do SNC com 9,89% (35/354) e os tumores a terceira causa com 5,93% (21/354). Outras alterações pouco frequentes foram alterações metabólicas secundárias a insuficiência hepática ou renal, representando 2,54% (9/354). Casos raros de hidrocefalia congênita foram observados, 1,41% (5/354). Os casos de manifestações neurológicas associadas a alterações vasculares, degenerativas e inflamatórias não infecciosas, muitas das quais uma causa específica não foi estabelecida representaram 4,24% (15/354); Estavam dentro das seguintes categorias de doenças: Infartos isquêmicos e hemorrágicos (6/15), necrose vascular fibrinoide (5/15), doença do disco intervertebral (2/15), meningoencefalite granulomatosa (1/15) e granuloma de colesterol (1/15). Os distúrbios do sistema nervoso central representam uma importante causa de morte ou eutanásia em cães na região semiárida da Paraíba. Os sinais clínicos variaram de acordo com o agente envolvido, localização e distribuição das lesões. O conhecimento dos principais agentes que pode afetar o SNC canino é importante ao fazer uma lista de diagnóstico diferencial.
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Miller EJ, Brines CM. Canine Diabetes Mellitus Associated Ocular Disease. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:29-34. [PMID: 29793726 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a commonly encountered disease in companion animal veterinary practice. Ocular complications in dogs with DM are thought to be common but there are no reports of the overall incidence of DM-associated ocular disease. Some complications, such as cataracts and ocular surface disease, can lead to vision loss and significant morbidity among DM patients, therefore early recognition and intervention are essential for successful outcomes. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of several currently known or suspected ocular diseases associated with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Miller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Courtenay M Brines
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Wehrend A, Reichler IM, Arlt S. Kastration der Hündin – neue und alte Erkenntnisse zu Vor- und Nachteilen. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2018; 45:253-263. [DOI: 10.15654/tpk-170322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Beratung von Hundehaltern bezüglich der Vorteile und Nachteile sowie des optimalen Zeitpunktes der Kastration einer Hündin ist komplex und sollte sich auf verlässliche Daten aus der Wissenschaft stützen sowie individuelle Belange berücksichtigen. Bei genauerer Betrachtung der aktuellen Publikationen zu diesem Thema fällt auf, dass einige lange für robust gehaltene Informationen etwas angepasst oder aktualisiert werden müssen. Ein offensichtlicher Vorteil der elektiven Kastration ist, dass Erkrankungen der Ovarien und sexualsteroidabhängige Erkrankungen wie Metropathien nicht auftreten. Weiterhin ist ein gewisser protektiver Effekt einer frühzeitigen Kastration auf die Entstehung von Mammatumoren anzunehmen, wenngleich dafür derzeit eine schwache wissenschaftliche Evidenz besteht und der Effekt vermutlich geringer ausfällt, als in einigen älteren Publikationen angegeben wurde. Die Kastration hat jedoch auch Nachteile. Als häufigste negative Folge wird seit Jahrzehnten die Harninkontinenz beschrieben. Aussagen zur Inzidenz sowie zu weiteren Einflussfaktoren, wie Kastrationszeitpunkt in Bezug zur Pubertät, sind jedoch uneinheitlich. Aktuell werden vor allem das gehäufte Auftreten verschiedener Tumorerkrankungen, die nicht direkt mit dem Reproduktionstrakt in Verbindung stehen, sowie ein höheres Risiko für Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparats bei kastrierten Tieren diskutiert. Weitere Einflussfaktoren wie der Ernährungszustand des Hundes, Alter und/oder Haltung wurden jedoch häufig nicht erfasst. Die Datenlage zur Auswirkung der Kastration auf den Stoffwechsel und das Immunsystem der Hündin ist derzeit ungenügend. Wünscht der Tierbesitzer eine Kastration, bedarf es in jedem Fall einer eingehenden Beratung, die individuelle, rasse- und haltungsbezogene Aspekte einschließt. Derzeit ist eine Kastration am ehesten zwischen der ersten und zweiten Läufigkeit zu empfehlen, da ein gewisser protektiver Effekt auf die Entstehung von Mammatumoren anzunehmen ist und das Risiko unerwünschter Nebenwirkungen nach heutigem Wissensstand moderat ausfällt.
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Seage EC, Drobatz KJ, Hess RS. Spectrophotometry and Ultracentrifugation for Measurement of Plasma Lipids in Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:93-98. [PMID: 29193277 PMCID: PMC5787174 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are conflicting reports of plasma lipoprotein lipid content in dogs with diabetes mellitus (DM). Objectives To determine lipoprotein lipid content of plasma of dogs with DM by spectrophotometry and ultracentrifugation; to compare lipoprotein lipid content in diabetic and healthy dogs; and to quantify apolipoprotein B‐100 (ApoB) in dogs with DM. Animals 22 dogs with DM and 9 healthy dogs. Methods Cross‐sectional study. Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentrations were measured by spectrophotometry. Very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) concentrations were calculated after ultracentrifugation. Non‐HDL‐C cholesterol was calculated by subtracting HDL‐C from TC. ApoB was quantified by ELISA. The Mann‐Whitney test was used for comparison of median lipoprotein concentrations, and Spearman's correlation was used to assess associations between ApoB and lipoprotein fractions. Results All values are reported in mg/dL. Median TG (122), TC (343.5), HDL‐C, (200), VLDL‐C, (27) LDL‐C (68), non‐HDL‐C (114), and ApoB (320) were significantly higher in dogs with DM, compared to healthy dogs (57, 197, 168, 12, 16, 31, and 258, respectively, P‐values 0.0079, <0.001, 0.029, 0.011, <0.001, <0.001, 0.025, respectively). A significant association was found between ApoB and LDL‐C (Spearman's rho = 0.41, P = 0.022) and between ApoB and non‐HDL‐C (Spearman's rho = 0.40, P = 0.027). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dyslipidemia of dogs with DM is characterized by pronounced increases in LDL‐C and non‐HDL‐C concentrations, although all lipoprotein fractions are significantly increased. Knowledge of specific lipoprotein fraction alterations in dogs with DM can enhance treatment options for diabetic dyslipidemia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Seage
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - K J Drobatz
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - R S Hess
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Oda H, Mori A, Hirowatari Y, Takoura T, Manita D, Takahashi T, Shono S, Onozawa E, Mizutani H, Miki Y, Itabashi Y, Sako T. Cholesterol concentrations in lipoprotein fractions separated by anion-exchange–high-performance liquid chromatography in healthy dogs and dogs with hypercholesterolemia. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:163-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Violette NP, Ledbetter EC. Punctate retinal hemorrhage and its relation to ocular and systemic disease in dogs: 83 cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:233-239. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel P. Violette
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Eric C. Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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Tropf M, Nelson OL, Lee PM, Weng HY. Cardiac and Metabolic Variables in Obese Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1000-1007. [PMID: 28608635 PMCID: PMC5508341 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of obesity‐related cardiac dysfunction (ORCD) is linked to metabolic syndrome in people. Studies have indicated that obese dogs have components of metabolic syndrome, warranting evaluation for ORCD in obese dogs. Objectives To evaluate cardiac structure and function and metabolic variables in obese dogs compared to ideal weight dogs. Animals Forty‐six healthy, small‐breed (<25 pounds), obese dogs (n = 29) compared to ideal weight dogs (n = 17). Methods A cross‐sectional study of cardiac structure and function by standard and strain echocardiographic measurements and quantification of serum metabolic variables (insulin:glucose ratios, lipid analysis, adiponectin, inflammatory markers). Results Compared to the ideal weight controls, obese dogs had cardiac changes characterized by an increased interventricular septal width in diastole to left ventricular internal dimension in diastole ratio, decreased ratios of peak early to peak late left ventricular inflow velocities, and ratios of peak early to peak late mitral annular tissue velocities, and increased fractional shortening and ejection fraction percentages. The left ventricular posterior wall width in diastole to left ventricular internal dimension in diastole ratios were not significantly different between groups. Systolic blood pressure was not significantly different between groups. Obese dogs had metabolic derangements characterized by increased insulin:glucose ratios, dyslipidemias with increased cholesterol, triglyceride, and high‐density lipoprotein concentrations, decreased adiponectin concentrations, and increased concentrations of interleukin 8 and keratinocyte‐derived chemokine‐like inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Compared to ideal weight controls, obese dogs have alterations in cardiac structure and function as well as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypoadiponectinemia, and increased concentrations of inflammatory markers. These findings warrant additional studies to investigate inflammation, dyslipidemia, and possibly systemic hypertension as potential contributing factors for altered cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tropf
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - O L Nelson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - P M Lee
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - H Y Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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De Marco V, Noronha KSM, Casado TC, Nakandakare ER, Florio JC, Santos EZ, Gilor C. Therapy of Canine Hyperlipidemia with Bezafibrate. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:717-722. [PMID: 28382723 PMCID: PMC5435059 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bezafibrate (BZF) is effective in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in human patients, but there are no data on its use in dogs. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety of BZF in hyperlipidemic dogs and its efficacy in decreasing serum triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) concentrations. ANIMALS Forty-six dogs, 26 females and 20 males, mean (±SD) age of 9 (±3) years, with TG ≥150 mg/dL (33 dogs also were hypercholesterolemic [>300 mg/dL]). METHODS Prospective, uncontrolled clinical trial. Dogs were treated with bezafibrate once daily, using 200 mg tablets at a dosage of 4-10 mg/kg (depending on body weight). Serum TG and CHO concentrations and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK) activity before and after 30 days of treatment were compared. RESULTS Sixteen dogs (34.8%) had primary hyperlipidemia, and 30 dogs (65.2%) had secondary hyperlipidemia (including spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism [41.3%, n = 19/46], chronic treatment with glucocorticoids [10.8%, n = 5/46], and hypothyroidism [15.2%, n = 7/46]). After 30 days, serum TG concentration normalized (<150 mg/dL) in 42 dogs (91.3%) and CHO concentration normalized (<270 mg/dL) in 22 of 33 dogs (66.7%). There was no difference in baseline TG concentration between the primary and secondary hyperlipidemia subgroups, but the decrease in TG concentration after treatment was greater in the primary hyperlipidemia subgroup. No adverse effects were observed, but ALT activity decreased significantly after 30 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Over 30 days, BZF was safe and effective in treatment of primary and secondary hyperlipidemia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V De Marco
- University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil.,University of Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - T C Casado
- University of Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - J C Florio
- Veterinary Medicine School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Z Santos
- University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Gilor
- University of California, Davis, CA
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Arterial pulse wave propagation velocity in healthy dogs by pulse wave Doppler ultrasound. Vet Res Commun 2016; 41:33-40. [PMID: 27933442 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-016-9669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) values in healthy dogs using pulse wave Doppler ultrasound. A secondary aim was to determine the feasibility of this method and to report the intra- and interobserver reproducibilities of the PWV in conscious dogs. The data were studied in 30 healthy, adult, male (n = 15) and female (n = 15) dogs. The time interval marked between the R wave peak of the electrocardiogram and the intersection of the blood flow wave upstroke of the Doppler spectrum with the baseline of zero frequency was determined for the carotid (T1) and for the femoral (T2) arteries. The distance covered by the pulse wave (L) was determined. The PWV was then calculated using the following formula: L/T2 - T1. The mean values of PWV calculated from the total sample (n = 30) evaluated were 13.41 ± 2.20 m/s. No significant statistical difference was observed for the PWV measurements between males (14.82 ± 3.18 m/s) and females (12.64 ± 2.45 m/s). The analysis revealed no intra nor interobserver differences. A reasonable reproducibility of the PWV measurements was showed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and the coefficients of variation (CV). These data demonstrate that noninvasive vascular Doppler analysis is a feasible and reproducible method to determine the carotid-femoral PWV in dogs.
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Santilli RA, Battaia S, Perego M, Tursi M, Grego E, Marzufero C, Gianella P. Bartonella-associated inflammatory cardiomyopathy in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 19:74-81. [PMID: 27847165 PMCID: PMC7105015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 6-year-old, male, mongrel dog was presented for acute onset of dyspnea and cough. At admission, the dog was cachectic and severely depressed. The electrocardiogram showed a sinus rhythm conducted with left bundle truncular branch block and interrupted by frequent multiform ventricular ectopic beats organized in allorhythmias. Thoracic radiographs revealed a marked cardiomegaly with perihilar edema, whereas transthoracic echocardiography revealed a dilated cardiomyopathy with segmental dyskinesis. Furosemide, enalapril, pimobendan, and mexiletine were prescribed, and a Holter was scheduled after resolution of congestive heart failure. Three days later, the dog died suddenly during sleep. Histopathology revealed diffuse myocyte hypertrophy with multifocal hemorrhages, alternating to areas of severe replacement fibrosis and lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates. Immunohystochemistry stains were strongly positive for T-lymphocyte infiltration (CD3) and weakly positive for B-lymphocytes (CD79). Polymerase chain reaction was positive for Bartonella spp. Based on these results, a post-mortem diagnosis of bacterial inflammatory cardiomyopathy was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Santilli
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, Samarate, Varese, 21017, Italy.
| | - S Battaia
- Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Via Roma 57, Zola Predosa, Bologna, 40069, Italy
| | - M Perego
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, Samarate, Varese, 21017, Italy
| | - M Tursi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Viale da Vinci, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
| | - E Grego
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Viale da Vinci, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
| | - C Marzufero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Viale da Vinci, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
| | - P Gianella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Viale da Vinci, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
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Williams TP, Shaw S, Porter A, Berkwitt L. Aortic thrombosis in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 27:9-22. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Shaw
- VCA Veterinary Referral Associates; Gaithersburg MD 20877
| | - Adam Porter
- VCA Veterinary Referral Associates; Gaithersburg MD 20877
| | - Larry Berkwitt
- VCA Veterinary Referral Associates; Gaithersburg MD 20877
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41
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Jeffery U, Staber J, LeVine D. Using the laboratory to predict thrombosis in dogs: An achievable goal? Vet J 2016; 215:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pancotto TE, Rossmeisl JH, Huckle WR, Inzana KD, Zimmerman KL. Evaluation of endothelin-1 and MMPs-2, -9, -14 in cerebrospinal fluid as indirect indicators of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in chronic canine hypothyroidism. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:115-20. [PMID: 27033918 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic canine hypothyroidism is associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. We hypothesized that this change is mediated by endothelin-1(ET-1) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -2, -9, and -14, as evidenced by increased concentrations of these proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compared to controls. CSF from 18 dogs, 9 controls and 9 with experimentally induced hypothyroidism was collected before and 6, 12, and 18 months after induction of hypothyroidism. Concentrations of ET-1 using an ELISA kit, and for MMP-2, -9, and -14 using gelatinase zymography were measured in CSF. ET-1 was undetectable in CSF of control and hypothyroid dogs at all time-points. Constitutively expressed MMP-2 was detectable in CSF samples in all dogs at all time-points. No other MMPs were detectable in CSF. No differences in CSF concentrations of ET-1 and MMP-2, 9, and 14 were found between hypothyroid and euthyroid dogs. Therefore, ET-1 and MMP-2, 9, and 14 are unlikely to be primary mediators of BBB damage in chronically hypothyroid dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Pancotto
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States.
| | - John H Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - William R Huckle
- Department of Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Karen D Inzana
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Kurt L Zimmerman
- Department of Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
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Violette NP, Ledbetter EC. Intracorneal stromal hemorrhage in dogs and its associations with ocular and systemic disease: 39 cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:27-33. [PMID: 26748469 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical features of dogs diagnosed with stromal intracorneal hemorrhage (ICH). ANIMALS STUDIED Retrospective case series of 39 dogs (44 eyes) with ICH. PROCEDURES Medical records of dogs evaluated by the Cornell University ophthalmology service were searched to identify animals with a clinical diagnosis of ICH between 2005 and 2014. Signalment and clinical details, including concurrent ocular disease, concurrent systemic disease, diagnostic tests performed, outcome of hemorrhage, presenting client complaint, and treatment, were recorded. RESULTS Intracorneal hemorrhage was identified in 44 eyes of 39 dogs. The mean (±standard deviation) age of dogs was 11.5 years (±2.8 years). The Bichon Frise breed and older dogs were statistically over-represented relative to the entire ophthalmology service canine referral population during the same time period. Concurrent ocular disease was present in 40 eyes (91%) and included keratoconjunctivitis sicca, cataracts, and corneal ulcers. Twenty-three dogs (59%) suffered from concurrent systemic disease, most frequently diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, and systemic hypertension. Less commonly, life-threatening systemic conditions were identified in dogs with ICH including immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, metastatic neoplasia, and sepsis. Intracorneal hemorrhage was found in all corneal locations, and corneal vascularization was present in each affected eye. CONCLUSIONS Intracorneal hemorrhage is an uncommon condition in dogs that occurs in association with corneal vascularization. The risk of ICH may be increased due to certain ocular and systemic diseases. Although uncommon, ICH may also be an ocular manifestation of severe immune-mediated, infectious, and neoplastic systemic diseases in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel P Violette
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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44
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Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. Canine hyperlipidaemia. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:595-605. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Thessally; Trikalon 224, Karditsa 43100, Greece and Animal Medical Center of Athens, Mesogeion 267 15451 Athens Greece
| | - J. M. Steiner
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Thessally; Trikalon 224, Karditsa 43100, Greece and Animal Medical Center of Athens, Mesogeion 267 15451 Athens Greece
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
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Mori N, Okada Y, Tsuchida N, Hatano Y, Habara M, Ishikawa S, Yamamoto I, Arai T. Preliminary Analysis of Modified Low-Density Lipoproteins in the Serum of Healthy and Obese Dogs and Cats. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:34. [PMID: 26664963 PMCID: PMC4672184 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is thought to play an important role in the inflammatory response associated with human obesity. The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine oxidized LDL concentrations in healthy dogs and cats, and to evaluate whether obesity affects oxidized LDL concentration, using 39 cats and 19 dogs that had visited two different veterinary clinics in Japan. We hypothesized that oxidized LDL concentrations measured against body condition score (BCS) may have a potential value in evaluating the qualities of accumulated or circulating lipids in obese dogs and cats that do not show signs of metabolic diseases. The mean oxidized LDL value in BCS3 dogs (2.4 ± 0.9 μg/dl) was very similar to that of BCS5 dogs (2.2 ± 0.3 μg/dl). The mean oxidized LDL value of BCS4 dogs was 7.2 ± 10.3 μg/dl and the highest among three groups. BCS4 dogs included two dogs whose oxidized LDL values were higher than the mean oxidized LDL value of healthy humans (11.2 ± 0.3 μg/dl). On the other hand, the mean oxidized LDL value of BCS3 cats was 2.5 ± 0.9 μg/dl, and those of BCS4 and 5 cats were higher than that of BCS3, but there was no significant difference. The BCS4 cat group included one cat with a higher oxidized LDL value, and the BCS5 group also included two cats with oxidized LDL values higher than the mean oxidized LDL value of healthy humans. Interestingly, the oxidized LDL values in two obese dogs and three obese cats were indeed higher than the mean oxidized LDL value of humans with coronary artery disease (20.1 ± 1.1 μg/dl). In conclusion, this preliminary study showed reference ranges of oxidized dogs and cats against BCS. Obesity alone does not appear to have any direct effect on serum oxidized LDL values in healthy dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Mori
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Naoto Tsuchida
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yutaka Hatano
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Habara
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shingo Ishikawa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Toshiro Arai
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo , Japan
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Walsh ES, Drobatz KJ, Hess RS. Use of intravenous insulin aspart for treatment of naturally occurring diabetic ketoacidosis in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 26:101-7. [PMID: 26379102 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the utility and safety of IV insulin aspart in the treatment of diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) in dogs and to determine the times to resolution of hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and acidemia in dogs treated with IV insulin aspart. DESIGN Prospective noncontrolled single arm study of dogs with DKA between February 2010 and March 2011. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Six dogs with spontaneous DKA and blood glucose (BG) concentration >13.8 mmol/L (250 mg/dL), pH between 7.0 and 7.35, and blood beta-hydroxybutyrate >2.0 mmol/L were treated with an IV continuous rate infusion (CRI) of aspart insulin. The time to biochemical resolution of DKA was defined as the time interval from when the IV CRI of aspart insulin began until marked hyperglycemia (BG concentration >13.8 mmol/L [250 mg/dL]), acidemia (venous pH <7.35), and ketonemia (beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration >2.0 mmol/L) resolved. Aspart insulin was administered as an IV CRI at an initial dose of 0.09 U/kg/h. The dose was adjusted according to a previously published protocol. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The median time to biochemical resolution of DKA in dogs treated with insulin aspart was 28 hours (range, 20-116 h). Mean BG concentration decreased significantly from the time IV fluid resuscitation began (32.0 mmol/L [576 mg/dL]; range, 14.9-38.9 mmol/L [268-700 mg/dL]) until 6 hours later when IV aspart insulin CRI began (20.1 mmol/L [363 mg/dL]; range, 9.4-26.1 mmol/L [169-470 mg/dL], P = 0.03). No adverse effects were observed in association with IV insulin aspart administration. Median cost of hospitalization was US$3,477 (range, US$1,483-10,469). Median total units per kilogram of administered IV insulin aspart was 2.97 U/kg (range, 2.04-10.52 U/kg). CONCLUSIONS Intravenous CRI of insulin aspart is a safe and effective treatment for DKA in dogs. IV fluid resuscitation is recommended prior to insulin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Walsh
- Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Kenneth J Drobatz
- Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Rebecka S Hess
- Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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Lee S, Jang IJ, Yang W, Koo M, Cha JW, Yoon J, Lee KM, Lee JI. Reevaluation of spontaneous and frequently diagnosed disease in companion animals and its application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-015-0436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Mazaki-Tovi M, Abood SK, Kol A, Farkas A, Schenck PA. Increased serum concentrations of adiponectin in canine hypothyroidism. Vet J 2014; 203:253-5. [PMID: 25555336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serum concentrations of adiponectin were compared between sex-matched hypothyroid (n = 18) and euthyroid (n = 18) client-owned dogs with comparable ages and body condition scores (BCS). Concentrations of adiponectin (mean; 95% confidence interval) were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in hypothyroid (17.2 µg/mL; 12.1-20.5 µg/mL) than healthy (8.0 µg/mL; 5.6-11.4 µg/mL) dogs following adjustment for potential confounders (BCS, age and sex). Serum concentrations of adiponectin were significantly negatively associated with concentrations of total thyroxine (P <0.05) and positively correlated with concentrations of cholesterol (r = 0.6, P <0.01) in hypothyroid dogs. In conclusion, this study demonstrated increased serum concentrations of adiponectin in dogs with hypothyroidism. Suggestive of the presence of resistance to adiponectin that could have contributed to development of hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in these dogs or alternatively, could be a consequence of these metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mazaki-Tovi
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Sarah K Abood
- The Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Amir Kol
- The American Medical Laboratories, Ramot Yam 7, Herzliya Pituah 460100, Israel; Comparative Pathology Graduate Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Amnon Farkas
- The American Medical Laboratories, Ramot Yam 7, Herzliya Pituah 460100, Israel
| | - Patricia A Schenck
- The Department for Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Veterinary Consulting, DeWitt, MI, USA
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Salger F, Stahl C, Vandevelde M, Piersigilli A, Henke D. Multifocal ischemic brain infarctions secondary to spontaneous basilar artery occlusion in a dog with systemic thromboembolic disease. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1875-80. [PMID: 25273268 PMCID: PMC4895622 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Salger
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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50
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Verkest KR. Is the metabolic syndrome a useful clinical concept in dogs? A review of the evidence. Vet J 2014; 199:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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