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Bagardi M, Locatelli C, Brambilla PG, Ghilardi S, Rabbogliatti V, Amari M, Casiraghi S, Ravasio G, Galimberti L, Brioschi FA. Comparison of two multimodal intramuscular anaesthetic protocols in uncooperative feline patients: effects on sedation and echocardiographic measurements. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231153069. [PMID: 36820491 PMCID: PMC10812084 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231153069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to compare the sedative effect, feasibility of venous angiocatheter placement and influence on heart rate (HR), systemic blood pressure (SBP) and echocardiographic variables of two multimodal anaesthetic protocols in uncooperative cats; and to compare their influence on HR, SBP and echocardiographic variables 20 mins after sedation and after elective ovariectomy. METHODS Eighteen stray female cats randomly received intramuscular (IM) ketamine (2 mg/kg) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg) plus dexmedetomidine (7 µg/kg; group D, n = 9) or alfaxalone (2 mg/kg; group A, n = 9). A sedation score (0-15 [from none to good sedation]) was assigned at 5 mins, 10 mins, 15 mins and 20 mins after IM injection. Venous angiocatheter placement and echocardiographic examination feasibility scores (both from 0 to 3 [from very difficult to very easy]) were recorded at 20 mins. Echocardiography, HR and blood pressure measurements (Doppler and oscillometric methods) were performed at 20 mins and at the end of surgery. RESULTS Sedation and angiocatheter feasibility scores did not differ significantly between groups (P >0.05); the feasibility score of echocardiographic examination was higher in cats in group D (P = 0.01). HR was higher in group A at 20 mins and after surgery (P <0.05). The systolic arterial pressure obtained with the Doppler method was statistically significantly higher in cats in group D than in group A at 20 mins (P = 0.01), while postoperatively there were no differences between groups. Cats in group D showed significantly higher atrial diameters (P <0.05) and slower atrial flows (P = 0.04) compared with group A; ventricular thickness and atrial function did not differ between groups (P >0.05). Most echocardiographic variables were not different at 20 mins vs postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Both protocols allowed for effective sedation; however, cats in group D presented alterations in some echocardiographic measurements; the use of alfaxalone, combined with ketamine and methadone, is recommended to obtain a reliable echocardiographic evaluation in uncooperative cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Bagardi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola G Brambilla
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Sara Ghilardi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Vanessa Rabbogliatti
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Martina Amari
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Casiraghi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Luigi Galimberti
- Health Protection Agency (ATS), Milan Metropolitan City, Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica A Brioschi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
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Koenig TR, Mitchell KJ, Schwarzwald CC. Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Function in Healthy Horses and in Horses with Heart Disease Using Pulsed-Wave Tissue Doppler Imaging. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:556-567. [PMID: 28109132 PMCID: PMC5354014 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of left ventricular (LV) function by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is not well established in horses with heart disease. Objectives To describe the use of pulsed‐wave (PW) TDI for the assessment of LV function, establish reference intervals, investigate effects of mitral regurgitation (MR), aortic regurgitation (AR), and primary myocardial disease (MD), and provide proof of concept for the use of PW TDI in Warmblood horses with heart disease. Animals Thirty healthy horses, 38 horses with MR, 25 with AR, 8 with MD. Methods Echocardiograms were retrospectively analyzed. Reference intervals were calculated. PW TDI indices of healthy horses and horses with MR, AR, and MD were compared by one‐way ANOVA and Dunnett's test. Results A complete set of PW TDI variables could be obtained in 94 of 101 horses. Variables corresponding to isovolumic intervals were most difficult to measure. Valvular regurgitation influenced variables describing isovolumic contraction and ejection. Horses with MD had significantly shortened ETm (−118.5 [−154.1 to −82.9] ms; mean difference [95% CI of difference of means]), increased PEPm/ETm (0.11 [0.05 to 0.17]), prolonged IMPm (0.28 [0.18 to 0.37]), increased S1 (8.9 [5.2 to 12.6] cm/s), and decreased E1 (−2.6 [−4.7 to −0.5] cm/s), Em (−14.2 [−19.9 to −8.5] cm/s), and Em/Am ratio (−1.6 [−2.6 to −0.6]). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Pulsed‐wave TDI might be useful for detection of LV dysfunction in horses with primary MD. The clinical value of TDI in horses with MR and AR remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Koenig
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K J Mitchell
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C C Schwarzwald
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ward JL, Schober KE, Fuentes VL, Bonagura JD. Effects of sedation on echocardiographic variables of left atrial and left ventricular function in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:678-85. [PMID: 22577049 PMCID: PMC11104105 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12447729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although sedation is frequently used to facilitate patient compliance in feline echocardiography, the effects of sedative drugs on echocardiographic variables have been poorly documented. This study investigated the effects of two sedation protocols on echocardiographic indices in healthy cats, with special emphasis on the assessment of left atrial size and function, as well as left ventricular diastolic performance. Seven cats underwent echocardiography (transthoracic two-dimensional, spectral Doppler, color flow Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging) before and after sedation with both acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg IM) and butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg IM), or acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg IM), butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg IM) and ketamine (1.5 mg/kg IV). Heart rate increased significantly following acepromazine/butorphanol/ketamine (mean±SD of increase, 40±26 beats/min) and non-invasive systolic blood pressure decreased significantly following acepromazine/butorphanol (mean±SD of decrease, 12±19 mmHg). The majority of echocardiographic variables were not significantly different after sedation compared with baseline values. Both sedation protocols resulted in mildly decreased left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and mildly increased left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness. This study therefore failed to demonstrate clinically meaningful effects of these sedation protocols on echocardiographic measurements, suggesting that sedation with acepromazine, butorphanol and/or ketamine can be used to facilitate echocardiography in healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Wess G, Keller LJ, Klausnitzer M, Killich M, Hartmann K. Comparison of longitudinal myocardial tissue velocity, strain, and strain rate measured by two-dimensional speckle tracking and by color tissue Doppler imaging in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chetboul V. Advanced techniques in echocardiography in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:529-43. [PMID: 20610009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transthoracic echocardiography has become a major imaging tool for the diagnosis and management of canine and feline cardiovascular diseases. During the last decade, more recent advances in ultrasound technology with the introduction of newer imaging modalities, such as tissue Doppler imaging, strain and strain rate imaging, and 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, have provided new parameters to assess myocardial performance, including regional myocardial velocities and deformation, ventricular twist, and mechanical synchrony. An outline of these 4 recent ultrasound techniques, their impact on the understanding of right and left ventricular function in small animals, and their application in research and clinical settings are given in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
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Carlos Sampedrano C, Chetboul V, Mary J, Tissier R, Abitbol M, Serres F, Gouni V, Thomas A, Pouchelon JL. Prospective echocardiographic and tissue Doppler imaging screening of a population of Maine Coon cats tested for the A31P mutation in the myosin-binding protein C gene: a specific analysis of the heterozygous status. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:91-9. [PMID: 19175727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mutation in the sarcomeric gene coding for the myosin-binding protein C gene has been identified in a colony of Maine Coon cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (MyBPC3-A31P mutation). However, the close correlation between genotype and phenotype (left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH] and dysfunction) has never been assessed in a large population, particularly in heterozygous (Hetero) cats. OBJECTIVES To investigate LV morphology and function with echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in a population of Maine Coon cats tested for the MyBPC3-A31P mutation with focus on Hetero animals. ANIMALS Ninety-six Maine Coon cats. METHODS Prospective observational study. Cats were screened for the MyBPC3-A31P mutation and examined with both echocardiography and 2-dimensional color TDI. RESULTS Fifty-two out of 96 cats did not have the mutation (wild-type genotype, Homo WT), 38/96 and 6/96 were Hetero- and homozygous-mutated (Homo M) cats, respectively. Only 11% of Hetero cats (4/38) had LVH and 29% (10/34) of Hetero cats without LVH were >4 years old (4.1-11.5 years). LVH was also detected in 2 Homo WT cats (4%). A significantly decreased (P < .05) longitudinal E/A (ratio between early and late diastolic myocardial velocities) in the basal segment of the interventricular septum was observed in Hetero cats without LVH (n = 34) compared with Homo WT cats without LVH (n = 50), thus confirming that the Hetero status is associated with regional diastolic dysfunction (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The heterozygous status is not consistently associated with LVH and major myocardial dysfunction. Moreover, Homo WT cats can also develop LVH, suggesting that other genetic causes might be implicated.
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Koffas H, Dukes-McEwan J, Corcoran BM, Moran CM, French A, Sboros V, Simpson K, Anderson T, McDicken WN. Colour M-mode tissue Doppler imaging in healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:330-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sampedrano CC, Chetboul V, Gouni V, Nicolle AP, Pouchelon JL, Tissier R. Systolic and Diastolic Myocardial Dysfunction in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy or Systemic Hypertension. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Guglielmini C, Luciani A. Advanced Echocardiographic Techniques in Small Animal Practice. Vet Res Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chetboul V, Sampedrano CC, Tissier R, Gouni V, Saponaro V, Nicolle AP, Pouchelon JL. Quantitative assessment of velocities of the annulus of the left atrioventricular valve and left ventricular free wall in healthy cats by use of two-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:250-8. [PMID: 16454629 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze velocities of the annulus of the left atrioventricular valve and left ventricular free wall (LVFW) in a large population of healthy cats by use of 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). ANIMALS 100 healthy cats (0.3 to 12.0 years old; weighing 1.0 to 8.0 kg) of 6 breeds. PROCEDURE Radial myocardial velocities were recorded in an endocardial and epicardial segment, and longitudinal velocities were recorded in 2 LVFW segments (basal and apical) and in the annulus of the left atrioventricular valve. RESULTS LVFW velocities were significantly higher in the endocardial than epicardial layers and significantly higher in the basal than apical segments. For systole, early diastole, and late diastole, mean +/- SD radial myocardial velocity gradient (MVG), which was defined as the difference between endocardial and epicardial velocities, was 2.2 +/- 0.7, 3.3 +/- 1.3, and 1.8 +/- 0.7 cm/s, respectively, and longitudinal MVG, which was defined as the difference between basal and apical velocities, was 2.7 +/- 0.8, 3.1 +/- 1.4, and 2.1 +/- 0.9 cm/s, respectively. A breed effect was documented for several TDI variables; therefore, reference intervals for the TDI variables were determined for the 2 predominant breeds represented (Maine Coon and domestic shorthair cats). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE LVFW velocities in healthy cats decrease from the endocardium to the epicardium and from the base to apex, thus defining radial and longitudinal MVG. These indices could complement conventional analysis of left ventricular function and contribute to the early accurate detection of cardiomyopathy in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Chetboul
- Cardiology Unit of Alfort, National Veterinary School of Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
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King AM. Development, advances and applications of diagnostic ultrasound in animals. Vet J 2006; 171:408-20. [PMID: 15961332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound has many industrial applications but it was first introduced as a medical diagnostic aid in the 1940s with its first veterinary application, the detection of ovine pregnancy, being reported in 1966. Since then, improvements in equipment quality combined with an increased awareness of the benefits of ultrasound as an imaging technique have led to its widespread use in the veterinary field. Recent advances in computer technology have significantly influenced equipment design and the miniaturization of transducers allows intra-operative and intra-vascular applications. Software advances have improved the ability to manipulate and process data, leading to an increased amount of information being obtained from each examination and the advent of 'remote diagnosis'. Ultrasound guided interventional techniques can now be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Many of these developments have been introduced by equipment manufacturers but have found specific applications in the veterinary field. Ultrasound is currently employed in a very diverse range of situations, not just as a diagnostic tool in the routine clinical workup of a range of species, but also for disease screening, conservation projects, commercial services, herd management and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M King
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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MacDonald KA, Kittleson MD, Garcia-Nolen T, Larson RF, Wisner ER. Tissue Doppler Imaging and Gradient Echo Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Normal Cats and Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Abbott JA, MacLean HN. Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of the Feline Left Atrium. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Echocardiography is an exceptionally useful technique for diagnosing cardiovascular disease in small animals. It is noninvasive and provides a wealth of data concerning cardiac morphology and function. For many patients, echocardiography is the definitive diagnostic tool. A well-performed study coalesces the findings of the physical examination, electrocardiogram, and radiographs into a clearly defined diagnosis on which treatment decisions can be based. More so than other diagnostic techniques, echocardiography is highly operator dependent and relies on the proper acquisition and interpretation of results by an examiner who is familiar with the principles, capabilities, and limitations of ultrasound imaging. This article reviews the basics of echocardiography, measurement of cardiac dimensions, and assessment of cardiac function. Within these sections, emerging technologies that expand the capabilities of the echocardiographic examination are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Oyama
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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