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Satué K, Fazio E, Medica P, Miguel L, Gardón JC. Biochemical and Hematological Indexes of Liver Dysfunction in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104294. [PMID: 36958409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present review, the authors, based on the multiple functions performed by the liver, analyze the multiple biochemical and hematological changes as an expression of altered liver function in the horse. The liver performs important metabolic functions related to the synthesis, degradation, and excretion of various substances. Modification of these functions can be evaluated and diagnosed by determining serum concentrations of several serum analytes, including enzymes and other endogenous substances. Hepatocellular enzymes, such as sorbitol dehydrogenase-SDH and glutamate dehydrogenase-GLDH, are released following hepatocellular necrosis. Hepatobiliary enzymes, such as γ-glutamyl transferase-GGT, increase in response to necrosis, cholestasis, and other alterations in bile conducts. Serum concentrations of mainly endogenous and exogenous substances that the liver should synthesize or eliminate, such as proteins (albumin and globulins), bile acids, urea, glucose, total and direct bilirubin, and coagulation factors, and fibrinogen should be included in the liver function test profile. The interpretation of laboratory tests of liver function will allow the diagnosis of functional loss of the organ. Some of the analytes considered provide information on the prognosis of liver disease. This review will provide an accurate and objective interpretation of the common biochemical and hematological tests in use in the diagnosis of equine hepatic disease patients, aiding still further the veterinary activity on the applied equine clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Miguel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Gardón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia-San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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Awaysheh A, Wilcke J, Elvinger F, Rees L, Fan W, Zimmerman KL. Evaluation of supervised machine-learning algorithms to distinguish between inflammatory bowel disease and alimentary lymphoma in cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:679-687. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716657377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and alimentary lymphoma (ALA) are common gastrointestinal diseases in cats. The very similar clinical signs and histopathologic features of these diseases make the distinction between them diagnostically challenging. We tested the use of supervised machine-learning algorithms to differentiate between the 2 diseases using data generated from noninvasive diagnostic tests. Three prediction models were developed using 3 machine-learning algorithms: naive Bayes, decision trees, and artificial neural networks. The models were trained and tested on data from complete blood count (CBC) and serum chemistry (SC) results for the following 3 groups of client-owned cats: normal, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or alimentary lymphoma (ALA). Naive Bayes and artificial neural networks achieved higher classification accuracy (sensitivities of 70.8% and 69.2%, respectively) than the decision tree algorithm (63%, p < 0.0001). The areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for classifying cases into the 3 categories was 83% by naive Bayes, 79% by decision tree, and 82% by artificial neural networks. Prediction models using machine learning provided a method for distinguishing between ALA–IBD, ALA–normal, and IBD–normal. The naive Bayes and artificial neural networks classifiers used 10 and 4 of the CBC and SC variables, respectively, to outperform the C4.5 decision tree, which used 5 CBC and SC variables in classifying cats into the 3 classes. These models can provide another noninvasive diagnostic tool to assist clinicians with differentiating between IBD and ALA, and between diseased and nondiseased cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Awaysheh
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Awaysheh, Wilcke, Zimmerman), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Population Health Sciences (Elvinger), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Business Information Technology (Rees), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Accounting and Information Systems (Fan), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Jeffrey Wilcke
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Awaysheh, Wilcke, Zimmerman), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Population Health Sciences (Elvinger), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Business Information Technology (Rees), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Accounting and Information Systems (Fan), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - François Elvinger
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Awaysheh, Wilcke, Zimmerman), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Population Health Sciences (Elvinger), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Business Information Technology (Rees), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Accounting and Information Systems (Fan), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Loren Rees
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Awaysheh, Wilcke, Zimmerman), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Population Health Sciences (Elvinger), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Business Information Technology (Rees), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Accounting and Information Systems (Fan), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Weiguo Fan
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Awaysheh, Wilcke, Zimmerman), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Population Health Sciences (Elvinger), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Business Information Technology (Rees), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Accounting and Information Systems (Fan), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Kurt L. Zimmerman
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (Awaysheh, Wilcke, Zimmerman), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Population Health Sciences (Elvinger), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Business Information Technology (Rees), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Accounting and Information Systems (Fan), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Mitsui I, Jackson LP, Couëtil LL, Lin TL, Ramos-Vara JA. Hypertrichosis in a Horse with Alimentary T-Cell Lymphoma and Pituitary Involvement. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:128-32. [PMID: 17459849 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 13-year-old Quarterhorse mare had a 6-month history of diarrhea, progressive weight loss, and lethargy. At presentation the mare was hirsute, had hyperhidrosis, and abnormal fat distribution in addition to severe diarrhea. A presumptive clinical diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction was made. T-cell lymphoma was diagnosed in a rectal biopsy specimen. The owner elected to euthanize the mare because of poor prognosis and the severity of the disease. At necropsy, the mare had hypertrichosis and the pituitary gland was diffusely enlarged. Histologically, neoplastic lymphocytes infiltrated the gastrointestinal mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes, and the pituitary gland. In addition, there was hyperplasia of the pituitary gland pars intermedia. Pituitary adenoma was not present. Hypertrichosis in this case could have been triggered by a combination of adenomatous hyperplasia of pars intermedia and lymphoma resulting in disruption of the hypothalamic dopaminergic tone or disruption of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Mitsui
- Purdue University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, 406 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Matsuda K, Shimada T, Kawamura Y, Sakaguchi K, Tagami M, Taniyama H. Jejunal intussusception associated with lymphoma in a horse. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1253-6. [PMID: 23629018 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old Thoroughbred horse presented with acute onset of colitis, and the intussuscepted jejunum was surgically resected. A transmural mass protruding into the lumen was found at the leading edge of the intussusceptum. Based on histological and immunohistochemical examinations, the mass was diagnosed as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with metastasis to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Anatomical localization of the mass in the intussusception and absence of other obvious underlying diseases indicated that the intussusception had occurred in association with the mass. To our knowledge, this case is the first report of equine intussusception associated with focal intestinal lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Matsuda
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Durham AC, Pillitteri CA, Myint MS, Valli VE. Two Hundred Three Cases of Equine Lymphoma Classified According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification Criteria. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:86-93. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985812451603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma is the most common malignant neoplasm in the horse. Single case reports and small retrospective studies of equine lymphomas are reported infrequently in the literature. A wide range of clinical presentations, tumor subtypes, and outcomes have been described, and the diversity of the results demonstrates the need to better define lymphomas in horses. As part of an initiative of the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group, 203 cases of equine lymphoma have been gathered from 8 institutions. Hematoxylin and eosin slides from each case were reviewed and 187 cases were immunophenotyped and categorized according to the World Health Organization classification system. Data regarding signalment, clinical presentation, and tumor topography were also examined. Ages ranged from 2 months to 31 years (mean, 10.7 years). Twenty-four breeds were represented; Quarterhorses were the most common breed ( n = 55), followed by Thoroughbreds ( n = 33) and Standardbreds ( n = 30). Lymphomas were categorized into 13 anatomic sites. Multicentric lymphomas were common ( n = 83), as were skin ( n = 38) and gastrointestinal tract ( n = 24). A total of 14 lymphoma subtypes were identified. T-cell–rich large B-cell lymphomas were the most common subtype, diagnosed in 87 horses. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas ( n = 45) and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas ( n = 26) were also frequently diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Durham
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C. A. Pillitteri
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - M. San Myint
- Department of Clinical Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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