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Westman M, Yang D, Green J, Norris J, Malik R, Parr YA, McDonald M, Hosie MJ, VandeWoude S, Miller C. Antibody Responses in Cats Following Primary and Annual Vaccination against Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) with an Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccine (Fel-O-Vax ® FIV). Viruses 2021; 13:470. [PMID: 33809232 PMCID: PMC7998844 DOI: 10.3390/v13030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the antibody response induced by primary vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® FIV (three doses, 2-4 weeks apart) is well described, the antibody response induced by annual vaccination with Fel-O-Vax® FIV (single dose every 12 months after primary vaccination) and how it compares to the primary antibody response has not been studied. Residual blood samples from a primary FIV vaccination study (n = 11), and blood samples from cats given an annual FIV vaccination (n = 10), were utilized. Samples from all 21 cats were tested with a commercially available PCR assay (FIV RealPCRTM), an anti-p24 microsphere immunoassay (MIA), an anti-FIV transmembrane (TM; gp40) peptide ELISA, and a range of commercially available point-of-care (PoC) FIV antibody kits. PCR testing confirmed all 21 cats to be FIV-uninfected for the duration of this study. Results from MIA and ELISA testing showed that both vaccination regimes induced significant antibody responses against p24 and gp40, and both anti-p24 and anti-gp40 antibodies were variably present 12 months after FIV vaccination. The magnitude of the antibody response against both p24 and gp40 was significantly higher in the primary FIV vaccination group than in the annual FIV vaccination group. The differences in prime versus recall post-vaccinal antibody levels correlated with FIV PoC kit performance. Two FIV PoC kits that detect antibodies against gp40, namely Witness® and Anigen Rapid®, showed 100% specificity in cats recently administered an annual FIV vaccination, demonstrating that they can be used to accurately distinguish vaccination and infection in annually vaccinated cats. A third FIV PoC kit, SNAP® Combo, had 0% specificity in annually FIV-vaccinated cats, and should not be used in any cat with a possible history of FIV vaccination. This study outlines the antibody response to inactivated Fel-O-Vax® FIV whole-virus vaccine, and demonstrates how best to diagnose FIV infection in jurisdictions where FIV vaccination is practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.Y.); (J.G.); (J.N.)
| | - Dennis Yang
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.Y.); (J.G.); (J.N.)
| | - Jennifer Green
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.Y.); (J.G.); (J.N.)
| | - Jacqueline Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.Y.); (J.G.); (J.N.)
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Yasmin A. Parr
- MRC, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (Y.A.P.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Mike McDonald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (Y.A.P.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- 1619 Campus Delivery, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Craig Miller
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
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Almeida IO, da Silva MAA, de Sena BV, da Paz JS, Jaretta TDA, Faria PCG, Horta RDS. Retrospective study of retroviruses by immunoenzymatic test on cats in Grande Vitória (ES, Brazil) and associated neoplasms. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021; 43:e104220. [PMID: 35749085 PMCID: PMC9179204 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm114220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are among the leading causes of death in domestic cats. Retroviruses associate with the host cell in a persistent and permanent way, leading to diverse clinical conditions. The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is the most pathogenic retrovirus with the potential to cause both degenerative diseases and immunosuppression, as well as proliferative diseases, as its association with the cell may lead to a direct oncogenic effect. The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), in turn, can lead to the classic immunodeficiency syndrome, usually has a chronic, less aggressive course and has no direct oncogenic effect. The use of vaccines and control measures has resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of FeLV in the United States of America (USA) and Europe, however, in Brazil, statistics show prevalence rates above 50%. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of feline retroviruses, by immunoenzymatic assay testing, in the region of Grande Vitória, in Espírito Santo and also point out the frequency of neoplasms in these cats. A total of 388 cats were retrospectively evaluated (2014-2016). The prevalence of FIV was 2.3% and FeLV was 33.7%. Neoplasms were identified in the three cats seropositive for FIV and FeLV and in three cats infected only with FIV. Neoplasms were also found in 26.6% of cats that were seropositive only for FeLV, especially mediastinal lymphoma. The high prevalence of FeLV demonstrated in this study highlights the need for establishing effective control measures, with emphasis on vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Dos Santos Horta
- Veterinarian, Dsc., Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Westman ME, Malik R, Norris JM. Diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection: an update for clinicians. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:47-55. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ME Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; NSW Australia
| | - R Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education; The University of Sydney; NSW Australia
| | - JM Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; NSW Australia
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Levy JK, Crawford PC, Tucker SJ. Performance of 4 Point-of-Care Screening Tests for Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:521-526. [PMID: 28158913 PMCID: PMC5354053 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 3 million cats in the United States are infected with FeLV or FIV. The cornerstone of control is identification and segregation of infected cats. Hypothesis/Objectives To compare test performance with well‐characterized clinical samples of currently available FeLV antigen/FIV antibody combination test kits. Animals Surplus serum and plasma from diagnostic samples submitted by animal shelters, diagnostic laboratories, veterinary clinics, and cat research colonies. None of the cats had been vaccinated against FIV. The final sample set included 146 FeLV+, 154 FeLV−, 94 FIV+, and 97 FIV− samples. Methods Prospective, blind comparison to a gold standard: Samples were evaluated in 4 different point‐of‐care tests by ELISA antigen plate tests (FeLV) and virus isolation (FIV) as the reference standards. All test results were visually read by 2 blinded observers. Results Sensitivity and specificity, respectively, for FeLV were SNAP® (100%/100%), WITNESS® (89.0%/95.5%), Anigen® (91.8%/95.5%), and VetScan® (85.6%/85.7%). Sensitivity and specificity for FIV were SNAP® (97.9%/99.0%), WITNESS® (94.7%/100%), Anigen® (96.8%/99.0%), and VetScan® (91.5%/99.0%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The SNAP® test had the best performance for FeLV, but there were no significant differences for FIV. In typical cat populations with seroprevalence of 1–5%, a majority of positive results reported by most point‐of‐care test devices would be false‐positives. This could result in unnecessary segregation or even euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Levy
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - P Cynda Crawford
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - S J Tucker
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Zhang J, Wang L, Li J, Kelly P, Price S, Wang C. First Molecular Characterization of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in Domestic Cats from Mainland China. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169739. [PMID: 28107367 PMCID: PMC5249086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus of the Lentivirus genus that was initially isolated from a colony of domestic cats in California in 1986 and has now been recognized as a common feline pathogen worldwide. To date, there is only one recent serology-based report on FIV in mainland China which was published in 2016. We designed this study to investigate the molecular prevalence and diversity of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in domestic cats from mainland China. We studied the prevalence of FIV in whole blood samples of 615 domestic cats in five cities (Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai and Yangzhou) of mainland China and examined them using FRET-PCR (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Polymerase Chain Reaction) and regular PCRs for the gag and env genes. Overall, 1.3% (8/615) of the cats were positive for provirus DNA with nucleotide analysis using PCRs for the gag and env sequences showing the cats were infected with FIV subtype A. This is the first molecular characterization of FIV in mainland China and the first description of subtype A in continental Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts & Nevis, West Indies
| | - Stuart Price
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chengming Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Day MJ, Horzinek MC, Schultz RD, Squires RA. WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:E1-E45. [PMID: 26780857 PMCID: PMC7166872 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.2_12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M C Horzinek
- (Formerly) University of Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R D Schultz
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - R A Squires
- James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
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Ramírez H, Autran M, García MM, Carmona MÁ, Rodríguez C, Martínez HA. Genotyping of feline leukemia virus in Mexican housecats. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1039-45. [PMID: 26747244 PMCID: PMC4819734 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus with variable rates of infection globally. DNA was obtained from cats' peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and proviral DNA of pol and env genes was detected using PCR. Seventy-six percent of cats scored positive for FeLV using env-PCR; and 54 %, by pol-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of both regions identified sequences that correspond to a group that includes endogenous retroviruses. They form an independent branch and, therefore, a new group of endogenous viruses. Cat gender, age, outdoor access, and cohabitation with other cats were found to be significant risk factors associated with the disease. This strongly suggests that these FeLV genotypes are widely distributed in the studied feline population in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Campus 4, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, CP. 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México.
| | - Marcela Autran
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Campus 4, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, CP. 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
| | - M Martha García
- Immuno-Virology Laboratory, Department of Immunological Research, UMAE Pediatrics Hospital, XXI Century National Medical Center, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, CP. 06725, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Ángel Carmona
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Campus 4, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, CP. 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
| | - Cecilia Rodríguez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Campus 4, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, CP. 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
| | - H Alejandro Martínez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Campus 4, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, CP. 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
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Cave NJ, Jackson R, Bridges JP. Policies for the vaccination of cats and dogs in New Zealand veterinary practices. N Z Vet J 2015; 64:145-53. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2015.1114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Westman ME, Malik R, Hall E, Sheehy PA, Norris JM. Determining the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) status of FIV-vaccinated cats using point-of-care antibody kits. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 42:43-52. [PMID: 26459979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study challenges the commonly held view that the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection status of FIV-vaccinated cats cannot be determined using point-of-care antibody test kits due to indistinguishable antibody production in FIV-vaccinated and naturally FIV-infected cats. The performance of three commercially available point-of-care antibody test kits was compared in a mixed population of FIV-vaccinated (n=119) and FIV-unvaccinated (n=239) cats in Australia. FIV infection status was assigned by considering the results of all antibody kits in concert with results from a commercially available PCR assay (FIV RealPCR™). Two lateral flow immunochromatography test kits (Witness FeLV/FIV; Anigen Rapid FIV/FeLV) had excellent overall sensitivity (100%; 100%) and specificity (98%; 100%) and could discern the true FIV infection status of cats, irrespective of FIV vaccination history. The lateral flow ELISA test kit (SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo) could not determine if antibodies detected were due to previous FIV vaccination, natural FIV infection, or both. The sensitivity and specificity of FIV RealPCR™ for detection of viral and proviral nucleic acid was 92% and 99%, respectively. These results will potentially change the way veterinary practitioners screen for FIV in jurisdictions where FIV vaccination is practiced, especially in shelter scenarios where the feasibility of mass screening is impacted by the cost of testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Westman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul A Sheehy
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Wilkes RP, Kania SA, Tsai YL, Lee PYA, Chang HH, Ma LJ, Chang HFG, Wang HTT. Rapid and sensitive detection of Feline immunodeficiency virus using an insulated isothermal PCR-based assay with a point-of-need PCR detection platform. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:510-5. [PMID: 26185125 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715593597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is an important infectious agent of cats. Clinical syndromes resulting from FIV infection include immunodeficiency, opportunistic infections, and neoplasia. In our study, a 5' long terminal repeat/gag region-based reverse transcription insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (RT-iiPCR) was developed to amplify all known FIV strains to facilitate point-of-need FIV diagnosis. The RT-iiPCR method was applied in a point-of-need PCR detection platform--a field-deployable device capable of generating automatically interpreted RT-iiPCR results from nucleic acids within 1 hr. Limit of detection 95% of FIV RT-iiPCR was calculated to be 95 copies standard in vitro transcription RNA per reaction. Endpoint dilution studies with serial dilutions of an ATCC FIV type strain showed that the sensitivity of lyophilized FIV RT-iiPCR reagent was comparable to that of a reference nested PCR. The established reaction did not amplify any nontargeted feline pathogens, including Felid herpesvirus 1, feline coronavirus, Feline calicivirus, Feline leukemia virus, Mycoplasma haemofelis, and Chlamydophila felis. Based on analysis of 76 clinical samples (including blood and bone marrow) with the FIV RT-iiPCR, test sensitivity was 97.78% (44/45), specificity was 100.00% (31/31), and agreement was 98.65% (75/76), determined against a reference nested-PCR assay. A kappa value of 0.97 indicated excellent correlation between these 2 methods. The lyophilized FIV RT-iiPCR reagent, deployed on a user-friendly portable device, has potential utility for rapid and easy point-of-need detection of FIV in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Penrose Wilkes
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Stephen A Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Yun-Long Tsai
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Pei-Yu Alison Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Hsiu-Hui Chang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Li-Juan Ma
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Hsiao-Fen Grace Chang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
| | - Hwa-Tang Thomas Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Wilkes, Kania)GeneReach USA, Lexington, MA (Tsai, Lee, Chang, Ma, Chang, Wang)
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Litster A, Lin JM, Nichols J, Weng HY. Diagnostic utility of CD4%:CD8 low% T-lymphocyte ratio to differentiate feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected from FIV-vaccinated cats. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:197-205. [PMID: 24559863 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody testing based on individual risk assessments is recommended to determine feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) status, but ELISA and Western blot tests cannot distinguish between anti-FIV antibodies produced in response to natural infection and those produced in response to FIV vaccination. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to test the hypothesis that FIV-infected cats could be differentiated from FIV-vaccinated uninfected cats using lymphocyte subset results, specifically the CD4%:CD8(low)% T-lymphocyte ratio. Comparisons of the CD4%:CD8(low)% T-lymphocyte ratio were made among the following four groups: Group 1 - FIV-infected cats (n=61; FIV-antibody positive by ELISA and FIV PCR positive); Group 2 - FIV-uninfected cats (n=96; FIV-antibody negative by ELISA); Group 3 - FIV-vaccinated uninfected cats (n=31; FIV-antibody negative by ELISA before being vaccinated against FIV, after which they tested FIV ELISA positive); and Group 4 - FIV-uninfected but under chronic/active antigenic stimulation (n=16; FIV-antibody negative by ELISA; all had active clinical signs of either upper respiratory tract disease or gingival disease for ≥ 21 days). The median CD4%:CD8(low)% T-lymphocyte ratio was lower in Group 1 (1.39) than in each of the other three groups (Group 2 - 9.77, Group 3 - 9.72, Group 4 - 5.64; P<0.05). The CD4%:CD8(low)% T-lymphocyte ratio was also the most effective discriminator between FIV-infected cats and the other three groups, and areas under ROC curves ranged from 0.91 (compared with Group 4) to 0.96 (compared with Group 3). CD4%:CD8(low)% shows promise as an effective test to differentiate between FIV-infected cats and FIV-vaccinated uninfected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Litster
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jui-Ming Lin
- Research and Development Department, IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME, USA
| | - Jamieson Nichols
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 785 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Chang-Fung-Martel J, Gummow B, Burgess G, Fenton E, Squires R. A door-to-door prevalence study of feline immunodeficiency virus in an Australian suburb. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:1070-8. [PMID: 23739036 PMCID: PMC10816465 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13491959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
A door-to-door survey was conducted within the limits of the suburb of Douglas in northern Queensland, Australia, to determine the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in the overall population of domestic cats. Previous FIV prevalence studies have relied on convenience sampling strategies, leaving out an important group of pet cats that do not receive regular veterinary attention. Saliva was selected for testing because collection was non-invasive and was likely to achieve a high rate of participation. Ninety-six cats were surveyed and tested for salivary antibodies against FIV and with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was considered to be the gold standard and a cat was considered to be FIV-positive if sequencing results on a PCR product of appropriate size matched previously published FIV genome sequences available in GenBank. Results showed 10/96 cats to be infected with FIV subtype A, indicating a prevalence of 10.4% (95% confidence interval: 4.4-16.4) in the area studied. High risk associations were established with the roaming lifestyle of the cat (P <0.002), presence of abscesses (P <0.03) and occurrence of bite wounds (P <0.10). This is the first known cross-sectional study of a population of urban northern Australian cats living in an affluent suburb and presenting saliva as a potential non-invasive sample for large-scale epidemiological surveys on FIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Chang-Fung-Martel
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Domestic cat microsphere immunoassays: detection of antibodies during feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Immunol Methods 2013; 396:74-86. [PMID: 23954271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microsphere immunoassays (MIAs) allow rapid and accurate evaluation of multiple analytes simultaneously within a biological sample. Here we describe the development and validation of domestic cat-specific MIAs for a) the quantification of total IgG and IgA levels in plasma, and b) the detection of IgG and IgA antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) capsid (CA) and surface (SU) proteins, and feline CD134 in plasma. These assays were used to examine the temporal antibody response of domestic cats infected with apathogenic and pathogenic FIVs, and domestic cats infected with parental and chimeric FIVs of varying pathogenicity. The results from these studies demonstrated that a) total IgG antibodies increase over time after infection; b) α-CA and α-SU IgG antibodies are detectable between 9 and 28 days post-infection and increase over time, and these antibodies combined represent a fraction (1.8 to 21.8%) of the total IgG increase due to infection; c) measurable α-CD134 IgG antibody levels vary among individuals and over time, and are not strongly correlated with viral load; d) circulating IgA antibodies, in general, do not increase during the early stage of infection; and e) total IgG, and α-CA and α-SU IgG antibody kinetics and levels vary with FIV viral strain/pathogenicity. The MIAs described here could be used to screen domestic cats for FIV infection, and to evaluate the FIV-specific or total antibody response elicited by various FIV strains/other diseases.
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O’Connor TP, Lawrence J, Andersen P, Leathers V, Workman E. Immunoassay Applications in Veterinary Diagnostics. THE IMMUNOASSAY HANDBOOK 2013. [PMCID: PMC7151925 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-097037-0.00053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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White J, Stickney A, Norris JM. Feline immunodeficiency virus: disease association versus causation in domestic and nondomestic felids. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 41:1197-208. [PMID: 22041211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is an important infection in both domestic and nondomestic cats. Although many studies have provided insight into FIV pathophysiology and immunologic responses to infection in cats, questions remain regarding the association of FIV with specific disease syndromes. For many diseases, both association and causation of disease with FIV remain to be confirmed and clarified. The use of experimental infection models is unlikely to yield answers about naturally infected domestic cats and is not feasible in nondomestic felids, many of which are endangered species. Researches might consider further study of naturally occurring disease with an emphasis on confirming which diseases have a likely association with FIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna White
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand.
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16
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Infectious Diseases. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7161403 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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18
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Lindsay SA, Barrs VR, Child G, Beatty JA, Krockenberger MB. Myelitis due to reactivated spinal toxoplasmosis in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:818-21. [PMID: 20674426 PMCID: PMC11135517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis, management, and subsequent post-mortem confirmation of a case of suspected reactivated spinal toxoplasmosis in a 10-year-old female neutered Cornish Rex are described. While an ante-mortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was considered possible based on the neuroanatomical diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) disease primarily involving spinal cord segment C6-T2 and the progressive elimination of other potential causes, Toxoplasma gondii antibody titres were consistent with previous exposure rather than active infection. A poor response to appropriate therapy did not support a diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. A post-mortem morphological diagnosis of marked segmental non-suppurative myelitis and necrosis, and an aetiological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis were made. The clinical and pathological findings are supportive of CNS inflammation due to reactivation of latent tissue T gondii cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Lindsay
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Lynn A, Dockins JM, Kuehn NF, Kerstetter KK, Gardiner D. Caudal mediastinal thyroglossal duct cyst in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50:147-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Levy J, Crawford C, Hartmann K, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Little S, Sundahl E, Thayer V. 2008 American Association of Feline Practitioners' feline retrovirus management guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:300-16. [PMID: 18455463 PMCID: PMC10832685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are among the most common infectious diseases of cats. Although vaccines are available for both viruses, identification and segregation of infected cats form the cornerstone for preventing new infections. Guidelines in this report have been developed for diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and management of FeLV and FIV infections. All cats should be tested for FeLV and FIV infections at appropriate intervals based on individual risk assessments. This includes testing at the time of acquisition, following exposure to an infected cat or a cat of unknown infection status, prior to vaccination against FeLV or FIV, prior to entering group housing, and when cats become sick. No test is 100% accurate at all times under all conditions; results should be interpreted along with the patient's health and risk factors. Retroviral tests can diagnose only infection, not clinical disease, and cats infected with FeLV or FIV may live for many years. A decision for euthanasia should never be based solely on whether or not the cat is infected. Vaccination against FeLV is highly recommended in kittens. In adult cats, antiretroviral vaccines are considered non-core and should be administered only if a risk assessment indicates they are appropriate. Few large controlled studies have been performed using antiviral or immunomodulating drugs for the treatment of naturally infected cats. More research is needed to identify best practices to improve long-term outcomes following retroviral infections in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Levy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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