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Egger R, Conze T, Wehrend A. [Impact of hypothyroidism on bitch fertility and neonatal mortality and morbidity - a review of the literature]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2024; 52:220-231. [PMID: 39173650 DOI: 10.1055/a-2364-2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
There are a few studies and case reports that postulate a connection between hypothyroidism and reproductive disorders in bitches and an increased neonatal mortality and morbidity in puppies. Other studies, however, cannot demonstrate a connection between hypothyroidism and reproductive disorders in bitches. In this work, the relevant literature is to be checked for its evidence. The connection between hypothyroidism and reproductive disorders in the bitch, puppy mortality and neonatal morbidity to hypothyroidism will be analyzed based on a literature review. For this purpose, the available German and international "English-language" literature from 1986 to January 2023 was analyzed. It turns out that only a small amount of literature contains high levels of scientific evidence, as it mostly consists of case reports and expert opinions. In some case reports a connection between estrous abnormalities, galactorrhoea and infertility and the presence of hypothyroidism could be seen, but in experimental studies and according to the opinion of other authors the connection between hypothyroidism and reproductive disorders does not exist. A negative influence of hypothyroidism on the birth process could not be clearly proven. In an experimental study, although the duration and intensity of uterine contractions were longer and weaker in animals with hypothyroidism, the interval between pup births was not affected. Only in the area of neonatal mortality and morbidity a connection with the hypothyroidism of the dam could be demonstrated. The puppies of affected bitches showed a lower birth weight and were weaker than puppies of euthyroid bitches. The importance of hypothyroidism for fertility in the bitch has not yet been documented in the literature, but this endocrinopathy seems to have an influence on neonatal vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Egger
- Tierklinik Dinkelsbühl GmbH, Dinkelsbühl
- Tierklinik für Reproduktionsmedizin und Neugeborenenkunde, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen
| | - Theresa Conze
- Tierklinik Dinkelsbühl GmbH, Dinkelsbühl
- ReproVet Consulting, Dinkelsbühl
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Tierklinik für Reproduktionsmedizin und Neugeborenenkunde, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen
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Scheemaeker S, Peremans K, Vandermeulen E, Duchateau L, Roggeman T, Daminet S. Effect of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone on radioactive iodine uptake by thyroid carcinoma in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2273-2281. [PMID: 39023205 PMCID: PMC11256155 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high doses of radioiodine-131 (131I) and, subsequently, the high radioactive burden for dog and environment warrants optimization of 131I therapy in dogs with thyroid carcinoma (TC). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of a revised protocol with recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH) on tumor radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) in dogs with TC. ANIMALS Nine client-owned dogs diagnosed with TC. METHODS A prospective cross-over study in which tumor RAIU was calculated and compared at 8 hours (8h-RAIU) and 24 hours (24h-RAIU) after injection of radioactive iodine-123 (123I), once with and once without rhTSH (ie, 250 μg, IM, 24 and 12 hours before 123I) in each dog. Simultaneously, serum total thyroxine (TT4) and TSH were measured at baseline (T0), and 6 (T6), 12 (T12), 24 (T24), and 48 hours (T48) after the first rhTSH administration. RESULTS Tumor RAIU was significantly higher at 24 hours with rhTSH compared to no rhTSH (mean difference = 8.85%, 95% CI of [1.56; 16.14]; P = .03), while this was non-significant at 8 hours (mean difference = 4.54%, 95% CI of [0.35; 8.73]; P = .05). A significant change of serum TT4 (median difference T24 - T0 = 35.86 nmol/L, interquartile range [IQR] = 15.74 nmol/L) and TSH (median difference T24 - T0 = 1.20 ng/mL, IQR = 1.55 ng/mL) concentrations occurred after administration of rhTSH (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Recombinant human TSH could optimize 131I treatment in dogs with TC by increasing tumor RAIU and thus 131I treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Scheemaeker
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University, Salisburylaan 1339820 MerelbekeBelgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University, Salisburylaan 1339820 MerelbekeBelgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University, Salisburylaan 1339820 MerelbekeBelgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University, Salisburylaan 1339820 MerelbekeBelgium
| | - Tom Roggeman
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University, Salisburylaan 1339820 MerelbekeBelgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent University, Salisburylaan 1339820 MerelbekeBelgium
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Bolton TA, Panciera DL, Voudren CD, Crawford‐Jennings MI. Thyroid function tests during nonthyroidal illness syndrome and recovery in acutely ill dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:111-122. [PMID: 38032018 PMCID: PMC10800236 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) can result in thyroid function test alterations that mimic hypothyroidism. The duration of NTIS-induced changes in dogs is not well-described. OBJECTIVES Document alterations in thyroid function tests during NTIS and recovery, and the time necessary for their resolution. ANIMALS From 103 dogs sampled, 25 euthyroid dogs with acute, resolvable illness having a low serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentration on admission were analyzed. METHODS Prospective observational study. Serum TT4 concentration was measured in 103 dogs within 4 hours of admission. If below the reference interval (RI), subsequent serum samples were obtained every 24 hours from admission until discharge (acute phase) and at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after discharge (recovery phase). Serum samples were submitted for batch measurement of serum TT4, free thyroxine (fT4), total 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (TT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations. RESULTS In the cohort of dogs analyzed, serum TT4, TT3, and fT4 concentrations were below the RI in 100%, 80%, and 16% at admission; 20%, 80%, and 0% at discharge; 4%, 8%, and 0% at 2 weeks; and 0%, 0%, and 0% at 4 weeks, respectively. Serum TSH concentration was within the RI in 100% at admission and discharge, and above the RI in 4% and 12% at 2 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Naturally occurring NTIS in dogs induces alterations in thyroid function tests during acute illness and recovery. Measurement of serum TT4 concentration 2 to 4 weeks after discharge or serum fT4 concentration by ED during illness is recommended for accurate assessment of thyroid function in acutely ill dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bolton
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - David L. Panciera
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Caylie D. Voudren
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Matthew I. Crawford‐Jennings
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
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Scarpa P, Tagliasacchi F, Iavazzo F, Beccaglia M, Monino A, Dri P, Milite G. Relationship between thyroid function and sex hormones in female German shepherd dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:81-92. [PMID: 38093496 PMCID: PMC10800235 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several variables influence the serum concentration of thyroid hormones in dogs, including breed, age, drugs, and concurrent diseases. However, data regarding the interaction between thyroid function and the estrous stage of female dogs are limited. HYPOTHESIS Estrous stage may influence thyroid function in German Shepherd dogs. METHODS Longitudinal, observational, non-randomized cohort study. The dogs were monitored during the complete estrous cycle, and different stages were determined by vaginal cytology. Two blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of each stage to analyze the following: total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (fT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (fT3), canine thyrotropin (cTSH), progesterone, 17-β-estradiol, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations. Hematological and biochemical evaluations were performed at the beginning and end of the study period. ANIMALS Seventeen German Shepherds were included, of which 7 were bred during the study period. One dog was excluded for estrus interruption and another for suspected hypothyroidism. RESULTS Serum concentrations of T4, fT4, and fT3 were negatively correlated with age. Total thyroxine demonstrated significant changes in serum concentrations between estrous stages, with higher concentrations in estrus and diestrus. Total thyroxine concentrations were positively correlated with progesterone concentrations and negatively correlated with 17-β-estradiol concentrations. Free thyroxine did not show significant variations but was positively correlated with progesterone concentrations. Canine TSH concentrations were positively correlated with 17-β-estradiol concentrations. No significant differences in thyroid hormones and cTSH concentrations were observed between diestrus during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Different stages of estrus can influence the measurement of TT4 in female dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scarpa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences – DIVASUniversity of MilanLodi 26900Italy
| | - Filippo Tagliasacchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences – DIVASUniversity of MilanLodi 26900Italy
| | - Francesca Iavazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences – DIVASUniversity of MilanLodi 26900Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Dri
- Clinica Veterinaria “Animal Care”Martignacco 33035Italy
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Hinderer J, Lüdeke J, Riege L, Bartel A, Kohn B, Müller E, Arlt SP. Thyroid hormones in canine pregnancy and lactation. Theriogenology 2023; 203:43-52. [PMID: 36966584 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that thyroid function has a significant effect on fertility and fetal development in mammals. So far, however, only few studies have been published about potential effects of the reproductive cycle stage on thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs. Therefore, over the course of 122 pregnant and non-pregnant cycles in healthy bitches, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free Thyroxine (fT4), total Thyroxine (tT4) and Progesterone (P4) were measured six times to assess the influence of the cycle stage and pregnancy on hormone concentrations. The aim was to evaluate established reference intervals for the thyroid hormones in a female study population. Of the 122 bitches, 98 became pregnant. Blood samples were collected during estrus, three times in pregnancy, during lactation and after weaning, or at equivalent times during and after estrus in non-pregnant dogs. No differences between pregnant and non-pregnant animals in any of the thyroid hormones were found. Hormone concentrations, however, differed significantly between the six samplings (p < .01). TSH initially declined during pregnancy, then rose again. The mean concentration of all dogs exceeded the overall upper reference limit of 0.70 ng/mL during lactation. Concentrations of tT4 and ft4 increased during the first third of pregnancy and then subsequently declined. The overall reference limits for tT4 were 0.47-3.20 μg/dL, and for fT4 4.86-29.60 pmol/L, but the reference intervals varied between the sampling dates. The observed patterns may reflect that maternal tT4 and fT4 seem to have important effects during early pregnancy, including a pronounced negative feedback effect on TSH. The initial increase and subsequent decline of tT4 and fT4 concentrations during the course of pregnancy is in accordance with findings in humans and may support the development of fetal thyroid function. The observed peak of TSH concentrations during lactation suggests that the demand for thyroid hormones in this phase is largest. Even if the underlying causes and mechanisms of thyroid regulation are not fully understood, the results of this study show relevant changes of hormone concentrations in the course of the sexual cycle and pregnancy. In that regard, cycle stage needs to be considered when assessing thyroid function in bitches.
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Schlipf M, Fischer A, Patzl M, Hartmann K, Pankraz A, Dick M, Zablotski Y, Küchenhoff H, Wehner A. Laboratory indicators of hypothyroidism and TgAA-positivity in the Eurasian dog breed. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280906. [PMID: 36693083 PMCID: PMC9873187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary hypothyroidism represents a concern for dog breeders; thus, surveillance programs have been established for several dog breeds. METHODS Thyroid profiles (total thyroxine (TT4), thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)), and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA)) collected as part of a breed surveillance program in Eurasians (2009-2017) were retrospectively analyzed. The study included data from 1,501 Eurasians from a German breeding club. Classification was exclusively based on laboratory data. Hypothyroidism was defined as a combined decrease in TT4 and increase in TSH in serum and was classified as TgAA-positive and TgAA-negative hypothyroidism. Thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA) independent of the concentrations of TT4 and TSH were determined. The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism, TgAA-positive hypothyroidism, TgAA-negative hypothyroidism and TgAA-positivity was assessed when the dogs entered the program. Follow-up laboratory data was available for 324 dogs without hypothyroidism on initial examination. RESULTS The initial screening was performed at a median age of 18 months (interquartile range (IQR): 15-29). The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism was 3.9% (n = 58; 95% CI: 2.9-4.8%) and the prevalence of a positive TgAA status was 7.9% (n = 118; 95% CI: 6.6-9.3%). The prevalence of TgAA-positive and TgAA-negative hypothyroidism was 1.7% (n = 26; 95% CI: 1.1-2.4%) and 2.1% (n = 32; 95% CI: 1.4-2.9%), respectively. 22.0% of dogs with positive TgAA status (26/118) were already hypothyroid on initial examination. Overall, 42.5% (17/40) of TgAA-positive dogs on initial examination developed hypothyroidism on follow-up. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that the Eurasian dog breed exhibits a relevant risk for hypothyroidism and presence of TgAA. The predictive value of TgAA for hypothyroidism or developing hypothyroidism was high in this breed. Further investigations with longitudinal studies in individual dogs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schlipf
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Patzl
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martina Dick
- Biocontrol, Bioscientia Healthcare GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Astrid Wehner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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7
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Jordan A, Gray R, Terkildsen M, Krockenberger M. Biological variation of total thyroxine (T4), free T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone in 11 clinically healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:592-597. [PMID: 33174484 PMCID: PMC10741302 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20969485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the biological variation of total thyroxine (T4), free T4 (fT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in 11 clinically healthy cats aged between 3 and 15 years old, in Sydney, Australia. METHODS Blood was collected weekly for up to 6 weeks and serum T4, fT4 and TSH concentrations were analysed using canine-specific reagents. Restricted maximum likelihood was used to estimate within-subject, between-subject and analytical variance components, which were recorded in terms of the related coefficients of variation. The index of individuality and reference change values were then calculated for each analyte. RESULTS T4 and TSH had intermediate individuality, indicating both subject-based and population-based reference intervals (RIs) could be used, with the knowledge that population-based RIs are suboptimally sensitive. fT4 had high individuality, indicating subject-based RIs are more appropriate than population-based RIs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study has demonstrated that subject-based RIs could be more sensitive than population-based RIs for the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jordan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of
Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachael Gray
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of
Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Terkildsen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of
Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of
Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Wolff EDS, Bilbrough G, Moore G, Guptill L, Scott-Moncrieff JC. Comparison of 2 assays for measuring serum total thyroxine concentration in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:607-615. [PMID: 32017235 PMCID: PMC7096613 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background No gold standard assay for serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentration in small animals exists. The Microgenics DRI TT4 (MTT4) assay is used by most reference laboratories. Hypothesis/Objectives IDEXX Catalyst Total T4 (CTT4) and Immulite 2000 TT4 (ITT4) results will agree with MTT4 results. Animals Residual small animal sera were randomized before reanalysis (dogs, CTT4 versus MTT4: n = 176, ITT4 versus MTT4: n = 74; cats, CTT4 versus MTT4: n = 319, ITT4 versus MTT4: n = 79). Methods Validation and method comparison study. Serum TT4 concentration was measured on all analyzers. Pairwise Pearson correlation, cumulative sum linearity test, regression, and Bland‐Altman method were performed. Results CTT4 versus MTT4 in dogs: constant bias (y‐intercept) was 0.10 μg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05‐0.15), proportional bias (slope) was 0.86 μg/dL (95% CI, 0.83‐0.89); in cats, constant bias was 0.13 μg/dL (95% CI, 0.08‐0.20) and proportional bias was 1.01 μg/dL (95% CI, 0.98‐1.03), but the test for linearity failed. Bland‐Altman plots identified increasing disagreement with increasing serum TT4 concentrations. ITT4 versus MTT4 in dogs, constant bias was 0.14 μg/dL (95% CI, 0.04‐0.22) and 0.22 μg/dL (95% CI, 0.09‐0.33) for cats; proportional bias was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72‐0.80) for dogs and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.69‐0.74) for cats. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Differences in CTT4 and MTT4 results affect interpretation at higher serum TT4 concentrations. The ITT4 proportional bias will underestimate serum TT4 concentrations in dogs and cats, compared to MTT4. Serial TT4 measurements should be done using the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan D S Wolff
- Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - George Moore
- Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Lynn Guptill
- Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Nishii N, Okada R, Matsuba M, Takashima S, Kobatake Y, Kitagawa H. Risk factors for low plasma thyroxine and high plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations in dogs with non-thyroidal diseases. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1097-1103. [PMID: 31204368 PMCID: PMC6715931 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to identify independent risk factors for thyroid axis alterations in dogs with non-thyroidal diseases. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, data and plasma samples from 207 dogs with non-thyroidal diseases was used. The involvement of various factors (disease severity, sex, age, breed, category and duration of disease, and medication) in the alteration of plasma thyroxine (T4) or thyroid-stimulation hormone (TSH) concentrations was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Among the 207 dogs analyzed, 99 (47.8%) had low plasma T4 concentrations, while 45 (21.7%) had high TSH concentrations. Intact male sex [odds ratio (OR), 3.25; 1.67-6.35; P<0.001], Labrador Retrievers (OR, 18.70; 2.32-151.00; P=0.006), moderate (OR, 2.39; 1.21-4.74; P=0.012) and severe diseases (OR, 6.84; 2.27-20.70; P<0.001) were associated with increased risk for low plasma T4 concentrations. Meanwhile, intact male (OR, 3.93; 1.51-10.30; P=0.005), spayed female (OR, 4.22; 1.59-11.20; P=0.004), older age (OR, 2.73; 1.28-5.84; P=0.009), and Miniature Dachshunds (OR, 5.39; 2.38-12.20; P<0.001) had increased risk for high plasma TSH concentrations. Disease severity had been determined as an independent risk factor for canine NTIS. In addition, sex, age and breed were also associated with thyroid axis alterations in dogs with non-thyroidal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Nishii
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Rie Okada
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Moeka Matsuba
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takashima
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yui Kobatake
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoi-no-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
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Hrovat A, De Keuster T, Kooistra HS, Duchateau L, Oyama MA, Peremans K, Daminet S. Behavior in dogs with spontaneous hypothyroidism during treatment with levothyroxine. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:64-71. [PMID: 30499213 PMCID: PMC6335523 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormone supplementation anecdotally has been described as a valid treatment option for dogs with aggression‐related problems. However, prospective, controlled, and blinded trials evaluating behavior and neurohormonal status in hypothyroid dogs during treatment with levothyroxine are lacking. Objective Levothyroxine supplementation will have a significant influence on the behavior and neurohormonal status of dogs with spontaneous hypothyroidism. Animals Twenty client‐owned dogs diagnosed with spontaneous hypothyroidism. Methods This prospective study was to evaluate the behavior of dogs, which was screened at initial presentation, and after 6 weeks, and 6 months of treatment with levothyroxine (starting dosage 10 μg/kg PO q12h) using the standardized Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C‐BARQ). At each time period, circulating serotonin and prolactin (PRL) concentrations were evaluated using a commercially validated ELISA kit and heterologous radioimmunoassay, respectively. Results After 6 weeks of thyroid hormone supplementation, C‐BARQ scores demonstrated a significant increase in activity of hypothyroid dogs (P < .01). No significant change in any of the behavioral signs was observed after 6 months of treatment. No significant difference in circulating concentrations of serotonin (P > .99 and P = .46) and PRL (P = .99 and P = .37) were noted between the 6‐week and 6‐month periods compared with baseline. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The results of this study indicate increased activity of hypothyroid dogs after 6 weeks of thyroid hormone supplementation. None of the hypothyroid dogs in this cohort showed a significant change in any of the evaluated behavioral signs and neurohormonal status after 6 months of thyroid hormone supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Hrovat
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tiny De Keuster
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans S Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mark A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Hegstad-Davies RL, Torres SMF, Sharkey LC, Gresch SC, Muñoz-Zanzi CA, Davies PR. Breed-specific reference intervals for assessing thyroid function in seven dog breeds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:716-27. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715606953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4), free T4 (FT4), and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were measured in serum from 693 healthy representatives from 7 dog breeds (Alaskan Malamute, Collie, English Setter, Golden Retriever, Keeshond, Samoyed, or Siberian Husky) to determine whether breed-specific reference intervals (RIs) are warranted. Veterinarians reviewed the health history, performed a physical examination, and approved laboratory data for the enrolled dogs. Many purebred dogs had T4 and FT4 concentrations that were at, or below, the lower limits previously determined for non–breed-specific RIs. Mean concentrations of T4, FT4, and TSH varied significantly among breeds. The range of mean concentration of T4 (19.7 nmol/L [1.53 µg/dL] in English Setters to 29.0 nmol/L [2.25 µg/dL] in Keeshonds) and FT4 (12.6 pmol/L [0.98 ng/dL] in English Setters to 20.2 pmol/L [1.57 ng/dL] in Samoyeds) was considerable. Median TSH values ranged from 6.10 mIU/L (0.07 ng/mL; Alaskan Malamute and Golden Retriever) to 17.6 mIU/L (0.26 ng/mL; Collie). Mean T4 and FT4 concentrations were higher in females. Increasing age was associated with decreasing T4 and FT4, and increasing TSH concentration. The substantial ranges across breeds of measures of central tendency (mean, median) for all hormones indicate that breed-specific RIs are warranted. RIs encompassing the central 95% of reference values for all breeds combined, and for individual breeds, were calculated using nonparametric (TSH) and robust (T4, FT4) methods. Use of breed-specific RIs in combination with careful attention to the potential for pre-analytical and analytical variability in test results will improve thyroid function assessment in these breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Hegstad-Davies
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Sheila M. F. Torres
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Leslie C. Sharkey
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Sarah C. Gresch
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Claudia A. Muñoz-Zanzi
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Peter R. Davies
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
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Lavoué R, Geffré A, Braun JP, Peeters D, Trumel C. Breed-specific biochemical reference intervals for the adult Dogue de Bordeaux. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:346-59. [PMID: 23906484 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breed-specific reference intervals are of increasing interest in veterinary medicine. The health monitoring of the Dogue de Bordeaux, a breed predisposed to familial juvenile glomerulonephropathy and hypothyroidism, would benefit from specific reference intervals. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to establish breed-specific biochemical reference intervals for the Dogue de Bordeaux in accordance with the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. METHODS One hundred and twenty Dogues de Bordeaux from France and Belgium were recruited. Complete urinalysis and chemistry panels, venous blood gas variables, total thyroxin and thyroid stimulating hormone, and fibrinogen and antithrombin were measured for each dog. Reference intervals were determined using the non-parametric method. Confounding variables such as sex, age and color of facial mask were analyzed. RESULTS Due to pre-defined criteria for exclusion, 62 healthy dogs were finally selected for the reference intervals determination. Using the instrument manufacturer's generic canine RI for most analytes did not have a significant impact on potential clinical decisions, except for total proteins, ALT, AST, total cholesterol, lipase and total thyroxin, for which possible clinically relevant differences were noted. CONCLUSION Specific reference intervals for biochemical analytes in the Dogue de Bordeaux were determined under controlled pre-analytical and analytical conditions, and according to international recommendations. The use of these breed-specific reference intervals is recommended when using the specified analytic instruments, especially for the 6 analytes for which the reference intervals differed considerably from those provided by manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lavoué
- Internal Medicine Unit, Toulouse, France
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13
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Sheerer KN, Couto CG, Marin LM, Zaldívar-Lopez S, Iazbik MC, Dillberger JE, Frye M, Denicola DB. Haematological and biochemical values in North American Scottish deerhounds. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:354-60. [PMID: 23718887 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sighthounds, including deerhounds, have unique physiological traits that result in laboratory test results that may lie outside reference intervals for the general dog population. Although reference intervals for most analytes are thought to be similar among sighthounds, breed-specific reference intervals are available mainly for greyhounds. The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for haematology and serum biochemical profiles in deerhounds. METHODS Venous blood samples were collected from healthy deerhounds. Haematological and biochemical analytes were examined and reference intervals were established using the 5th and 95th percentiles. RESULTS The reference intervals obtained from 96 dogs for platelets, reticulocytes, total thyroxine, chloride, gamma glutamyl transferase, bilirubin and glucose were lower than the general dog population. Reference intervals for mean cell volume, potassium, urea, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol were higher than the general dog population. Reference intervals for eosinophils and globulin were wider than that of the general population. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results confirm that differences in haematological and biochemical values exist in the deerhound. Some appear to be shared by all sighthounds but others may be unique to this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Sheerer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Campos M, Peremans K, Vandermeulen E, Duchateau L, Bosmans T, Polis I, Daminet S. Effect of recombinant human thyrotropin on the uptake of radioactive iodine (¹²³I) in dogs with thyroid tumors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50344. [PMID: 23209716 PMCID: PMC3510219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) enhances radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. No studies have been performed in veterinary medicine to optimize radioiodine treatment of thyroid cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rhTSH on the uptake of radioiodine-123 ((123)I) in dogs with thyroid tumors. Nine dogs with thyroid neoplasia were included in this prospective cross-over study. The dogs were divided in 2 groups. In one group, (123)I was administered for a baseline RAIU determination in week 1. In week 2 (after a washout period of 2 weeks), these dogs received rhTSH (100 μg IV) 24 h before (123)I injection. In the other group the order of the protocol was reversed. For each scan, the dogs received 37 MBq (1 mCi) of (123)I intravenously (IV) and planar scintigraphy was performed after 8 and 24 h for tumor RAIU calculation. Overall, rhTSH administration caused no statistically significant change on thyroid tumor RAIU at 8 h (p = 0.89) or at 24 h (p = 0.98). A significant positive correlation was found between the effect of rhTSH on tumor 8h-RAIU and rhTSH serum concentrations at 6 h (τ = 0.68; p = 0.03), at 12 h (τ = 0.68; p = 0.03) and at 24 h (τ = 0.78; p = 0.02) after rhTSH injection. This study suggests that IV administration of 100 μg rhTSH 24 h before (123)I has an inconsistent effect on thyroid tumor RAIU. Further studies are necessary to determine the best protocol of rhTSH administration to optimize thyroid tumor RAIU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Campos
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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15
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Thyroid Disorders in the Geriatric Veterinary Patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:707-25, vi-vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Campos M, Peremans K, Duchateau L, Dobbeleir A, Vandermeulen E, van Hoek I, Paes G, Daminet S. Effect of recombinant human TSH on the uptake of radioactive iodine ((123)I) by the thyroid gland in healthy beagles. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010; 39:215-21. [PMID: 20688462 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In human medicine, recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) increases thyroid radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU), allowing radioiodine-131 ((131)I) dose reduction and greater efficacy in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer and multinodular goiter. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of rhTSH, administered 24 h and 48 h before radioiodine-123 ((123)I), on the thyroid RAIU in healthy dogs. Seven healthy euthyroid beagles were randomly allocated to 3 groups (2 groups of 2 dogs and 1 group of 3 dogs) in a prospective, blinded, crossover study. At Week 1, 1 group received (123)I for a baseline RAIU; 1 group received 100 μg of rhTSH IV 24 h before (123)I, and 1 group received 100 μg of rhTSH IV 48 h before (123)I. All dogs received 37 MBq of radioactive (123)I IV, and thyroid RAIU was determined 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h thereafter. The study was designed in such a manner that each dog received the 3 treatments and a wash-out period of 3 wk was respected in between. Blood samples were taken for measurement of serum total thyroxine (TT4) and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations at baseline and 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after rhTSH administration. Recombinant human TSH caused no significant change on thyroid RAIU. The overall mean thyroid RAIU significantly decreased during the study independent of the treatment. Recombinant human TSH significantly increased serum TT4 concentration, which peaked 6 h after rhTSH administration. Compared to baseline, serum TSH concentration remained higher at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. However, a statistically significant difference was reached only at 6 h and 12 h after rhTSH administration. No adverse effects of rhTSH were observed during the study. Further studies are needed to determine the best timing and dosage of administration of rhTSH in healthy and thyroid carcinoma dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Campos
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Campos M, Saunders JH, Duchateau L, Paes G, Van der Vekens E, Daminet S. Short-term effect of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone on thyroid volume and echogenicity in healthy beagles. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:331-4. [PMID: 20469557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, administration of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH) allows radioactive iodine dose reduction and higher efficacy in the treatment of multinodular goiter and thyroid cancer. A similar effect might be expected in dogs with thyroid carcinoma. However, if rhTSH leads to an increase in thyroid volume, it must be used carefully in dogs with large thyroid tumors to avoid compression of key anatomical structures. The aim of this study was to determine the short-term effect of rhTSH on thyroid volume and echogenicity, measured by ultrasonography, in healthy Beagles. Seven beagles were divided randomly in two groups in a prospective placebo-controlled blinded cross-over study. On day 1, one group received 100 microg of rhTSH intravenously and the other group received placebo. After a wash-out period of 3 weeks, the groups were crossed over. Evaluation of thyroid echogenicity, homogeneity, shape, capsule delineation, and measurement of thyroid length, width, and height were performed by the same observer at baseline, and at 6, 24, and 48h after injection of rhTSH and placebo. There was no significant difference between the effect of rhTSH and placebo on thyroid volume (P = 0.397), echogenicity, homogeneity, or capsule delineation. Time had a significant effect on thyroid volume (P = 0.027). No adverse effects after rhTSH administration were noticed. The effect of rhTSH on thyroid volume in dogs with thyroid carcinoma needs to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Campos
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Shiel RE, Sist M, Nachreiner RF, Ehrlich CP, Mooney CT. Assessment of criteria used by veterinary practitioners to diagnose hypothyroidism in sighthounds and investigation of serum thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy Salukis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:302-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.3.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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