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González KS, Warwick H, Conradie M, Alisauskaite N. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in a French bulldog puppy with genetically confirmed congenital hypothyroidism. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1737-1743. [PMID: 38532265 PMCID: PMC11099762 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A 7-month-old male French bulldog was referred for abnormal mentation and gait. Physical examination revealed a dome shaped calvarium and persistent bregmatic fontanelle. Neurological examination revealed proprioceptive ataxia, pelvic limb paraparesis and strabismus with moderate ventriculomegaly, thinning of the cerebral parenchyma, and widened cerebral sulci on magnetic resonance imaging. Masses were identified in the region of the thyroid, which appeared heterogeneous and hyperintense in T1-weighted and T2-weighted compared with the adjacent muscle signal masses were identified. Radiological diagnosis was hydrocephalus "ex vacuo" and goiter. Blood test revealed abnormally low total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), and normal thyrotropin concentration. A diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism was confirmed by positive genetic test for thyroid peroxidase mutation. Thyroxine supplementation treatment rapidly improved clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry Warwick
- Northwest Veterinary SpecialistsRuncornUnited Kingdom
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Lockhart RL, Tzouganakis I, Tsvetanova A, Smith KM, Smith PM. The diagnostic yield of advanced imaging in dogs with Horner's syndrome presenting with and without additional clinical signs: A retrospective study of 120 cases (2000-2018). Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25 Suppl 1:51-59. [PMID: 34235839 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the diagnostic yield of advanced imaging in dogs with Horner's syndrome (HS) both with and without additional clinical signs. METHODS Retrospective review of clinical records from a UK referral hospital (2000-2018). Cases were excluded if HS was trauma- or surgery-related and if no advanced imaging with MRI or CT was performed. Imaging findings were assessed as well as any additional investigations performed. RESULTS One hundred twenty cases met the inclusion criteria; 88 with additional clinical signs and 32 with isolated HS. MRI or CT of head and neck was performed in 115 cases and/or thoracic CT in eight cases. Causative lesions were identified in 98% (86/88) of cases with additional clinical signs and 3% (1/32) of cases with isolated HS. This was statistically significant (p < .001). Pharmacological localization using phenylephrine (0.1%-10%) was accurate in predicting the site of a causative lesion in 79% (19/24) of tested cases. Overall, 28% (33/120) of cases were idiopathic, of which 49% (16/33) were golden retrievers. When compared to the overall hospital population, and UK Kennel Club records, this confirmed a significant predisposition in this breed (p < .001). No associations between idiopathic HS and concurrent systemic disease were identified. CONCLUSION This is the first study to evaluate the diagnostic yield of advanced imaging in dogs with HS. Isolated HS is significantly more likely to be idiopathic than cases presenting with additional clinical signs; this could guide decision-making regarding further investigations performed in a clinical setting. Idiopathic HS is over-represented in the golden retriever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kerry M Smith
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Peter M Smith
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK
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Tetas Pont R, Freeman C, Dennis R, Hartley C, Beltran E. CLINICAL AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF IDIOPATHIC OCULOMOTOR NEUROPATHY IN 14 DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:334-343. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roser Tetas Pont
- Comparative Ophthalmology Unit; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford CB8 7UU UK
| | - Courtenay Freeman
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Unit; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford CB8 7UU UK
| | - Ruth Dennis
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford CB8 7UU UK
| | - Claudia Hartley
- Comparative Ophthalmology Unit; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford CB8 7UU UK
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Unit; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford CB8 7UU UK
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Utsugi S, Saito M, Shelton GD. Resolution of polyneuropathy in a hypothyroid dog following thyroid supplementation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 50:345-9. [PMID: 25028439 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An 8 yr old male golden retriever was evaluated because of chronic, progressive, multiple neurologic signs. Physical examination showed marked obesity and facial swelling with a "tragic facial expression." Neurologic evaluation revealed the dog had multiple cranial nerve deficits and lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs. Serum biochemical analysis and thyroid function tests were consistent with hypothyroidism. A biopsy from the common peroneal nerve revealed a loss of myelinated fibers, inappropriately thin myelinated fibers, and resolving subperineurial edema. The diagnosis of polyneuropathy associated with hypothyroidism was made. Levothyroxine therapy was initiated. Response to levothyroxine treatment was slow, with most neurologic abnormalities persisting for >6 wk. However, the dog made a full neurologic recovery within 6 mo. Although the occurrence of polyneuropathy in dogs resulting from hypothyroidism has been controversial, the study authors demonstrated that hypothyroid polyneuropathy can occur in dogs as documented in humans. This is the first report describing long-term follow-up information together with detailed pathological features of hypothyroid polyneuropathy in a dog. In hypothyroid polyneuropathy, the response to thyroid replacement may be slow, but a recovery can be expected if treatment is initiated before peripheral nerve fiber loss becomes severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Utsugi
- Department of Surgery II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan (S.U., M.S.); and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (G.D.S.)
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Giza EG, Płonek M, Nicpoń JM, Wrzosek MA. Electrodiagnostic studies in presumptive primary hypothyroidism and polyneuropathy in dogs with reevaluation during hormone replacement therapy. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:32. [PMID: 27209097 PMCID: PMC4875660 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral neuropathy is the most common neurological manifestation of canine hypothyroidism. Data concerning electrodiagnostic studies in hypothyroid associated polyneuropathy in dogs are very limited and usually lack a reevaluation after hormone replacement therapy. The objective of this study was to perform a detailed, retrospective analysis of electromyographic (EMG), motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), F-wave and brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) findings in 24 dogs with presumptive primary hypothyroidism and polyneuropathy with a comparison of the results before and after initiation of levothyroxine treatment with the assessment of the clinical outcome. Results The results obtained from hypothyroid dogs showed a significant reduction in MNCV at a proximal–distal and middle–distal stimulation, decreased amplitudes of compound muscle action potentials (CMAP), an increased CMAP duration and a prolonged distal latency prior to treatment. Fifty percent of the dogs had an increased F-wave latency. A normal BAER recording was found in 78 % of the hypothyroid patients without vestibular impairment. Bilaterally increased peak V latencies and increased interpeak I–V latencies were found in the remaining individuals. Dogs with concurrent vestibular impairment had ipsilaterally increased peak latencies with normal interpeak latencies and decreased amplitudes of wave I and II. A comparison of the findings before and after 2 months of treatment revealed a decrease in the pathological activity on EMG, an improvement of proximal, middle and distal CMAP amplitudes and an increase in the proximal–distal conduction velocity in all dogs. F-wave latency improved in 38 % of dogs. The BAER reexamination revealed a persistent prolongation of peak I, II, III and V latencies and decreased wave I amplitude on the affected side in all dogs manifesting vestibular signs. Conversely, in dogs without vestibular signs, the peak V and interpeak I–V latencies decreased to normal values after a given time of the treatment. Conclusions The results indicate a demyelinating and axonal pattern of polyneuropathy in dogs with suspected hypothyroidism. Most of the patients without vestibular signs showed neither peripheral nor central auditory pathway impairment, concurrent to the generalized neuropathy. The follow-up examination showed a very good clinical outcome and only partial improvement in electrophysiological assessment.
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Pancotto TE, Rossmeisl JH, Huckle WR, Inzana KD, Zimmerman KL. Evaluation of endothelin-1 and MMPs-2, -9, -14 in cerebrospinal fluid as indirect indicators of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in chronic canine hypothyroidism. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:115-20. [PMID: 27033918 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic canine hypothyroidism is associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. We hypothesized that this change is mediated by endothelin-1(ET-1) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -2, -9, and -14, as evidenced by increased concentrations of these proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compared to controls. CSF from 18 dogs, 9 controls and 9 with experimentally induced hypothyroidism was collected before and 6, 12, and 18 months after induction of hypothyroidism. Concentrations of ET-1 using an ELISA kit, and for MMP-2, -9, and -14 using gelatinase zymography were measured in CSF. ET-1 was undetectable in CSF of control and hypothyroid dogs at all time-points. Constitutively expressed MMP-2 was detectable in CSF samples in all dogs at all time-points. No other MMPs were detectable in CSF. No differences in CSF concentrations of ET-1 and MMP-2, 9, and 14 were found between hypothyroid and euthyroid dogs. Therefore, ET-1 and MMP-2, 9, and 14 are unlikely to be primary mediators of BBB damage in chronically hypothyroid dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Pancotto
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States.
| | - John H Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - William R Huckle
- Department of Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Karen D Inzana
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
| | - Kurt L Zimmerman
- Department of Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 225 Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States
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Jeandel A, Thibaud JL, Blot S. Facial and vestibular neuropathy of unknown origin in 16 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:74-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Jeandel
- Neurology Unit & UPR de Neurobiologie, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est Créteil; 94700 Maisons Alfort France
| | | | - S. Blot
- Neurology Unit & UPR de Neurobiologie, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est Créteil; 94700 Maisons Alfort France
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TSUBOI M, UCHIDA K, IDE T, OGAWA M, INAGAKI T, TAMURA S, SAITO M, CHAMBERS JK, NAKAYAMA H. Pathological Features of Polyneuropathy in Three Dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:327-35. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya TSUBOI
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki UCHIDA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Tetsuya IDE
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Mizue OGAWA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Takehiko INAGAKI
- Department of Neurology, Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2–5–8 Kuji, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 213–0032, Japan
| | - Shinji TAMURA
- Tamura Animal Clinic, 7–16 Saeki-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 731-5100, Japan
| | - Miyoko SAITO
- Department of Surgery II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1–17–71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 229–8501, Japan
| | - James K. CHAMBERS
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1–1–1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8657, Japan
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Smith PM, Gonçalves R, McConnell JF. Sensitivity and specificity of MRI for detecting facial nerve abnormalities in dogs with facial neuropathy. Vet Rec 2012; 171:349. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Smith
- Davies Veterinary Specialists Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion Hitchin Herfordshire SG5 3HR UK
| | - R. Gonçalves
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Chester High Road Neston CH64 7TE UK
| | - J. F. McConnell
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Chester High Road Neston CH64 7TE UK
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Abstract
Hypothyroidism is recognised as an important endocrine disorder of dogs, and a frequent differential for numerous presenting complaints. Its diagnosis has never been straight forward as results suggestive of hypothyroidism can occur for a variety of reasons in dogs with normal thyroid function (euthyroid). As a consequence, the accurate investigation of hypothyroidism has been hindered by the potential inclusion of a number of cases not truly hypothyroid. In recent years, the development of newer diagnostic tests, e.g. free thyroxine, canine thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin autoantibodies, has significantly improved our ability to reliably differentiate hypothyroidism from other clinically similar disorders. This has led to a marked increase in our knowledge of the phenotypic, genotypic and aetiological aspects of this disorder in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Mooney
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Unit, School of Agriculture, Food Science & Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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