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Gehlen H, Fisch J, Merle R, Trachsel DS. Preliminary study on the effects of pergolide on left ventricular function in the horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e64. [PMID: 34553515 PMCID: PMC8460455 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), a neurodegenerative disease leading to reduced dopamine production, is a common disease in aged horses. The treatment is based on administration of the dopamine agonist pergolide. This drug has been related to valvular fibrosis in humans, but the cardiovascular effect of this drug has not yet been investigated in horses. OBJECTIVES To determine whether pergolide induces valvular disease in horses or affects the cardiac function. METHODS Standard, tissue Doppler (TDE) and two-dimensional speckle tracking (STE) echocardiography were performed in horses with diagnosed PPID based on adrenocorticotropic hormone dosage. Measurements taken in horses treated with pergolide were compared with those from untreated horses with nonparametric t-tests. Furthermore, measurements from follow-up examinations performed at least three months after the initial exam were compared with a Wilcoxon signed rank test for repeated measurements in each group. RESULTS Twenty-three horses were included. None of the 12 horses under treatment developed valvular regurgitation. Furthermore, no differences in the measurements of the left ventricular systolic or diastolic function could be seen between the group of horses with treatment and those without treatment. Measurements taken in the follow-up exam did not differ compared to those taken in the initial exam in both groups. CONCLUSIONS No changes of the left ventricular function assessed by TDE and STE could be shown in a small population of horses with confirmed PPID. Treatment with pergolide did not affect the ventricular function nor induce valvular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Gehlen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Freie University Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Judith Fisch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Freie University Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie University Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Dagmar S Trachsel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic: Surgery and Radiology, Freie University Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany.
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Eberhardt C, Schwarzwald CC. Quantification of left atrial contractile function using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in horses after conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 35:108-120. [PMID: 33940552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES In horses, persistent atrial dysfunction is a prognostic indicator of recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF). The objective of this study was to quantify left atrial (LA) contractile function in Warmblood horses after successful cardioversion of AF to sinus rhythm, using standard two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) and two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) analyses, and to provide proof-of-concept for use of 2DST to detect LA contractile dysfunction in horses. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Nineteen Warmblood horses with AF and successful transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) or medical cardioversion using quinidine sulfate (QS) were included. Echocardiography was performed at 24 hr, 72 hr, and 1-6 months after cardioversion. Conventional 2DE-derived indices of LA size and function and global longitudinal strain (SL) and longitudinal strain rate (SRL) during LA contractile function were measured to detect differences in LA size and function over time and between treatment modalities. The association between 2DE-derived indices and global SL and SRL, respectively, and the agreement of the variables to detect LA dysfunction were assessed. RESULTS Global SL and SRL, as well as active LA fractional area change (FAC) identified cases with LA dysfunction after TVEC and QS cardioversion and proved useful to demonstrate LA functional recovery over time. Agreement between active LA FAC and SL and SRL, respectively, to diagnose atrial dysfunction was substantial to fair at 24 hr after cardioversion and decreased with time. CONCLUSION This study shows that 2DST is useful to quantify LA contractile dysfunction in horses after cardioversion of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eberhardt
- University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Equine Department, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - C C Schwarzwald
- University of Zurich, Vetsuisse Faculty, Equine Department, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Quantification of left atrial wall motion in healthy horses using two-dimensional speckle tracking. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 30:32-43. [PMID: 32645687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mechanical function of the left atrium (LA) plays a pivotal role in modulation of left ventricular filling. Assessment of LA function might be a clinically useful prognostic tool for horses with mitral regurgitation or atrial fibrillation. However, the most accurate, reliable, and clinically useful methods to assess LA myocardial function are yet to be determined. The objective of this study was to describe the methods for quantification of LA wall motion using two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) echocardiography in healthy Warmblood horses to quantify measurement variability, to calculate reference intervals for 2DST variables, and to investigate their relationship to sex, age, body weight, and heart rate. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Twenty-six healthy Warmblood horses were included. 2DST analyses of LA wall motion were performed on digitally stored cine-loop recordings of a standardized right-parasternal four-chamber view focusing on the LA. Longitudinal strain, longitudinal strain rate, and time to peak LA contraction were measured to characterize LA contractile, reservoir, and conduit function. Intraobserver and interobserver measurement variability was quantified, and reference intervals were calculated. RESULTS The coefficient of variation for intraobserver and interobserver measurement variability ranged between 2.0-11.1% and 5.1-15.4%, respectively, for global strain, strain rate, and time to peak LA contraction. Reference intervals for healthy Warmblood horses were reported. CONCLUSION This study shows that 2DST is a feasible and reliable method to quantify LA wall motion throughout the cardiac cycle in healthy Warmblood horses. Further studies are required to establish the clinical value of 2DST for assessment of LA function.
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Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, Rademakers F, van Loon G. Assessment of left ventricular function in horses with aortic regurgitation by 2D speckle tracking. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:93. [PMID: 32197611 PMCID: PMC7085189 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aortic regurgitation (AR) may lead to left ventricular (LV) dilatation, cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure. Close follow-up of horses with AR is therefore paramount to detect onset of cardiac decompensation. The aim of this study was to examine whether two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) can be used to detect altered myocardial function in horses with chronic AR compared to control horses. Speckle tracking was performed on short axis and long axis images of the LV in 29 healthy Warmblood horses and 57 Warmblood horses with AR. Radial, circumferential and longitudinal strain, strain rate and displacement were measured for each segment separately and the average was calculated over all segments. Data generated from the apical segments were not included in the analysis. Results Radial (SR) and circumferential (SC) strain were significantly higher in horses with moderate AR (average SR 75.5 ± 24.3%, SC 19.3 ± 3.2%) but not in horses with severe AR (SR 65.5 ± 26.2%, SC 16.3 ± 3.5%), compared to control horses (SR 54.5 ± 18.0%, SC 16.8 ± 3.0%). Longitudinal strain did not show significant differences, but longitudinal displacement (DL) was larger in horses with moderate (average DL 29.5 ± 4.1 cm) and severe AR (DL 32.4 ± 6.1 cm) compared to control horses (DL 25.7 ± 4.0 cm), especially in the interventricular septum. Diastolic longitudinal strain rate was lower in early diastole in horses with severe AR (0.93 ± 0.18/s) compared to controls (1.13 ± 0.13/s). Conclusions 2DST is able to detect altered myocardial motion in horses with AR, which showed significantly higher radial and circumferential strain. Further research is needed to determine whether these findings contribute to a more accurate diagnosis and prognosis in clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - S Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Rademakers
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Howlett LA, O'Sullivan K, Sculthorpe N, Richards J. The effect of varying intensities of lower limb eccentric muscle contractions on left ventricular function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:539-548. [PMID: 31950255 PMCID: PMC6989420 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The effect of eccentric (ECC) resistance exercise (RE) on myocardial mechanics is currently unknown. Method This study investigated ECC RE at varying intensities on left ventricular (LV) function using LV strain (ε), wall stress and haemodynamic parameters. Twenty-four healthy male volunteers completed ECC leg extensions at 20%, 50% and 80% of their ECC maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), whilst receiving echocardiograms. Global longitudinal ɛ, strain rate (SR), longitudinal tissue velocity, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), LV wall stress and rate pressure product (RPP) were assessed at baseline and during exercise. Results Left ventricular global ɛ, systolic SR and wall stress remained unchanged throughout. Systolic blood pressure (sBP), MAP and RPP increased at 80% and 50% intensities compared to rest (P < 0.01). Eccentric RE increased HR and peak late diastolic SR at all intensities compared to rest (P < 0.02). Conclusion The findings suggest acute ECC RE may not alter main parameters of LV function, supporting future potential for wider clinical use. However, future studies must investigate the impact of multiple repetitions and training on LV function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Howlett
- Institute of Sport Science and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, MK41 9EA, UK. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Kyle O'Sullivan
- Institute of Sport Science and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, ML3 0JB, UK
| | - Joanna Richards
- Institute of Sport Science and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, MK41 9EA, UK
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Gehlen H, Schlaga A. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Myocardial Function in Standardbreds During the First Year of Race Training. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 80:40-48. [PMID: 31443832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown the effect of training on myocardial deformation parameters in human athletes. The aim of this prospective, longitudinal study was echocardiographic evaluation of myocardial velocities and deformation in horses during the first year of training. Twelve Standardbred yearlings were examined using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-ST) during the first year of race training (short axis of left and right ventricle). The first examination was performed before the beginning of training (n = 12). At the last time point, horses were fully trained and had participated in their first races (n = 10). Radial myocardial velocities were evaluated using color (c-) and pulsed-wave (PW-)TDI in the left ventricular free wall, the interventricular septum (IVS) and the right ventricular free wall from a right parasternal short-axis image. Strain and strain rate were evaluated using 2D-ST in the LW and IVS using offline analysis of the 2D grayscale images. The radial, systolic myocardial velocities in the left ventricle (LVFW) increased significantly over the year in both c- and PW-TDI. In addition, the early diastolic velocity in the LW (in cTDI) and IVS (in c- and PW-TDI) and the systolic velocity in the IVS (in cTDI) increased significantly. The 2D-ST revealed significant increases of the radial systolic and early diastolic strain rate in the IVS and of the late diastolic strain rate in the LW. Training and aging/growing had both an impact on echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Amelie Schlaga
- Equine Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
This article provides an overview on the principles of transthoracic echocardiography in horses. Indications for echocardiography, equipment, and technical considerations are discussed and a systematic approach for a complete echocardiographic examination in horses is described. Methods for assessment of chamber dimensions, allometric scaling of measurements, assessment of systolic and diastolic ventricular function, assessment of atrial function, hemodynamic assessment, and evaluation of valvular regurgitation are explained, focusing on traditional 2-dimensional (2D), motion-mode, and Doppler echocardiographic methods. Selected applications of newer echocardiographic methods, such as tissue Doppler imaging and 2D speckle tracking are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Schwarzwald
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Department, Swiss Equine Cardiology Consulting, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
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Gehlen H, Bildheim LM. Speckle-tracking analysis of myocardial deformation in correlation to age in healthy horses. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:676-682. [PMID: 29695144 PMCID: PMC6167342 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An effect of aging on cardiac morphology and function has been shown in humans. In horses, cardiac wall motion analysis using two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-ST) has not yet been reported. Our study included 57 horses of different warmblood breeds between 3 and 30 years old. Age had a significant influence on left ventricular free wall (LVFW) systolic strain rate (p ≤ 0.05) and early diastolic relaxation (p ≤ 0.01). In the interventricular septum (IVS), systolic (p ≤ 0.01) and late diastolic (p ≤ 0.05) contraction velocities also increased with age. In our study, 2D-ST revealed important information on myocardial function, which was most evident in the LVFW, where measurements were highly reproducible. Aging seems to be associated with structural changes within the myocardium and with decreasing contraction capacity in old animals. These physiological, age-related processes should be considered when performing cardiac wall motion analysis of the 2D-ST results for the LVFW and IVS in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Evaluation of the right parasternal four-chamber view for the assessment of left ventricular longitudinal strain and strain rate by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2018; 120:78-85. [PMID: 30268987 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2-D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a relatively new imaging technique, introduced in veterinary medicine to aid the assessment of left ventricular (LV) myocardial function. Among other indices, LV longitudinal strain and strain rate (SR) can be measured with this modality, and in dogs they are usually obtained from the left apical four-chamber (LAp4Ch) view. However, in this species, a good quality right parasternal four-chamber (RP4Ch) view can generally be attained, and the aim of this study was therefore to determine its feasibility and reliability for longitudinal strain and SR assessment, and to establish whether the two projections can be used interchangeably. Fifty-one healthy dogs and twenty-five dogs with various cardiac diseases were examined. Longitudinal global and segmental strains and global SR of the LV were obtained with 2-D STE by use of RP4Ch and LAp4Ch views. Intra-observer (within-day and between-day) and inter-observer variabilities were established, and strain and SR values obtained from the two views were compared. The RP4Ch view demonstrated to be feasible for the assessment of longitudinal strain and SR by use of 2-D STE in healthy and diseased dogs. However, out of sector motion of the apical segments could occur and induce tracking errors. The deformation parameters obtained from this view and the LAp4Ch view were often significantly different, and therefore they should not be used interchangeably. Further, the software employed in the present study performed better global than segmental strain analysis for both views.
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Seng MC, Shen X, Wang K, Chong DT, Fam JM, Hamid N, Amanullah MR, Yeo KK, Ewe SH, Chua TS, Ding ZP, Sahlén A. Allometric Relationships for Cardiac Size and Longitudinal Function in Healthy Chinese Adults - Normal Ranges and Clinical Correlates. Circ J 2018; 82:1836-1843. [PMID: 29695648 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-18-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac size measurements require indexing to body size. Allometric indexing has been investigated in Caucasian populations but a range of different values for the so-called allometric power exponent (b) have been proposed, with uncertainty as to whether allometry offers clinical utility above body surface area (BSA)-based indexing. We derived optimal values for b in normal echocardiograms and validated them externally in cardiac patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Values for b were derived in healthy adult Chinese males (n=1,541), with optimal b for left ventricular mass (LVM) of 1.66 (95% confidence interval 1.41-1.92). LV hypertrophy (LVH) defined as indexed LVM >75 g/m1.66 was associated with adverse outcomes in an external validation cohort (n=738) of patients with acute coronary syndrome (odds ratio for reinfarction: 2.4 (1.1-5.4)). In contrast, LVH defined by BSA-based indexing or allometry using exponent 2.7 exhibited no significant association with outcomes (P=NS for both). Cardiac longitudinal function also varied with body size: septal and RV free wall s', TAPSE and lateral e' all scaled allometrically (b=0.3-0.9). CONCLUSIONS An optimal b of 1.66 for LVM in healthy Chinese was found to validate well, with superior clinical utility both to that of BSA-based indexing and to b=2.7. The effect of allometric indexing of cardiac function requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anders Sahlén
- National Heart Centre Singapore.,Karolinska Institutet
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Ven S, Decloedt A, De Clercq D, Vera L, Rademakers F, van Loon G. Detection of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction by tissue Doppler imaging in horses with aortic regurgitation. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:587-593. [PMID: 29341213 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic regurgitation (AR) can have an important clinical impact and in some cases leads to left ventricular (LV) failure. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is an echocardiographic technique that has been used in horses to detect LV dysfunction. OBJECTIVES To examine whether TDI detects changes in radial myocardial wall motion in horses with AR compared with control horses. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Echocardiography was performed in 30 healthy Warmblood horses and 34 Warmblood horses with AR, subdivided in groups with mild, moderate or severe AR. TDI measurements were performed on six segments of the short-axis images of the LV myocardial wall. Myocardial wall motion was evaluated by measuring velocity and deformation during isovolumetric contraction, systole, early and late diastole. Timing of different events was also measured. RESULTS In most segments, a significantly higher systolic myocardial velocity was found in horses with AR compared with controls. Horses with AR also had higher late diastolic velocity, although the difference was not significant in all segments. TDI measurement of timing intervals demonstrated less difference between groups. MAIN LIMITATIONS There was a significant difference in age between the control group and horses with AR, which may confound the results. The assessment of AR severity was based on subjective criteria as there is no gold standard. CONCLUSIONS TDI showed significant differences in radial systolic and late diastolic myocardial velocity in horses with AR. This could indicate an altered LV function in these horses, but further research is needed to investigate the prognostic value of these measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Vera
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Rademakers
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Miller SM, Spargo KE. Science-in-brief: Clinical highlights from 50th Congress of the South African Equine Veterinary Association 2017. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:266-268. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Miller
- Summerveld Equine Hospital; Summerveld South Africa
- Section Diagnostic Imaging; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort; Pretoria South Africa
| | - K. E. Spargo
- Section Diagnostic Imaging; Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort; Pretoria South Africa
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Figueiredo V, Muzzi R, Pereira C, Mantovani M, Muzzi L, Oberlender G, Júnior A, Arruda P. Avaliação da depressão miocárdica por meio do feature tracking bidimensional em cadelas com sepse. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo foi analisar a função do ventrículo esquerdo de cadelas que apresentavam sepse ou não e diagnosticar a depressão miocárdica de forma precoce, por meio do feature tracking imaging bidimensional (FTI-2D).Vinte e nove cadelas diagnosticadas com piometra, patologia usada como modelo experimental para sepse, foram avaliadas. Os animais foram submetidos ao exame ecocardiográfico convencional e ao FTI-2D e divididos em três grupos: grupo I (controle), grupo II (piometra sepse) e grupo III (piometra não sepse). Em relação aos parâmetros da ecocardiografia convencional, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos avaliados. Quanto ao strain radial, os grupos II e III apresentaram função ventricular inferior no momento do diagnóstico (22,805,80 grupo I; 18,455,96 grupo II; 18,719,45 grupo III; P=0,032) e o grupo III manteve essa redução no retorno. Já no strain rate radial, apenas o grupo III obteve função ventricular inferior no momento do diagnóstico (1,900,57 grupo I; 1,910,70 grupo II, 1,570,53 grupo III; P=0,021). Para o strain longitudinal, observou-se função ventricular mais baixa nos grupos II e III no momento do diagnóstico (11,043,38 grupo I; 8,593,97 grupo II; 8,211,99; P=0,048) e após 10 dias de pós-cirúrgico (11,043,38 grupo I; 9,002,16 grupo II; 8,122,27 grupo III; p=0,048). O FTI-2D foi capaz de detectar alterações precoces da função ventricular esquerda, que não foram observadas no exame ecocardiográfico convencional, sugerindo quadro de depressão miocárdica, até mesmo em cadelas com piometra sem quadro clínico evidente de sepse. Assim, essa modalidade pode ser útil no diagnóstico, pois pode detectar alterações cardíacas precoces, possibilitando uma intervenção terapêutica rápida.
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Flethøj M, Schwarzwald CC, Haugaard MM, Carstensen H, Kanters JK, Olsen LH, Buhl R. Left Ventricular Function After Prolonged Exercise in Equine Endurance Athletes. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1260-9. [PMID: 27305095 PMCID: PMC5094507 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged exercise in human athletes is associated with transient impairment of left ventricular (LV) function, known as cardiac fatigue. Cardiac effects of prolonged exercise in horses remain unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of prolonged exercise on LV systolic and diastolic function in horses. ANIMALS Twenty-six horses competing in 120-160 km endurance rides. METHODS Cross-sectional field study. Echocardiography was performed before and after rides, and the following morning, and included two-dimensional echocardiography, anatomical M-mode, pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging, and two-dimensional speckle tracking. Correlation between echocardiographic variables and cardiac troponin I was evaluated. RESULTS Early diastolic myocardial velocities decreased significantly in longitudinal (baseline: -17.4 ± 2.4cm/s; end of ride: -15.8 ± 3.2cm/s (P = .013); morning after: -15.4 ± 3.0cm/s (P = .0033)) and radial directions (-32.8 ± 3.4cm/s; -28.1 ± 5.8cm/s (P < .001); -26.4 ± 5.5cm/s (P < .001)). Early diastolic strain rates decreased significantly in longitudinal (1.58 ± 0.27s(-1) ; 1.45 ± 0.26s(-1) (P = .036); 1.41 ± 0.25s(-1) (P = .013)) and circumferential directions (2.43 ± 0.29s(-1) ; 1.96 ± 0.46s(-1) (P < .001); 2.11 ± 0.32s(-1) (P < .001)). Systolic variables showed ambiguous results. No correlations with serum cardiac troponin I concentrations were evident. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Prolonged exercise in horses is associated with impaired LV diastolic function. Reduced ventricular filling persisted for 7-21 hours despite normalization of biochemical indicators of hydration status, indicating that the observed changes were not entirely related to altered preload conditions. The clinical relevance of cardiac fatigue in horses remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Flethøj
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - C C Schwarzwald
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M M Haugaard
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - H Carstensen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - J K Kanters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L H Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - R Buhl
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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15
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Decloedt A, De Clercq D, Ven Sofie S, Van Der Vekens N, Sys S, Broux B, van Loon G. Echocardiographic measurements of right heart size and function in healthy horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:58-64. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - D. De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - S. Ven Sofie
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - N. Van Der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - S. Sys
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - B. Broux
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
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Berli ASJ, Jud Schefer R, Steininger K, Schwarzwald CC. The use of strain, strain rate, and displacement by 2D speckle tracking for assessment of systolic left ventricular function in goats: applicability and influence of general anesthesia. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2015; 13:11. [PMID: 25885445 PMCID: PMC4373510 DOI: 10.1186/s12947-015-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function can be achieved by conventional echocardiographic methods, but quantification of contractility, regional myocardial function, and ventricular synchrony is challenging. The goal of this study was to investigate the applicability of two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) to characterize segmental and global wall motion for assessment of LV function and LV synchrony in healthy goats. We aimed to describe the techniques, report normal values of a variety of 2DST indices, and determine the influence of general anesthesia. Methods Prospective study on 22 healthy female Saanen goats (3.7 ± 1.1 y, 60.2 ± 10.5 kg [mean ± SD]). All goats underwent two transthoracic echocardiographic examinations, the first standing and unsedated and the second 7.4 ± 3.5 days later during isoflurane anesthesia and positioned in sternal recumbency. Data analyses were performed offline, blinded, and in random order. Left ventricular longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain and strain rate as well as longitudinal and radial displacement were measured using 2DST methods. Summary statistics were generated and differences of 2DST variables between myocardial segments and treatments (i.e., awake vs. anesthetized) were assessed statistically (alpha level=0.05). Results Echocardiographic analyses by 2DST were feasible in all goats and at both time points. Longitudinal systolic strain, strain rate and displacement followed a gradient from apex to base. Absolute systolic strain was generally lower and strain rate was higher in awake goats compared to anesthetized goats. Circumferential and radial indices did not consistently follow a segmental pattern. Generally, peak strain occurred later in anesthetized goats compared to awake goats. General anesthesia did not significantly influence LV synchrony. Conclusions 2SDT is a valid method for non-invasive characterization of LV wall motion in awake and anesthetized goats. The results of this study add to the understanding of LV mechanical function, aid in the diagnosis of global and segmental LV systolic dysfunction, and will be useful for future cardiovascular studies in this species. However, effects of anesthesia and species-specific characteristics should be considered when goats are used as animal models for human disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12947-015-0005-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sabin J Berli
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Rahel Jud Schefer
- Small Animal Department, and Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Kathrin Steininger
- Farm Animal Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Colin C Schwarzwald
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
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17
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dos Reis GFM, Nogueira RB, Silva AC, Oberlender G, Muzzi RAL, Mantovani MM. Spectral analysis of femoral artery blood flow waveforms of conscious domestic cats. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:972-8. [PMID: 24718293 PMCID: PMC11104085 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14529123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative aspects of femoral artery blood flow waveform spectra were evaluated in 15 male and 15 female Persian and mixed breed domestic cats (Felis catus), which were healthy and not sedated, using duplex Doppler ultrasonography (DDU). Spectral Doppler demonstrated a biphasic characteristic in 16 (53.34%) of the animals evaluated, and a triphasic characteristic in the 14 (46.66%) remaining animals. The systolic blood pressure and heart rate values were within the normal range for the species. The quantitative parameters evaluated, based on the spectral Doppler, were as follows: systolic velocity peak (SVP), recent diastolic velocity peak (RDVP), end diastolic velocity peak (EDVP), mean velocity (MV), integral velocity time (ITV), artery diameter (AD), femoral flow volume (FFV), pulsatility index (PI), resistive index (RI), systolic peak acceleration time (AT) and deceleration time (DT). The respective mean values were: 36.41 ± 7.33 cm/s, 4.69 ± 0.90 cm/s, 10.74 ± 2.74 cm/s, 23.06 ± 4.86 cm/s, 3.91 ± 1.05 cm, 0.17 ± 0.04 cm, 0.11 ± 0.08 cm(3), 3.85 ± 0.19, 1.40 ± 0.20, 39.84 ± 7.38 ms, and 114.0 ± 22.15 ms. No significant differences were found between males and females. The analyses carried out on the femoral artery flow spectrum obtained by DDU showed that it is easy to use and highly tolerated in non-sedated, healthy cats. It appears that DDU may be a useful diagnostic technique, but further studies are needed to evaluate how it compares with invasive telemetric methodology or high-definition oscillometric waveform analytic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo B Nogueira
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Silva
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Oberlender
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of South Frontier, Realeza, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ruthnéa A L Muzzi
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus M Mantovani
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Veterinary and Zootecnia School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Gehlen H, Nagel D. Myocardial Function of Horses Under Sedation with Romifidine Using Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Heidrun G, Susanne N. Tissue Doppler Imaging and Two-dimensional Speckle Tracking of Left Ventricular Function in Horses Affected with Recurrent Airway Obstruction before and after Clenbuterol Treatment. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Longitudinal strain and strain rate by two-dimensional speckle tracking in non-sedated healthy cats. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1175-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Decloedt A, Verheyen T, Sys S, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Evaluation of tissue Doppler imaging for regional quantification of radial left ventricular wall motion in healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:53-61. [PMID: 23270346 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the feasibility and repeatability of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) for quantification of radial left ventricular (LV) velocity and deformation from different imaging planes and to correlate cardiac event timing data obtained by TDI to M-mode and pulsed-wave Doppler-derived time intervals in horses. ANIMALS 10 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Repeated echocardiography was performed by 2 observers from right and left parasternal short-axis views at papillary muscle and chordal levels. The TDI measurements of systolic and diastolic velocity, strain rate, strain peak values, and timing were performed in 8 LV wall segments (LV free wall and interventricular septum from right parasternal views; left and right region of LV wall from left parasternal views). The inter- and intraobserver within- and between-day variability and measurement variability were assessed. The correlation between TDI-based measurements and M-mode and pulsed-wave Doppler-based time measurements was calculated. RESULTS TDI measurements of velocity, strain rate, and strain were feasible in each horse, although deformation could often not be measured in the LV free wall. Systolic and diastolic time intervals could be determined with low to moderate variability, whereas peak amplitude variability ranged from low to high. The TDI-based time measurements were significantly correlated to M-mode and pulsed-wave Doppler measurements. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE TDI measurements of radial LV velocity and deformation were feasible with low to moderate variability in 8 LV segments. These measurements can be used for evaluating LV function in further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Decloedt A, Verheyen T, Sys S, Clercq D, Loon G. Tissue Doppler Imaging and 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking of Left Ventricular Function in Horses Exposed to Lasalocid. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1209-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - T. Verheyen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - S. Sys
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - D. Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - G. Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
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How similar are the mice to men? Between-species comparison of left ventricular mechanics using strain imaging. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40061. [PMID: 22768220 PMCID: PMC3386935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While mammalian heart size maintains constant proportion to whole body size, scaling of left ventricular (LV) function parameters shows a more complex scaling pattern. We used 2-D speckle tracking strain imaging to determine whether LV myocardial strains and strain rates scale to heart size. METHODS We studied 18 mice, 15 rats, 6 rabbits, 12 dogs and 20 human volunteers by 2-D echocardiography. Relationship between longitudinal or circumferential strains/strain rates (S(Long)/SR(Long), S(Circ)/SR(Circ)), and LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) or mass were assessed by the allometric (power-law) equation Y = kM(β). RESULTS Mean LV mass in individual species varied from 0.038 to 134 g, LV EDV varied from 0.015 to 102 ml, while RR interval varied from 81 to 1090 ms. While S(Long) increased with increasing LV EDV or mass (β values 0.047±0.006 and 0.051±0.005, p<0.0001 vs. 0 for both) S(Circ) was unchanged (p = NS for both LV EDV or mass). Systolic and diastolic SR(Long) and SR(Circ) showed inverse correlations to LV EDV or mass (p<0.0001 vs. 0 for all comparisons). The ratio between S(Long) and S(Circ) increased with increasing values of LV EDV or mass (β values 0.039±0.010 and 0.040±0.011, p>0.0003 for both). CONCLUSIONS While S(Circ) is unchanged, S(Long) increases with increasing heart size, indicating that large mammals rely more on long axis contribution to systolic function. SR(Long) and SR(Circ), both diastolic and systolic, show an expected decrease with increasing heart size.
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Verheyen T, Decloedt A, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Cardiac changes in horses with atypical myopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1019-26. [PMID: 22646196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical myopathy (AM) is an acute, fatal rhabdomyolysis in grazing horses that mainly affects skeletal muscles. Postmortem examinations have shown that myocardial damage also occurs. Limited information is available on the effect of AM on cardiac function in affected and surviving horses. OBJECTIVES To describe electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes associated with AM in the acute stage of the disease and after follow-up. ANIMALS Horses (n = 12) diagnosed with AM in which cardiac ultrasound examination and ECG recording were available. METHODS All horses underwent clinical examinations, serum biochemistry, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. Four surviving horses underwent the same examinations after 2-10 weeks. RESULTS All but 1 horse had increased cardiac troponin I concentrations and 10 horses had ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs). All horses had prolonged corrected QT (QT(cf) ) intervals on the day of admission and abnormal myocardial wall motion on echocardiography. One of the surviving horses still had VPDs and prolonged QT(cf) at follow-up after 10 weeks. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The AM results in characteristic electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes and may be associated with increased cardiac troponin I concentrations and VPDs. In survivors, abnormal cardiac function still may be found at follow-up after 10 weeks. Additional research in a larger group of horses is necessary to identify the long-term effects of AM on cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Verheyen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Decloedt A, Verheyen T, Sys S, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Two-dimensional speckle tracking for quantification of left ventricular circumferential and radial wall motion in horses. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:47-55. [PMID: 22339797 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The use of two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) for quantification of left ventricular (LV) function has recently been described in horses using long-axis images and short-axis images at chordal but not at papillary muscle level. OBJECTIVES To compare the feasibility and reliability of 2DST for quantification of circumferential and radial LV function in short-axis images at papillary muscle and chordal level. METHODS Repeated echocardiographic examinations were performed on 10 healthy trotter horses by 2 observers from a right parasternal short-axis view at papillary muscle and chordal level. Segmental and averaged peak values and timing of circumferential and radial strain and strain rate, radial displacement and rotation were measured in 6 LV wall segments in each imaging plane. Global peak values were calculated for circumferential strain and strain rate. The inter- and intraobserver within- and between-day variability was assessed by calculating coefficients of variation for repeated measurements. RESULTS 2DST analysis was feasible in each cardiac cycle, although tracking was often inadequate during early diastole. Measurements of averaged systolic circumferential and radial strain and strain rate and radial displacement as well as global circumferential strain and strain rate could be determined with low variability. Early and late diastolic strain rate and systolic rotation showed a moderate variability. Radial segmental measurements were more reliable than circumferential measurements. The interventricular septum showed a higher circumferential and lower radial strain compared with the LV free wall. Peak timing was earlier at papillary muscle compared with chordal level. CONCLUSIONS 2DST measurements of global and regional circumferential and radial LV wall motion are feasible both at papillary muscle and chordal level. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Several measurements had good reliability and should be used for evaluation of the technique in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Schefer K, Hagen R, Ringer S, Schwarzwald C. Laboratory, Electrocardiographic, and Echocardiographic Detection of Myocardial Damage and Dysfunction in an Arabian Mare with Nutritional Masseter Myodegeneration. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1171-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K.D. Schefer
- Internal Medicine Section, Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - R. Hagen
- Diagnostic Imaging Section; Small Animal Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - S.K. Ringer
- Anesthesiology Section; Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - C.C. Schwarzwald
- Internal Medicine Section, Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
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