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Vernemmen I, Van Steenkiste G, Decloedt A, Meert H, Walser U, van Loon G. Detection of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation preceding persistent atrial fibrillation in a horse using an implantable loop recorder with remote monitoring. J Vet Cardiol 2024; 52:19-27. [PMID: 38402667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Implantable loop recorders (ILRs) are increasingly used in equine cardiology to detect arrhythmias in the context of collapse, poor performance or monitoring for recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF). However to date, the ILR has never been reported to be used with a remote monitoring functionality in horses, therefore the arrhythmia is only discovered when a clinician interrogates the ILR using dedicated equipment, which might delay diagnosis and intervention. This case report describes the use of an ILR with remote monitoring functionality in a horse with recurrent AF. The remote monitoring consisted of a transmission device located in the stable allowing daily transmission of arrhythmia recordings and functioning messages to an online server, available for the clinician to evaluate without specialised equipment. The ILR detected an episode of paroxysmal AF approximately 3 months after implantation. Seven months after implantation, initiation of persistent AF was seen on an episode misclassified by the ILR as bradycardia, and the horse was retired. This report shows the feasibility and benefits of remote monitoring for ILRs in horses, but also the shortcomings of current algorithms to interpret the equine electrocardiogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vernemmen
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - G Van Steenkiste
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H Meert
- Biotronik Belgium, Medialaan 36, 1800 Vilvoorde, Belgium
| | - U Walser
- Biotronik Belgium, Medialaan 36, 1800 Vilvoorde, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Hellemans A, Duytschaever M, Van Steenkiste G, van Loon G, Bosmans T, Mampaey G, Smets P. Successful high-resolution three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation of a posteroseptal accessory pathway in a dog using CARTO 3. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 51:207-213. [PMID: 38198978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A one-year-and-seven-month-old, 28 kg, male castrated crossbreed dog was presented for supraventricular tachycardia causing recurrent episodes of anorexia and lethargy. Sotalol (2.2 mg/kg q12 h) reduced the frequency of symptomatic episodes but did not provide full relief. Three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping was performed at the Ghent University Small Animal Teaching hospital using the CARTO 3. Right atrial activation mapping identified the earliest atrial activation right posteroseptal, near the tricuspid annulus. Fast retrograde ventriculoatrial conduction during tachycardia and extrastimulus testing confirmed the presence of a concealed right posteroseptal accessory pathway. Six radiofrequency catheter ablation applications were delivered, and tachycardia remained uninducible. The dog recovered well from the procedure. Sotalol was stopped three weeks later, and no more clinical signs were noted by the owner. Repeated 24-hour electrocardiography monitoring on day one and at 1, 3, and 12 months after the procedure showed no recurrence of tachycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hellemans
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - M Duytschaever
- Department of Cardiology, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Ruddershove 10, 8000 Brugge, Belgium
| | - G Van Steenkiste
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Bosmans
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G Mampaey
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Smets
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Vernemmen I, Van Steenkiste G, Hauspie S, De Lange L, Buschmann E, Schauvliege S, Van den Broeck W, Decloedt A, Vanderperren K, van Loon G. Development of a three-dimensional computer model of the equine heart using a polyurethane casting technique and in vivo contrast-enhanced computed tomography. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 51:72-85. [PMID: 38101318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Insight into the three-dimensional (3D) anatomy of the equine heart is essential in veterinary education and to develop minimally invasive intracardiac procedures. The aim was to create a 3D computer model simulating the in vivo anatomy of the adult equine heart. ANIMALS Ten horses and five ponies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten horses, euthanized for non-cardiovascular reasons, were used for in situ cardiac casting with polyurethane foam and subsequent computed tomography (CT) of the excised heart. In five anaesthetized ponies, a contrast-enhanced electrocardiogram-gated CT protocol was optimized to image the entire heart. Dedicated image processing software was used to create 3D models of all CT scans derived from both methods. Resulting models were compared regarding relative proportions, detail and ease of segmentation. RESULTS The casting protocol produced high detail, but compliant structures such as the pulmonary trunk were disproportionally expanded by the foam. Optimization of the contrast-enhanced CT protocol, especially adding a delayed phase for visualization of the cardiac veins, resulted in sufficiently detailed CT images to create an anatomically correct 3D model of the pony heart. Rescaling was needed to obtain a horse-sized model. CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional computer models based on contrast-enhanced CT images appeared superior to those based on casted hearts to represent the in vivo situation and are preferred to obtain an anatomically correct heart model useful for education, client communication and research purposes. Scaling was, however, necessary to obtain an approximation of an adult horse heart as cardiac CT imaging is restricted by thoracic size.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vernemmen
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - G Van Steenkiste
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Hauspie
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L De Lange
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Buschmann
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Schauvliege
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Vanderperren
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Hellemans A, Duytschaever M, Van Steenkiste G, van Loon G, Mampaey G, Bosmans T, Stock E, Skotarek M, Smets P. Three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping for guidance of pulmonary vein isolation as treatment for persistent atrial fibrillation in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 49:1-8. [PMID: 37517098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
A two-year and four-month, male German Shepherd was referred for exercise intolerance and panting. Irregular heart auscultation (250 beats per minute (bpm)) and pulse deficits were noted on physical exam. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed irregular, narrow-QRS tachycardia without P waves compatible with coarse atrial fibrillation (AF). A 24-h ECG showed sustained AF (mean ventricular response rate 92 bpm). Echocardiography showed no structural abnormalities. Given the young age and presence of AF-related symptoms, rhythm control was preferred. Transthoracic electrical cardioversion was successfully performed six weeks later but AF recurred within 24-h. Sotalol was started but discontinued due to poor tolerance and AF persisted. Seven months after AF diagnosis, radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) aiming for pulmonary vein isolation was performed under general anaesthesia. After transseptal puncture, three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping of the left atrium was performed. Point-by-point pulmonary vein isolation was achieved by RFCA. Seventy-eight RFCA lesions were placed in the left atrium encircling the three pulmonary vein ostia followed by electrical cardioversion. No complications occurred and the dog was discharged with amiodarone. In the immediate post-operative phase, there was recurrence of persistent AF requiring electrical cardioversion. Furthermore, at one month after the ablation, the dog experienced a single and transient paroxysm of AF. Since then, stable sinus rhythm (SR) was retained on daily ECG monitoring at home and confirmed by 24-h ECG three months post-operatively. Amiodarone was stopped subsequently. At the time of writing (one year post-operative), the dog remains in SR with normal exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hellemans
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - M Duytschaever
- Department of Cardiology, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Ruddershove 10, 8000 Brugge, Belgium
| | - G Van Steenkiste
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G Mampaey
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Bosmans
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Stock
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Skotarek
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Smets
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Neuckermans Z, Paulussen E, Verhaeghe L, van Loon G. Diagnosis of upper respiratory tract disorders in horses using a cheap, smartphone‐connected, flexible and steerable borescope. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Neuckermans
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - E. Paulussen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - L.‐M. Verhaeghe
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
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Vera L, Muylle S, van Loon G, Gatel L, Martens A, Vanderperren K. Internal jugular vein phlebectasia in a one‐year‐old Warmblood stallion. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Vera
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - S. Muylle
- Department of Morphology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - L. Gatel
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - A. Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - K. Vanderperren
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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7
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Van Steenkiste G, Carlson J, Decloedt A, Vera L, Buhl R, Platonov PG, van Loon G. Relationship between atrial fibrillatory rate based on analysis of a modified base-apex surface electrocardiogram analysis and the results of transvenous electrical cardioversion in horses with spontaneous atrial fibrillation. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 34:73-79. [PMID: 33611234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the atrial fibrillatory rate (AFR) derived from a local right atrial intracardiac recording (RA-FR) and from a single-lead surface electrocardiogram (ECG) during atrial fibrillation (AF) and to evaluate the correlation with transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) threshold (in Joules), number of shocks and cardioversion success rate in horses. ANIMALS ECGs and clinical records of horses with AF treated by TVEC. Horses were included if a simultaneous recording of the right atrial intracardiac electrogram and a modified base-apex ECG were available. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical records of horses with AF treated by TVEC were reviewed. Three-minute long episodes of simultaneous electrograms and surface ECG during AF were selected for analysis and compared using Bland-Altman analysis. The mean RA-FR was measured from the deflections on the intracardiac electrogram, while the AFR was extracted from the surface ECG using spatiotemporal QRS and T-wave cancellation. RESULTS Seventy-three horses satisfied the inclusion criteria. The mean difference between RA-FR and AFR was -13 fibrillations per minute (fpm), the 95% limits of agreement were between -66 and 40 fpm, and there was a moderate (ρ = 0.65) correlation between RA-FR and AFR (p < 0.001). Neither RA-FR nor AFR appeared to influence the TVEC cardioversion threshold or the number of TVEC shocks applied. CONCLUSIONS The AFR may allow non-invasive long-term monitoring of AF dynamics. Neither RA-FR nor AFR could be used to predict the minimal defibrillation threshold for TVEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Van Steenkiste
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J Carlson
- Department of Cardiology, Lund University, 21185 Lund, Sweden
| | - A Decloedt
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Vera
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R Buhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Allé 5, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - P G Platonov
- Arrhythmia Clinic, Skåne University Hospital and Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 21185 Lund, Sweden
| | - G van Loon
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Drábková Z, Amory H, Kabeš R, Melková P, van Loon G. Partial atrioventricular septal defect in an adult sport horse. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 31:8-14. [PMID: 32858392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A partial atrioventricular septal defect, represented as a large ostium primum atrial septal defect and common (bridging) atrioventricular valve leaflets with cleft septal leaflet of the mitral valve, was diagnosed incidentally in a nine-year-old warmblood gelding used for show jumping. Initial examination findings and a three-year follow-up are documented in this report. The horse was first presented for the evaluation of chronic coughing. A left-sided, grade 4/6 holosystolic (band-shaped) murmur was identified along with a similar right-sided, grade 3/6 heart murmur. Echocardiography revealed a 6.4 cm diameter communication in the ventral atrial septum, considered an ostium primum atrial septal defect, with bidirectional shunting. A hypertrophic septomarginal trabecula, a thickened tricuspid valve, a cleft septal leaflet of the mitral valve, moderate mitral and tricuspid regurgitation likely related to leaflet prolapse, mild aortic regurgitation, and signs of moderate right ventricular volume overload were found as well. Electrocardiography showed no arrhythmias neither at rest nor during treadmill exercise. The owner continued to use the horse for show jumping. No exercise intolerance or other signs of disease were noted. Follow-up examination was performed three years after initial presentation. Contrast echocardiography confirmed the presence of right-to-left shunting through the atrial septal defect. Compared with the initial examination, the left ventricular internal diameter on M-mode echocardiography had increased. Occasional ventricular premature depolarizations were noted on the resting and exercise electrocardiogram. This is the first description of a clinically asymptomatic partial atrioventricular septal defect in an adult sport horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Drábková
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho Trida 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - H Amory
- Equine Teaching Hospital, Clinical Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - R Kabeš
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho Trida 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Melková
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho Trida 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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De Clercq E, Martens A, Matthys H, Wiemer P, Ugahary F, van Loon G. Partial aneurysmectomy and autologous patch venoplasty in a horse diagnosed with pseudoaneurysm of the jugular vein. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. De Clercq
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - A. Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - H. Matthys
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - P. Wiemer
- De Lingehoeve Diergeneeskunde Lienden The Netherlands
| | - F. Ugahary
- Consultant in General Surgery Tiel The Netherlands
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
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Van Steenkiste G, L V, Decloedt A, Schauvliege S, Boussy T, van Loon G. Endocardial electro-anatomic mapping in healthy horses: Normal sinus impulse propagation in the left and right atrium and the ventricles. Vet J 2020; 258:105452. [PMID: 32564870 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the depolarisation pattern of the equine heart under normal physiologic conditions, and its relationship to the surface electrocardiogram (ECG), is of uppermost importance before any further research can be done about the pathophysiology of complex arrhythmias. In the present study, a 3D electro-anatomical mapping system was used to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative depolarisation patterns and correlation to the surface ECG of both the atrial and ventricular endocardium in seven healthy horses in sinus rhythm under general anaesthesia. Bipolar activation maps of the endocardium were analysed. The first atrial activation was located at the height of the terminal crest. Only one interatrial conduction pathway was recognised. The first and second P wave deflections represent the right and left atrial depolarisation, respectively. Bundle of His electrograms could be recorded in 5/7 horses. Left ventricular activation started at the mid septum and right ventricular activation started apically from the supraventricular crest. This was followed by separate depolarisations at the height of the mid free wall. Further ventricular depolarisation occurred in an explosive pattern. Electrically active tissue could be found in all pulmonary veins. In contrast to findings of previous studies, all parts of the ventricular depolarisation contributed to the surface ECG QRS complex. This study provides a reference for the normal sinus impulse endocardial propagation pattern and for conduction velocities in equine atria and ventricles.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Van Steenkiste
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Vera L
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Boussy
- Department of Cardiology, AZ Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, Rademakers F, van Loon G. Assessment of left ventricular function in horses with aortic regurgitation by 2D speckle tracking. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:93. [PMID: 32197611 PMCID: PMC7085189 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aortic regurgitation (AR) may lead to left ventricular (LV) dilatation, cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure. Close follow-up of horses with AR is therefore paramount to detect onset of cardiac decompensation. The aim of this study was to examine whether two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) can be used to detect altered myocardial function in horses with chronic AR compared to control horses. Speckle tracking was performed on short axis and long axis images of the LV in 29 healthy Warmblood horses and 57 Warmblood horses with AR. Radial, circumferential and longitudinal strain, strain rate and displacement were measured for each segment separately and the average was calculated over all segments. Data generated from the apical segments were not included in the analysis. Results Radial (SR) and circumferential (SC) strain were significantly higher in horses with moderate AR (average SR 75.5 ± 24.3%, SC 19.3 ± 3.2%) but not in horses with severe AR (SR 65.5 ± 26.2%, SC 16.3 ± 3.5%), compared to control horses (SR 54.5 ± 18.0%, SC 16.8 ± 3.0%). Longitudinal strain did not show significant differences, but longitudinal displacement (DL) was larger in horses with moderate (average DL 29.5 ± 4.1 cm) and severe AR (DL 32.4 ± 6.1 cm) compared to control horses (DL 25.7 ± 4.0 cm), especially in the interventricular septum. Diastolic longitudinal strain rate was lower in early diastole in horses with severe AR (0.93 ± 0.18/s) compared to controls (1.13 ± 0.13/s). Conclusions 2DST is able to detect altered myocardial motion in horses with AR, which showed significantly higher radial and circumferential strain. Further research is needed to determine whether these findings contribute to a more accurate diagnosis and prognosis in clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - S Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Rademakers
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Vera L, De Clercq D, Paulussen E, Van Steenkiste G, Decloedt A, Chiers K, van Loon G. Aortic, common carotid and external iliac artery arterial wall stiffness parameters in horses: Inter-day and inter-observer and intra-observer measurement variability. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:471-476. [PMID: 31648382 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human medicine, local and regional arterial wall stiffness (AWS) parameters are routinely used to assess the vascular health. In horses, information regarding reproducibility of ultrasonographically derived AWS parameters is lacking. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the inter-day and inter-observer and intra-observer measurement variability of both local and regional AWS parameters in horses. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS In 10 healthy, adult Warmblood horses, B-, M-mode and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound images were collected on two different days from aorta, cranial and caudal common carotid arteries and external iliac artery. Heart rate and noninvasive blood pressure were recorded simultaneously. From blinded data, diastolic and systolic vessel lumen areas and diameters were measured from B/M-mode images and the velocity of the pressure wave was determined by pulsed-wave Doppler spectra. From each horse, one examination was measured again by the same observer and by a second, independent observer. Local and regional AWS parameters were calculated and inter-day and inter-observer and intra-observer measurement coefficient of variation (CV) were assessed. RESULTS Low CV was found for both arterial diameter and lumen area measurements. Moderate to high CV was found for local AWS parameters, while regional AWS parameters had low CV. MAIN LIMITATIONS The number of horses investigated was too low to obtain reference values. The inter-operator variability was not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Our results show good reproducibility of aortic, carotid and external iliac artery diameter and area measurements using both B- and M-mode ultrasonography. Nevertheless, the variability of the derived local AWS parameters was relatively high. Therefore, local AWS parameters might be less suitable for follow-up studies, although they might be useful for population studies. On the other hand, regional AWS parameters showed low CV, making them valuable for both follow-up and population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vera
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Paulussen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G Van Steenkiste
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Vernemmen I, De Clercq D, Decloedt A, Vera L, Van Steenkiste G, van Loon G. Atrial premature depolarisations five days post electrical cardioversion are related to atrial fibrillation recurrence risk in horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:374-378. [PMID: 31583742 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of atrial premature depolarisations (APDs) is a known risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence in humans. OBJECTIVES To evaluate if the number of APDs over a 24-h period 5 days post cardioversion predicts AF recurrence within 1 year in horses, taking the multifactorial nature of AF into account. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Eighty horses met these inclusion criteria: first AF episode, no AF recurrence within 5 days post cardioversion, cardioversion by transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC), 24-h ECG recording and echocardiographic examination 5 days post cardioversion, no antiarrhythmic treatment during the ECG recording and follow-up of minimum 1 year. To compare the APD burden between the recurrence and non-recurrence group a Mann-Whitney U test was used. A multivariable survival model was built to identify additional risk factors for AF recurrence. RESULTS The patient population mainly consisted of Warmbloods (93%). Twenty-six horses (33%) experienced AF recurrence within 1 year. The number of APDs (median [range]) was significantly higher (P = 0.01) in the recurrence group (15 [1-152]) compared with the non-recurrence group (7 [0-304]). In the multivariable survival model, APDs ≥25/24 h (hazard ratio [HR] 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-6.8, P = 0.02), mitral regurgitation (HR 8.6, 95% CI 2.6-28.9, P<0.001), left atrial active fractional area change ≤9.6% (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.5, P = 0.04) and lower body weight (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-0.99, P = 0.001) were significantly associated with AF recurrence. MAIN LIMITATIONS This study did not evaluate early AF recurrence within 5 days. The results cannot necessarily be extrapolated to other treatment methods, as only horses converted by TVEC were included. CONCLUSIONS The APD burden 5 days post cardioversion could be a useful predictive value for AF recurrence within 1 year in horses. However, other factors such as mitral regurgitation and atrial contractile function must also be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vernemmen
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Vera
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G Van Steenkiste
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Equine Cardioteam Ghent University, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Vernemmen I, De Clercq D, Decloedt A, Schauvliege S, Taeymans Y, De Wolf D, van Loon G. Percutaneous transcatheter closure of an aorto-cardiac fistula in a six-year-old Warmblood mare with atrial fibrillation. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 24:78-84. [PMID: 31405558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a rare case of an aorto-cardiac fistula in a six-year-old French Warmblood mare presented with atrial fibrillation, decreased performance, ventral oedema, bounding arterial pulsation and pathological jugular venous pulse. A 2.7-cm-diameter fistula connected the right aortic sinus of Valsalva to the right atrium. Atrial fibrillation was likely due to volume overload of the right heart due to left-to-right shunting. The horse was treated by percutaneous transcatheter closure of the fistula delivered under general anaesthesia using a transarterial approach. The operation was initially successful, and clinical signs of congestive heart failure improved immediately. However, the device dislodged six days after procedure, and the general condition of the horse deteriorated quickly. A second closure attempt to deliver the occluder using a transvenous approach in the standing horse failed, and the horse was eventually euthanized. Procedural aspects and several possible risk factors for device dislodgement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vernemmen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Y Taeymans
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D De Wolf
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Broux B, De Clercq D, Vera L, Ven S, Deprez P, Decloedt A, van Loon G. Can heart rate variability parameters derived by a heart rate monitor differentiate between atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm? BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:320. [PMID: 30359273 PMCID: PMC6203204 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, and especially RMSSD (root mean squared successive differences in RR interval), could distinguish atrial fibrillation (AF) from sinus rhythm(SR) in horses, as was demonstrated in a previous study. If heart rate monitors (HRM) automatically calculating RMSSD could also distinguish AF from SR, they would be useful for the monitoring of AF recurrence. The objective of the study was to assess whether RMSSD values obtained from a HRM can differentiate AF from SR in horses. Furthermore, the impact of artifact correction algorithms, integrated in the analyses software for HRV analyses was evaluated. Fourteen horses presented for AF treatment were simultaneously equipped with a HRM and an electrocardiogram (ECG). A two-minute recording at rest, walk and trot, before and after cardioversion, was obtained. RR intervals used were those determined automatically by the HRM and by the equine ECG analysis software, and those obtained after manual correction of QRS detection within the ECG software. RMSSD was calculated by the HRM software and by dedicated HRV software, using six different artifact filters. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and receiver operating curves. RESULTS The HRM, which applies a low level filter, produced high area under the curve (AUC) (> 0.9) and cut off values with high sensitivity and specificity. Similar results were obtained for the ECG, when low level artifact filtering was applied. When no artifact correction was used during trotting, an important decrease in AUC (0.75) occurred. CONCLUSION In horses treated for AF, HRMs with automatic RMSSD calculations distinguish between AF and SR. Such devices might be a useful aid to monitor for AF recurrence in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Broux
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - D De Clercq
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Vera
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Ven
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Deprez
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Equine Cardioteam, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Mitchell K, De Clercq D, Stirn M, van Loon G, Schwarzwald C. Plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy horses and horses with atrial fibrillation. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:276-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vandecasteele T, Cornillie P, van Steenkiste G, Vandevelde K, Gielen I, Vanderperren K, van Loon G. Echocardiographic identification of atrial-related structures and vessels in horses validated by computed tomography of casted hearts. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:90-96. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Cornillie
- Department of Morphology; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Steenkiste
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. Vandevelde
- Department of Morphology; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - I. Gielen
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. Vanderperren
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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Ven S, Decloedt A, De Clercq D, Vera L, Rademakers F, van Loon G. Detection of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction by tissue Doppler imaging in horses with aortic regurgitation. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:587-593. [PMID: 29341213 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic regurgitation (AR) can have an important clinical impact and in some cases leads to left ventricular (LV) failure. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is an echocardiographic technique that has been used in horses to detect LV dysfunction. OBJECTIVES To examine whether TDI detects changes in radial myocardial wall motion in horses with AR compared with control horses. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Echocardiography was performed in 30 healthy Warmblood horses and 34 Warmblood horses with AR, subdivided in groups with mild, moderate or severe AR. TDI measurements were performed on six segments of the short-axis images of the LV myocardial wall. Myocardial wall motion was evaluated by measuring velocity and deformation during isovolumetric contraction, systole, early and late diastole. Timing of different events was also measured. RESULTS In most segments, a significantly higher systolic myocardial velocity was found in horses with AR compared with controls. Horses with AR also had higher late diastolic velocity, although the difference was not significant in all segments. TDI measurement of timing intervals demonstrated less difference between groups. MAIN LIMITATIONS There was a significant difference in age between the control group and horses with AR, which may confound the results. The assessment of AR severity was based on subjective criteria as there is no gold standard. CONCLUSIONS TDI showed significant differences in radial systolic and late diastolic myocardial velocity in horses with AR. This could indicate an altered LV function in these horses, but further research is needed to investigate the prognostic value of these measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Vera
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Rademakers
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging and Dynamics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Vandecasteele T, Van Den Broeck W, Tay H, Couck L, van Loon G, Cornillie P. 3D reconstruction of the porcine and equine pulmonary veins, supplemented with the identification of telocytes in the horse. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 47:145-152. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Vandecasteele
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - W. Van Den Broeck
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - H. Tay
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - L. Couck
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - P. Cornillie
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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Broux B, De Clercq D, Decloedt A, Vera L, Devreese M, Gehring R, Croubels S, van Loon G. Pharmacokinetics and electrophysiological effects of sotalol hydrochloride in horses. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:377-383. [PMID: 29023952 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arrhythmias in horses may require long-term anti-arrhythmic therapy. Unfortunately, oral anti-arrhythmic drugs for use in horses are currently scarce. In human patients and small animals, sotalol, a β-blocker with class III anti-arrhythmic properties, is often used for long-term treatment. OBJECTIVES To determine the pharmacokinetics of sotalol at multiple oral dosages in unfasted horses, as well as the effects on electro- and echocardiographic measurements, right atrial and ventricular monophasic action potential (MAP) and effective refractory period (ERP). STUDY DESIGN Placebo controlled, double-blinded experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six healthy, unfasted Warmblood horses were given either 0, 2, 3 or 4 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) sotalol orally (PO) twice daily (bid) for 9 days in a randomised cross-over design. Echocardiography and surface electrocardiography were performed and plasma concentrations of sotalol and right atrial and right ventricular MAPs and ERPs were determined at steady-state conditions. Statistical analysis was performed using a repeated measures univariate analysis with post hoc Bonferroni corrections. RESULTS Calculated mean steady-state plasma concentrations determined by nonlinear mixed-effect modelling were 287 (range 234-339), 409 (359-458) and 543 (439-646) ng/mL for 2, 3 and 4 mg/kg bwt sotalol PO bid respectively. Sotalol significantly increased the QT interval and ERPs, but, despite increasing plasma concentrations, higher dosages did not result in a progressive increase in QT interval or ERPs. Echocardiographic and other electrocardiographic measurements did not change significantly. MAP durations at 90% repolarisation were not significantly different during sotalol treatment. Besides transient local sweating, no side effects were noted. MAIN LIMITATIONS Study size and ad libitum feeding of hay. CONCLUSIONS Sotalol at a dose of 2, 3 and 4 mg/kg bwt PO bid increases the QT interval and ERP and might be a useful drug for long-term anti-arrhythmic therapy in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Broux
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Vera
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - R Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - S Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Paulussen E, Broux B, van Bergen T, Lefère L, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Caecal intussusception in the horse: Ultrasonographic findings and survival to hospital discharge of 60 cases (2009-2013). EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Paulussen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Salisburylaan Merelbeke Belgium
| | - B. Broux
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Salisburylaan Merelbeke Belgium
| | - T. van Bergen
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan Merelbeke Belgium
| | - L. Lefère
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Salisburylaan Merelbeke Belgium
| | - D. De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Salisburylaan Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Salisburylaan Merelbeke Belgium
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Dufourni A, Decloedt A, De Clercq D, Saey V, Chiers K, van Loon G. Reversed patent ductus arteriosus and multiple congenital malformations in an 8-day-old Arabo-Friesian foal. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Dufourni
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - D. De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - V. Saey
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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Broux B, De Clercq D, Decloedt A, Ven S, Vera L, van Steenkiste G, Mitchell K, Schwarzwald C, van Loon G. Heart rate variability parameters in horses distinguish atrial fibrillation from sinus rhythm before and after successful electrical cardioversion. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:723-728. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Broux
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - D. De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - L. Vera
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Steenkiste
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. Mitchell
- Equine Clinic; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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Vandecasteele T, Cornillie P, Vandevelde K, Logothetidou A, Couck L, van Loon G, Van den Broeck W. Presence of Ganglia and Telocytes in Proximity to Myocardial Sleeve Tissue in the Porcine Pulmonary Veins Wall. Anat Histol Embryol 2017; 46:325-333. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Vandecasteele
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - P. Cornillie
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. Vandevelde
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - A. Logothetidou
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - L. Couck
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - W. Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
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Decloedt A, Borowicz H, Slowikowska M, Chiers K, van Loon G, Niedzwiedz A. Right ventricular function during acute exacerbation of severe equine asthma. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:603-608. [PMID: 28132404 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension has been described in horses with severe equine asthma, but its effect on the right ventricle has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVES To evaluate right ventricular structure and function after a 1-week period of pulmonary hypertension secondary to acute exacerbation of severe equine asthma. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. METHODS A clinical episode of severe equine asthma was induced experimentally in six susceptible horses. Examinations in remission and on day 7 of the clinical episode included a physical examination with clinical scoring, echocardiography, arterial blood gas measurements, venous blood sampling for cardiac biomarkers, intracardiac pressure measurements, right ventricular and right atrial myocardial biopsies, airway endoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage. After 1 month of recovery, physical examination, echocardiography and cardiac biomarker analysis were repeated. Echocardiographic and pressure measurements were compared with those in 10 healthy control horses. RESULTS All horses developed clinical signs of acute pulmonary obstruction. Right heart pressures increased significantly. Altered right ventricular function could be detected by tissue Doppler and speckle tracking echocardiography. Cardiac troponin concentrations did not increase significantly, but were highly elevated in one horse which exercised in the paddock prior to sampling. Focal neutrophil infiltration was present in two myocardial samples. Even in remission, asthmatic horses showed a thicker right ventricular wall, an increased left ventricular end-systolic eccentricity index at chordal level and decreased right ventricular longitudinal strain compared with controls. MAIN LIMITATIONS The induced clinical episode was rather mild and the number of horses was limited because of the invasive nature of the study. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary obstruction in asthmatic horses induces pulmonary hypertension with right ventricular structural and functional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - H Borowicz
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Slowikowska
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Saey V, van Loon G, Dufourni A, Ducatelle R, Chiers K. Aortocardiac Fistula in a Warmblood Stallion. J Comp Pathol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The aorta can rupture at the aortic root or aortic arch. In most breeds, the aortic root is the likely site and rupture leads to aortocardiac fistula with communication between the aorta and the right atrium, right ventricle and/or the interventricular septum. There is a high prevalence of aortic rupture in young Friesian horses and rupture occurs at the aortic arch with pseudoaneurysm and potentially aortopulmonary fistulation. Echocardiographic and post-mortem techniques must be adapted to identify aortic arch rupture that is not generally identified with standard approaches. Given the narrow genetic base of the Friesian breed and the significant differences found in extracellular matrix composition and metabolism between Friesians and Warmbloods, genetic factors are likely to contribute to the condition in the Friesian breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ploeg
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - V Saey
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Delesalle
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Saey V, Vandecasteele T, van Loon G, Cornillie P, Ploeg M, Delesalle C, Gröne A, Gielen I, Ducatelle R, Chiers K. Friesian horses as a possible model for human acquired aortopulmonary fistulation. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:405. [PMID: 27527829 PMCID: PMC4986238 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acquired aortopulmonary fistulation is a rare condition in humans. It usually results as a late complication of a true or pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta. It is most commonly associated with trauma or surgery, less commonly with atherosclerosis, inflammation, hypertension or Marfan’s syndrome. Aortopulmonary fistulation is also seen as a rare complication of acute aortic dissection. On rare occasions, acquired aortopulmonary fistulation is reported in aged patients without any of the above mentioned triggering factors. Thus, these cases should be considered as idiopathic aortopulmonary fistulation. Clearly, the pathogenesis of this condition is not yet completely understood. Friesian horses are highly inbred and are affected by several genetic conditions. Rupture of the thoracic aorta has a relatively high prevalence in Friesian horses and is often characterized by the formation of a pseudoaneurysm with subsequent fistulation into the pulmonary artery. Affected animals may survive for several weeks to months. Findings Here we performed vascular casting in three affected Friesian horses. In all three cases, an aortic rupture at the caudoventral side of the aorta was connected with a rupture of the main pulmonary artery just proximal to its bifurcation. Conclusions Affected Friesians show a consistent location and configuration of the aortic rupture site, very similar to the human condition and therefore could act as a spontaneous model to study this disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2201-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Saey
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - T Vandecasteele
- Department of Morphology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Cornillie
- Department of Morphology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Ploeg
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Delesalle
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Gröne
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I Gielen
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Broux B, De Clercq D, Decloedt A, Van Der Vekens N, Verheyen T, Ven S, Pardon B, van Loon G. Atrial Premature Depolarization-Induced Changes in QRS and T Wave Morphology on Resting Electrocardiograms in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1253-9. [PMID: 27209267 PMCID: PMC5089572 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The electrocardiographic differentiation between atrial (APDs) and ventricular (VPDs) premature depolarizations is important. P wave prematurity and normal QRS and T wave morphology generally are used as discriminating criteria for APDs. Hypothesis/Objectives The aim of this study was to determine whether P, Q, R, S, and T wave amplitude, PQ interval, QRS and P wave duration and P and T wave morphology differ between APDs and sinus beats. To determine the relationship between the RR coupling interval and the change in S wave amplitude between sinus beats and APDs. Methods Case–control study. From a modified base‐apex configuration of 30 horses with APDs at rest, sinus beat and APD associated preceding RR interval, P, PQ and QRS duration and P, R, S, and T wave amplitudes were measured. Linear mixed models and logistic regression were used to determine the effect of APDs on the ECG variables studied. Results In comparison to sinus beats, APDs were associated with a significant (P < .001) change in P amplitude (−0.03 ± 0.01 mV) and increase in S (0.20 ± 0.02 mV) and T (0.08 ± 0.03 mV) amplitude. PQ (−20.3 ± 5.2 ms) and RR (−519 ± 14 ms) interval and P duration (−21.1 ± 3.0 ms) decreased (P < .001). APDs were significantly associated with a singular positive P wave (OR: 11.0, P < .001) and were more likely to have a monophasic positive T wave (OR: 9.2, P < .001). A smaller RR coupling interval was associated with an increased relative difference in S amplitude (P < .01). Conclusions Atrial premature depolarizations may lead to changes in QRS and T wave morphology. Knowledge of these changes is important to avoid interpreting certain APDs as VPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Broux
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - N Van Der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Verheyen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Saey V, Ploeg M, Delesalle C, van Loon G, Gröne A, Ducatelle R, Duchateau L, Chiers K. Morphometric Properties of the Thoracic Aorta of Warmblood and Friesian Horses with and without Aortic Rupture. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:225-30. [PMID: 26987511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rupture of the aorta is much more common in Friesians compared with other breeds of horse. Rupture always occurs adjacent to the scar of the ligamentum arteriosum. Previous histological examination of ruptured aortic walls suggested the presence of an underlying connective tissue disorder. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the structural characteristics of the tunica media of the mid-thoracic aorta, distant to the lesion, in warmblood and Friesian horses with and without thoracic aortic rupture. In unaffected Friesian horses, the thickness of the tunica media, as well as the percentage area comprised of collagen type I, were significantly higher compared with the warmblood horses, supporting the hypothesis of a primary collagen disorder in the Friesian horse breed. However, in the tunica media of the affected Friesian horses there was no significant wall thickening. Moreover, the percentage area comprised of elastin was significantly lower, while the percentage area comprised of smooth muscle was higher, compared with unaffected Friesian and warmblood horses. These lesions are suggestive of an additional mild elastin deficiency with compensatory smooth muscle cell hypertrophy in affected Friesians.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Saey
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - M Ploeg
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - C Delesalle
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Belgium
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Gröne
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - R Ducatelle
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Belgium
| | - K Chiers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Decloedt A, De Clercq D, Ven Sofie S, Van Der Vekens N, Sys S, Broux B, van Loon G. Echocardiographic measurements of right heart size and function in healthy horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:58-64. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - D. De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - S. Ven Sofie
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - N. Van Der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - S. Sys
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - B. Broux
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
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Saey V, Vandecasteele T, Cornillie P, van Loon G, Ducatelle R, Chiers K. Three Dimensional Replication of Aortopulmonary Fistulas in Friesian Horses Using Vascular Casting. J Comp Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Saey V, Vanschandevijl K, Dauvillier J, Decloedt A, Chiers K, van Loon G. Patent Ductus Arteriosus in an Adult Friesian Horse Complicated by Pulmonary Thromboarteritis and Lung Emboli. J Comp Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Van Der Vekens N, Hunter I, Timm A, Decloedt A, De Clercq D, Deprez P, Goetze JP, van Loon G. Total plasma proANP increases with atrial dilatation in horses. Vet Rec 2015; 177:624. [PMID: 26613621 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Equine atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plasma concentrations are correlated with left atrial size. However, species-specific assays are lacking and the results from human assays are poorly reproducible. A new methodology called processing independent analysis (PIA) that measures the total proANP product in plasma has proven to be successful in human medicine, but has never been used in horses. The aims were to establish an equine proANP reference interval by measurement of the total proANP product using PIA and to examine the proANP concentrations in horses with atrial dilatation. Sample stability was studied by comparison of storage at -80°C and -20°C. Plasma samples were obtained from 23 healthy horses, 12 horses with moderate or severe valvular regurgitation without atrial dilatation and 42 horses with valvular regurgitation and atrial dilatation. The proANP concentration was significantly (P<0.001) higher in horses with atrial dilatation (761.4 (442.1-1859.1) pmol/l) than in healthy horses (491.6 (429.5-765.9) pmol/l; P<0.001) or horses with cardiac disease but without atrial dilatation (544.4 (457.0-677.6) pmol/l). A cut-off value (573.8 pmol/l) for detection of atrial dilatation was calculated. Sample storage at -80°C did not differ from sample storage at -20°C. The measurement of total proANP in plasma detects atrial dilatation in horses and may be useful for clinical evaluation in equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Van Der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - I Hunter
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Timm
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
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Broux B, Lefère L, Deprez P, van Loon G. Plasma exchange as a treatment for hyperbilirubinemia in 2 foals with neonatal isoerythrolysis. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:736-8. [PMID: 25818226 PMCID: PMC4895511 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B Broux
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Van Der Vekens N, Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Cardiac troponin I as compared to troponin T for the detection of myocardial damage in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:348-54. [PMID: 25619522 PMCID: PMC4858065 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays give different results. Only 1 manufacturer has marketed troponin T (cTnT) assays. Therefore, cTnT often is preferred for detection of myocardial infarction in human patients. Studies of cTnT in horses are limited. OBJECTIVES To compare a cTnI and a high-sensitive cTnT assay (hs-cTnT) in horses. ANIMALS Cardiac troponin I and cTnT were determined in 35 healthy horses (group 1), 23 horses suspected to have primary myocardial damage (group 2a), and 41 horses with secondary myocardial damage caused by structural heart disease (group 2b). METHODS All cTnI samples were analyzed at laboratory A (limit of detection [LOD]: 0.03 ng/mL), whereas cTnT samples were analyzed at 2 laboratories with the same hs-cTnT assay (laboratory B, LOD: 10.0 pg/mL; laboratory C, LOD: 4.0 pg/mL). RESULTS The median cTnI concentration in group 2a (0.90 ng/mL; range, 0.03-58.27 ng/mL) was significantly higher (P < .001) than in group 1 (0.03 ng/mL; range, 0.03-0.09 ng/mL) or group 2b (0.05 ng/mL; range, 0.03-30.92 ng/mL), and the optimal cut-off for detection of primary myocardial damage was 0.095 ng/mL (sensitivity: 90.5%, specificity: 100%). Using an LOD of 10.0 pg/mL for all cTnT samples, a cut-off value of 10.5 pg/mL was found, but sensitivity was low (42.9%). When only samples analyzed at laboratory C (n = 58) were included, a cut-off of 6.6 pg/mL was found (sensitivity: 81%, specificity: 100%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Despite large quantitative differences, cTnI and cTnT are both useful for detection of myocardial damage in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Van Der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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van Loon G, Lefère L, Bauwens C, Kleyn K, Broux B, De Clercq D, Deprez P. Clinical Research Abstracts of the British Equine Veterinary Association Congress 2015. Equine Vet J 2015; 47 Suppl 48:19. [PMID: 26375299 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12486_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY Yellow fat disease or steatitis is characterised by a local or general inflammation of fat tissue and is occasionally found in horses. Diagnosis is challenging because of the wide range of nonspecific clinical signs. OBJECTIVES To describe clinical signs, treatment, outcome and ultrasonographic findings in horses with steatitis. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study (January 2008 to January 2015). METHODS History, clinical signs, ultrasonographic findings, diagnosis, treatment and outcome were recorded. RESULTS Twenty cases (18 horses, 2 donkeys; 9 mares, 9 stallions, 2 geldings) were retrieved from 13,707 patient records. Mean age was 1.6 (± 0.8) years (range 1 month-3.5 years). All cases appeared between October and February except for one (August). History included dullness, recumbency, decreased appetite and weight loss. Fever, ventral oedema, stiff/painful gait and painful neck were found. Low haematocrit, low vitamin E and selenium and increased levels of creatinine kinase and particularly lactate dehydrogenase were almost consistent findings. On ultrasound, ventral oedema was found. Subperitoneal, perirenal, mesenteric, coronary and caudal mediastinal fat showed homogenously increased echogenicity. Especially the subperitoneal fat was surrounded by oedema or free fluid. Increased amounts of abdominal, thoracic and pericardial fluid were often found. Fat biopsies were taken in the neck or from the retroperitoneal fat in the ventral flank. In all horses where fat biopsy was taken (n = 13), steatitis was confirmed. Treatment consisted of selenium and vitamin E (intra-muscular injection followed by oral treatment) supplementation and anti-inflammatory treatment (dexamethasone or prednisolone parenteral or oral) for at least 1-4 weeks. Fourteen animals (70%) survived. Full recovery took about 2-6 months. CONCLUSIONS Yellow fat disease may be underdiagnosed because of the nonspecific clinical signs. Ultrasound was extremely helpful for making a diagnosis. Recovery was rather slow but was achieved in 70% of the animals. Ethical animal research: Research ethics committee oversight not currently required by this conference: retrospective study of clinical records. Explicit owner informed consent for inclusion of animals in this study was not stated. SOURCE OF FUNDING Ghent University (institutional). Competing interests: None declared.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Lefère
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Bauwens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Kleyn
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Broux
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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van Loon G, Vandecasteele T, Vandevelde K, Decloedt A, De Clercq D, Cornillie P. Ultrasonographic Identification of the Pulmonary Veins in Adult Horses. Equine Vet J 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12486_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine
| | - T. Vandecasteele
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. Vandevelde
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine
| | | | - P. Cornillie
- Department of Morphology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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Decloedt A, de Clercq D, Ven S, van der Vekens N, Chiers K, van Loon G. Right atrial and right ventricular ultrasound-guided biopsy technique in standing horses. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:346-51. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - D. de Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - N. van der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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Decloedt A, Schwarzwald CC, De Clercq D, Van Der Vekens N, Pardon B, Reef VB, van Loon G. Risk factors for recurrence of atrial fibrillation in horses after cardioversion to sinus rhythm. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:946-53. [PMID: 25917409 PMCID: PMC4895430 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although atrial fibrillation (AF) can be successfully treated in horses, recurrence occurs frequently. In humans, atrial function after cardioversion can predict recurrence. Objectives To examine the prognostic value of atrial mechanical function at 24 hours after cardioversion and other potential predictor variables for AF recurrence in horses. Animals 117 horses treated for AF at 4 referral centers. Methods Retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were successful cardioversion, echocardiography at 24 hours after cardioversion and ≥4 months follow‐up. To determine factors associated with AF recurrence, a multivariable survival model was built. Results 133 AF episodes in 117 horses were included. AF recurred in 36/100 horses with a first AF episode and in 57/133 AF episodes overall. Factors associated with recurrence in horses with a first episode were previous unsuccessful treatment attempt (hazard ratio HR 2.36, 95% confidence interval CI 1.11–4.99, P = .025) and mild or moderate mitral regurgitation (HR 2.70, 95% CI 1.23–5.91, P = .013). When the last AF episode of all horses was included, previous AF (HR 2.53, 1.33–4.82, P = .005) and active left atrial fractional area change ≤9.6% (HR 3.43, 1.22–9.67, P = .020) were significant predictors. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The only echocardiographic variable of left atrial function with significant prognostic value for recurrence was low active left atrial fractional area change. Further research is necessary to evaluate whether echocardiography at a later timepoint could provide more prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - C C Schwarzwald
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - N Van Der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - V B Reef
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, 19348
| | - G van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
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Decloedt A, de Clercq D, van der Vekens N, Verheyen T, Ven S, van Loon G. Influence of detomidine on atrial fibrillation cycle length measured by intracardiac electrogram recording and by colour tissue Doppler imaging in horses. Equine Vet J 2014; 48:21-6. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - D. de Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - N. van der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - T. Verheyen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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van der Vekens N, Decloedt A, de Clercq D, Ven S, Sys S, van Loon G. Atrial natriuretic peptide vs. N-terminal-pro-atrial natriuretic peptide for the detection of left atrial dilatation in horses. Equine Vet J 2014; 48:15-20. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. van der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - D. de Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - S. Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - S. Sys
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Belgium
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43
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Decloedt A, Ven S, Van Der Vekens N, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Differentiating Pathological from Physiological Left Ventricular Hypertrophy by Quantifying Myocardial Function. Equine Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12267_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S Ven
- Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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Ploeg M, Saey V, Delesalle C, Gröne A, Ducatelle R, de Bruijn M, Back W, van Weeren PR, van Loon G, Chiers K. Thoracic Aortic Rupture and Aortopulmonary Fistulation in the Friesian Horse. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:152-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814528219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aortic rupture in horses is a rare condition. Although it is relatively common in the Friesian breed, only limited histopathologic information is available. Twenty Friesian horses (1–10 years old) were diagnosed with aortic rupture by postmortem examination. Ruptured aortic walls were analyzed with histology and immunohistochemistry. Based on the histologic and immunohistochemical findings, these cases were divided into 3 groups: acute ( n = 4, 20%), subacute ( n = 8, 40%), and chronic ( n = 8, 40%). Features common to samples from horses in all groups included accumulation of mucoid material; disorganization and fragmentation of the elastic laminae; aortic medial smooth muscle hypertrophy; and medial necrosis of varying degrees, ranging from mild and patchy in the acute cases to severe midzonal necrosis in the chronic cases. Inflammation, most likely secondary to medial necrosis, varied from predominantly neutrophilic infiltrates in the media and periadventitial tissue in the acute group to the presence of mainly hemosiderophages in the periadventitial tissue in the chronic group. Medial fibrosis with aberrant collagen morphology was seen in the subacute group and, more commonly, in the chronic group. Only minimal changes were seen in the aortic vasa vasorum. Smooth muscle hypertrophy and accumulation of mucoid material were not related to the age of the lesions. The findings of this study suggest that a connective tissue disorder affecting elastin or collagen in the aortic media is potentially the underlying cause of aortic rupture in Friesian horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ploeg
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Authors with equal contribution
| | - V. Saey
- Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Authors with equal contribution
| | | | - A. Gröne
- Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - M. de Bruijn
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands
| | - W. Back
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands
| | | | | | - K. Chiers
- Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Reef VB, Bonagura J, Buhl R, McGurrin MKJ, Schwarzwald CC, van Loon G, Young LE. Recommendations for management of equine athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:749-61. [PMID: 24628586 PMCID: PMC4895474 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Murmurs and arrhythmias are commonly detected in equine athletes. Assessing the relevance of these cardiovascular abnormalities in the performance horse can be challenging. Determining the impact of a cardiovascular disorder on performance, life expectancy, horse and rider or driver safety relative to the owner's future expectations is paramount. A comprehensive assessment of the cardiovascular abnormality detected is essential to determine its severity and achieve these aims. This consensus statement presents a general approach to the assessment of cardiovascular abnormalities, followed by a discussion of the common murmurs and arrhythmias. The description, diagnosis, evaluation, and prognosis are considered for each cardiovascular abnormality. The recommendations presented herein are based on available literature and a consensus of the panelists. While the majority of horses with cardiovascular abnormalities have a useful performance life, periodic reexaminations are indicated for those with clinically relevant cardiovascular disease. Horses with pulmonary hypertension, CHF, or complex ventricular arrhythmias should not be ridden or driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Reef
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
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46
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De Clercq D, Decloedt A, Sys SU, Verheyen T, Van Der Vekens N, van Loon G. Atrial fibrillation cycle length and atrial size in horses with and without recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:624-9. [PMID: 24611990 PMCID: PMC4858013 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) cycle length (CL) and atrial size have been used in humans to characterize electrical and structural remodeling to predict outcome of cardioversion of AF and risk for AF recurrence (rAF). HYPOTHESIS Atrial fibrillation cycle length can be determined in horses with AF, and AFCL and atrial size are related to risk for rAF. ANIMALS Eighteen horses with naturally occurring AF that were successfully converted to sinus rhythm (SR) by transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC). METHODS Prospective study. Horses with severe valvular regurgitation, left atrial enlargement, or that required sedation for catheter placement were excluded. In all horses intra-atrial electrograms were recorded and estimated AF duration and echocardiographic parameters were determined before TVEC. The follow-up time was 1 year after TVEC. RESULTS Atrial fibrillation cycle length could be determined in all horses. The AFCL and the shortest 5th percentile (p5) AFCL in horses with rAF (n = 6 or 33%) were (mean ± SD) 157 ± 28 and 134 ± 24 milliseconds, respectively, and in those maintaining SR (n = 12 or 67%) 166 ± 13 and 141 ± 13 milliseconds, respectively. Significant parameters to predict rAF were (1) the ratios of the p5AFCL to the left atrium (LA) sizes corrected to the size of aorta (AO) and (2) LA sizes corrected to the size of AO. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Before TVEC, assessment of LA size and atrial electrophysiologic characteristics might help to identify horses at increased risk for AF recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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47
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Saey V, D'Herde K, Ploeg M, Chiers K, Delesalle C, Gröne A, Back W, de Bruijn C, van Loon G, Ducatelle R. Aortic Media Ultrastructure in a Healthy Friesian Horse and in a Friesian Horse with Aortopulmonary Fistula. J Comp Pathol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Bruijn M, van Loon G, Ploeg M, Gröne A, De Clercq D, Decloedt A, van Weeren R, Back W, Delesalle C. Use of Transoesophageal Ultrasound to Visualise the Aortopulmonary Region in two Normal Friesian Horses and Three Friesians with Aortic Rupture or Aortopulmonary Fistulation. Equine Vet J 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12145_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. van Loon
- Ghent University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Belgium
| | - M. Ploeg
- Utrecht University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences; The Netherlands
| | - A. Gröne
- Utrecht University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences; The Netherlands
| | - D. De Clercq
- Ghent University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Belgium
| | - A. Decloedt
- Ghent University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Belgium
| | - R. van Weeren
- Utrecht University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences; The Netherlands
| | - W. Back
- Utrecht University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences; The Netherlands
| | - C. Delesalle
- Utrecht University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences; The Netherlands
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Votion DM, van Galen G, Sweetman L, Boemer F, de Tullio P, Dopagne C, Lefère L, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Patarin F, Rouxhet S, van Loon G, Serteyn D, Sponseller BT, Valberg SJ. Identification of methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid in serum of European horses with atypical myopathy. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:146-9. [PMID: 23773055 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY It is hypothesised that European atypical myopathy (AM) has a similar basis as seasonal pasture myopathy in North America, which is now known to be caused by ingestion of hypoglycin A contained in seeds from the tree Acer negundo. Serum from horses with seasonal pasture myopathy contained the conjugated toxic metabolite of hypoglycin A, methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid (MCPA). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study on archived samples. OBJECTIVES 1) To determine whether MCPA-carnitine was present in serum of European horses confirmed to have AM; 2) to determine whether Acer negundo or related Acer species were present on AM pastures in Europe. METHODS Concentrations of MCPA-carnitine were analysed in banked serum samples of 17 AM horses from Europe and 3 diseased controls (tetanus, neoplasia and exertional rhabdomyolysis) using tandem mass spectrometry. Atypical myopathy was diagnosed by characteristic serum acylcarnitine profiles. Pastures of 12 AM farms were visited by experienced botanists and plant species were documented. RESULTS Methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid-carnitine at high concentrations (20.39 ± 17.24 nmol/l; range 0.95-57.63 nmol/l; reference: <0.01 nmol/l) was identified in serum of AM but not disease controls (0.00 ± 0.00 nmol/l). Acer pseudoplatanus but not Acer negundo was present on all AM farms. CONCLUSIONS Atypical myopathy in Europe, like seasonal pasture myopathy in North America, is highly associated with the toxic metabolite of hypoglycin A, MCPA-carnitine. This finding coupled with the presence of a tree of which seeds are known to also contain hypoglycin A indicates that ingestion of Acer pseudoplatanus is the probable cause of AM. This finding has major implications for the prevention of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-M Votion
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
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Decloedt A, de Clercq D, van der Vekens N, Verheyen T, van Loon G. Noninvasive determination of atrial fibrillation cycle length by atrial colour tissue Doppler imaging in horses. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:174-9. [PMID: 23738919 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Atrial fibrillation cycle length (AFCL) is an indicator of atrial electrical remodelling during atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVES To compare AFCL measured invasively from an intra-atrial electrogram (AFCLEGM ) with AFCL measured noninvasively by atrial colour tissue Doppler imaging (AFCLTDI ). STUDY DESIGN Prospective descriptive clinical study. METHODS Measurements were performed in 31 episodes of AF or flutter in 29 horses (588 ± 61 kg bwt, 9 ± 3 years old) admitted for transvenous electrical cardioversion. The AFCLEGM was measured from an intracardiac electrogram using a bipolar sensing/pacing electrode inserted into the right atrium. The AFCLTDI was measured from atrial colour tissue velocity curves in the following 5 regions: 1) left atrial free wall from a right parasternal 4-chamber view, 2) left atrial free wall from a short-axis view, 3) left atrial free wall from a left parasternal long-axis view, 4) interatrial septum, and 5) right atrial dorsal wall near the tuberculum intervenosum. The AFCLEGM and AFCLTDI from the 5 regions were compared using a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons and calculation of the Bland-Altman mean bias and limits of agreement of AFCLEGM and AFCLTDI . RESULTS The AFCLEGM was 161 ± 18 ms in 29 AF episodes. Two horses showed atrial flutter and had an AFCLEGM of 244 and 324 ms. The mean bias between AFCLTDI and AFCLEGM ranged from -18 to +9 ms depending on the atrial wall region. The AFCLTDI was significantly shorter in the left atrial free wall from the right parasternal 4-chamber view and short-axis view than in the other regions (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Tissue Doppler imaging allows noninvasive measurement of AFCL in horses with AF and is able to identify spatial differences within the equine atria. Atrial fibrillation cycle length is an indicator of atrial electrical remodelling and is an important parameter to study AF pathophysiology or the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
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