1
|
Pro-Inflammatory and Immunological Profile of Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070326. [PMID: 35878343 PMCID: PMC9315642 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most commonly acquired cardiac disease in dogs and is responsible for congestive heart failure. In this research, some inflammatory, immunological, and echocardiographic parameters were evaluated in dogs affected by MMVD in order to assess the involvement of additional pathophysiological mechanisms during the disease. The main results revealed that inflammation parameters increased according to the severity of the disease and suggested that inflammatory activation may play an important role in cardiac remodeling associated with the progressive volumetric overload in MMVD. Also, a relative increase in Treg cells was detected, suggesting that they could represent a regulatory mechanism for limiting the inflammatory immune response. Abstract Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is a very frequently acquired cardiac disease in dog breeds and is responsible for congestive heart failure (CHF). The involvement of the immune system and pro-inflammatory cytokines in dogs with CHF due to mitral valve disease has not yet been extensively investigated. Here, we investigate the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the dysfunction of the immune system in dogs with different stages of severity through the blood assessment of CD4+FoxP3+regulatory T cells (Treg) cells, leptin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines, and immunological and echocardiographic parameters. A total of 36 cardiopathic dogs, 14 females and 22 males, with MMVD were included. Mean age and body weight (BW) at the time of enrollment were 10.7 ± 2.77 years and 10.9 ± 6.69 kg, respectively. For the comparison of the pro-inflammatory and immunological parameters, two groups of healthy dogs were also established. Control group 1 consisted of young animals (n. 11; 6 females and 5 males), whose age and mean weight were 4.1 ± 0.82 years and 13.8 ± 4.30 kg, respectively. Control group 2 consisted of elderly dogs (n. 12; 6 females and 6 males), whose age and BW were 9.6 ± 0.98 years and 14.8 ± 6.15 kg, respectively. Of particular interest, an increase in Treg cells was observed in the cohort of MMVD dogs, as compared to the healthy dogs, as Treg cells are involved in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, and they are involved in etiopathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms in the dog. On the other hand, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 significantly increased according to the severity of the disease in MMVD dogs. Furthermore, the positive correlation between IL-6 and the left ventricle diastolic volume suggests that inflammatory activation may be involved in cardiac remodeling associated with the progressive volumetric overload in MMVD.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang P, Luo C, Zhu D, Song Y, Cao L, Luan H, Gao L, Zheng S, Li H, Tian G. Pericardial Adipose Tissue-Derived Leptin Promotes Myocardial Apoptosis in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats Through Janus Kinase 2/Reactive Oxygen Species/Na+/K+-ATPase Signaling Pathway. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e021369. [PMID: 34482701 PMCID: PMC8649551 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying cardiac structural and functional changes in obesity are complex and linked to adipocytokines released from pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Although leptin is involved in various pathological conditions, its role in paracrine action of pericardial adipose tissue on myocardial apoptosis remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate the role of PAT‐derived leptin on myocardial apoptosis in high‐fat diet–induced obese rats. Methods and Results Hearts were isolated from lean or high‐fat diet–induced obese Wistar rats for myocardial remodeling studies. Obese rats had abnormal myocardial structure, diastolic dysfunction, greatly elevated cardiac apoptosis, enhanced cardiac fibrosis, and increased oxidative stress level. ELISA detected significantly higher than circulating leptin level in PAT of obese, but not lean, rats. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated increased leptin receptor density in obese hearts. H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, after being exposed to PAT‐conditioned medium of obese rats, exhibited pronounced reactive oxygen species–mediated apoptosis, which was partially reversed by leptin antagonist. Moreover, leptin derived from PAT of obese rats inhibited Na+/K+‐ATPase activity of H9c2 cells through stimulating reactive oxygen species, thereby activating calcium‐dependent apoptosis. Pretreatment with specific inhibitors revealed that Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways were involved in leptin‐induced myocardial apoptosis. Conclusions PAT‐derived leptin induces myocardial apoptosis in high‐fat diet–induced obese rats via activating Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/reactive oxygen species signaling pathway and inhibiting its downstream Na+/K+‐ATPase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Cardiology First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi China
| | - Chaodi Luo
- Department of Cardiology First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi China
| | - Danjun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Ultrasound First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi China
| | - Lifei Cao
- Department of Cardiology First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi China
| | - Hui Luan
- Department of Cardiology First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi China
| | - Lan Gao
- Department of Cardiology First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi China
| | - Shuping Zheng
- Department of Cardiology First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi China
| | - Hao Li
- Intensive Care Unit First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi China
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Cardiology First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wilshaw J, Rosenthal SL, Wess G, Dickson D, Bevilacqua L, Dutton E, Deinert M, Abrantes R, Schneider I, Oyama MA, Gordon SG, Elliott J, Xia D, Boswood A. Accuracy of history, physical examination, cardiac biomarkers, and biochemical variables in identifying dogs with stage B2 degenerative mitral valve disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:755-770. [PMID: 33645846 PMCID: PMC7995403 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment is indicated in dogs with preclinical degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) and cardiomegaly (stage B2). This is best diagnosed using echocardiography; however, relying upon this limits access to accurate diagnosis. Objectives To evaluate whether cardiac biomarker concentrations can be used alongside other clinical data to identify stage B2 dogs. Animals Client‐owned dogs (n = 1887) with preclinical DMVD prospectively sampled in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Methods Dogs that met inclusion criteria and were not receiving pimobendan (n = 1245) were used for model development. Explanatory (multivariable logistic regression) and predictive models were developed using clinical observations, biochemistry, and cardiac biomarker concentrations, with echocardiographically confirmed stage B2 disease as the outcome. Receiver operating characteristic curves assessed the ability to identify stage B2 dogs. Results Age, appetite, serum alanine aminotransferase activity, body condition, serum creatinine concentration, murmur intensity, and plasma N‐terminal propeptide of B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) concentration were independently associated with the likelihood of being stage B2. The discriminatory ability of this explanatory model (area under curve [AUC], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82‐0.87) was superior to NT‐proBNP (AUC, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.74‐0.80) or the vertebral heart score alone (AUC, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.69‐0.83). A predictive logistic regression model could identify the probability of being stage B2 (AUC test set, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.81‐0.91). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Our findings indicate accessible measurements could be used to screen dogs with preclinical DMVD. Encouraging at‐risk dogs to seek further evaluation could result in a greater proportion of cases being appropriately managed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Wilshaw
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark A Oyama
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sonya G Gordon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Dong Xia
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Boswood
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee S, Lee A, Kweon OK, Kim WH. Changes in pre- and postoperative serum leptin concentrations in dogs with gallbladder mucocele and cholelithiasis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:215. [PMID: 31238989 PMCID: PMC6593571 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptin has been shown to have various physiological and pathological roles in the canine gallbladder. In this study, we performed pre- and postoperative short-term follow-up analyses to confirm changes in serum leptin levels before and after cholecystectomy due to gallbladder mucocele (GBM) or cholelithiasis in dogs. Results Twenty-six cholecystectomized dogs (GBM: n = 14; cholelithiasis: n = 12) for prophylactic or clinical symptom relief were enrolled in the present study. Dogs were subgrouped according to clinical symptoms and prognosis after surgery as follows: 1) asymptomatic group (n = 13), 2) recovery group (n = 8), and 3) death group (n = 5). Liver enzymes, total bilirubin, lipid profiles, and leptin concentrations were determined from sera on the pre-operative day and at 1, 3, and 7 days postoperation. Serum leptin concentrations were gradually but significantly decreased in the asymptomatic group (p = 0.008, 0.004, and 0.004 on days 1, 3, and 7, respectively, compared with that before surgery) and the recovery group (p = 0.048 and 0.048 on days 3 and 7, respectively, compared with that before surgery). However, in the death group, leptin concentrations did not differ significantly over time (p = 0.564). Additionally, serum leptin levels in the recovery group (p = 0.006) and death group (p = 0.021) were significantly higher than those in the asymptomatic group. Liver enzymes and total bilirubin (T-Bil) were significantly decreased only in the recovery group, particularly on day 7. In the asymptomatic group, liver enzymes and T-Bil were not changed significantly over time, and in the death group, only T-Bil was significantly decreased on day 7. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not significantly decreased over time in all groups. Conclusions These results indicate that leptin is a potential biomarker reflecting the severity and prognosis of GBM and cholelithiasis both before and after cholecystectomy in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungin Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Kyeong Kweon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Hee Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cortese L, Terrazzano G, Pelagalli A. Leptin and Immunological Profile in Obesity and Its Associated Diseases in Dogs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2392. [PMID: 31091785 PMCID: PMC6566566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing scientific evidence has unveiled increased incidences of obesity in domestic animals and its influence on a plethora of associated disorders. Leptin, an adipokine regulating body fat mass, represents a key molecule in obesity, able to modulate immune responses and foster chronic inflammatory response in peripheral tissues. High levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers suggest an association between inflammatory state and obesity in dogs, highlighting the parallelism with humans. Canine obesity is a relevant disease always accompanied with several health conditions such as inflammation, immune-dysregulation, insulin resistance, pancreatitis, orthopaedic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and neoplasia. However, leptin involvement in many disease processes in veterinary medicine is poorly understood. Moreover, hyperleptinemia as well as leptin resistance occur with cardiac dysfunction as a consequence of altered cardiac mitochondrial metabolism in obese dogs. Similarly, leptin dysregulation seems to be involved in the pancreatitis pathophysiology. This review aims to examine literature concerning leptin and immunological status in obese dogs, in particular for the aspects related to obesity-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee S, Kweon OK, Kim WH. Associations between serum leptin levels, hyperlipidemia, and cholelithiasis in dogs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187315. [PMID: 29088261 PMCID: PMC5663492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin and its receptor play several physiological roles in the canine gallbladder, and the dysregulation of leptin might play a role in the pathogenesis of gallbladder diseases such as gallbladder mucocele. Previous studies revealed a positive association between hyperlipidemia and gallstones in humans. However, the latter is still unclear in dogs with cholelithiasis. In this study, we examined the differences in leptin, leptin receptor, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels between healthy dogs and dogs with cholelithiasis, and evaluated the correlation between leptin and hyperlipidemia. Twenty-eight healthy dogs and 34 client-owned dogs with cholelithiasis were enrolled in the study. Leptin concentrations and lipid profiles were determined from sera, and leptin and leptin receptor expression levels were quantified in gallbladder tissue. In dogs with cholelithiasis, serum concentrations of leptin (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), and triglycerides (p < 0.001) were significantly higher compared with those in healthy dogs. Positive correlations were observed between serum leptin and total cholesterol (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61–0.89, r = 0.725, p < 0.001), and between leptin and triglycerides (95% CI = 0.63–0.89, r = 0.782, p < 0.001) in the cholelithiasis group. Hypercholesterolemia (Odds Ratio (OR) = 9.720; 95% CI = 1.148–82.318) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 12.913; 95% CI = 1.548–107.722) were shown to be risk factors for gallstone disease. In cholelithiasis patients who underwent cholecystectomy, serum leptin levels were significantly higher than in patients that had not undergone surgery (p < 0.001). Leptin and leptin receptor expression was upregulated in the gallbladder tissues of cholelithiasis patients (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). These results indicate that increased serum leptin concentrations and hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia) are associated with canine cholelithiasis and that homeostatic imbalance of these parameters might affect the pathogenesis of gallstones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungin Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-kyeong Kweon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Hee Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fonfara S, Kitz S, Hetzel U, Kipar A. Myocardial leptin transcription in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:105-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
8
|
Lee S, Kweon OK, Kim WH. Increased Leptin and Leptin Receptor Expression in Dogs With Gallbladder Mucocele. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:36-42. [PMID: 28032399 PMCID: PMC5259632 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin and its receptor play a role in several disease processes such as pancreatitis and heart disease. However, their association with gallbladder mucocele (GBM) in dogs has not been reported. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate differences in the expression of leptin and leptin receptor between dogs with and without GBM. ANIMALS Twenty-five healthy dogs, including 9 laboratory beagle dogs, and 22 client-owned dogs with GBM. METHODS Serum leptin concentration was determined in blood samples of all dogs by ELISA. Canine gallbladder samples were collected from 9 dogs with GBM that underwent surgery for therapeutic purposes and from 9 healthy laboratory beagle dogs as a normal control group. Samples were analyzed for leptin and leptin receptor mRNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Serum leptin concentration was significantly higher in dogs with GBM than in healthy dogs (medians of 7.03 and 2.18 ng/mL, respectively; P < .001). Patients with GBM that had undergone surgery had significantly higher serum leptin concentrations than those that had not (medians of 12.2 and 4.09 ng/mL, respectively; P = .001). However, no difference in serum leptin concentration was found between dogs with GBM with or without endocrinopathies. The mRNA expression levels of leptin and its receptor were significantly increased in the gallbladder tissues of dogs with GBM. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Dysregulation of leptin might be involved in the pathophysiology of GBM, and leptin concentrations might be associated with GBM severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - O-K Kweon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - W H Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee S, Lee A, Kweon OK, Kim WH. Presence and distribution of leptin and leptin receptor in the canine gallbladder. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:674-678. [PMID: 27660197 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The hormone leptin is produced by mature adipocytes and plays an important role in regulating food intake and energy metabolism through its interaction with the leptin receptor. In addition to roles in obesity and obesity-related diseases, leptin has been reported to affect the components and secretion of bile in leptin-deficient mice. Furthermore, gallbladder diseases such as cholelithiasis are known to be associated with serum leptin concentrations in humans. We hypothesized that the canine gallbladder is a source of leptin and that the leptin receptor may be localized in the gallbladder, where it plays a role in regulating the function of this organ. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence and expression patterns of leptin and its receptors in normal canine gallbladders using reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Clinically normal gallbladder tissue samples were obtained from four healthy beagle dogs with similar body condition scores. RT-PCR and sequencing of the amplified PCR products revealed the presence of leptin mRNA and its receptors in the gallbladder. Immunohistochemical investigations demonstrated the expression of leptin and its receptors in the luminal single columnar and tubuloalveolar glandular epithelial cells. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated the presence of leptin and its receptors in the gallbladders of dogs. Leptin and its receptor were both localized throughout the cytoplasm of luminal and glandular epithelial cells. These results suggested that the gallbladder is not only a source of leptin, but also a target of leptin though autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. The results of this study could increase the understanding of both the normal physiological functions of the gallbladder and the pathophysiological mechanisms of gallbladder diseases characterized by leptin system dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungin Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Kyeong Kweon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Hee Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim HS, Kang JH, Jeung EB, Yang MP. Serum Concentrations of Leptin and Adiponectin in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1589-1600. [PMID: 27573621 PMCID: PMC5032864 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The concentrations of circulating adipokines in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) have not been investigated in detail. Objectives To determine whether serum concentrations of adipokines differ between healthy dogs and dogs with MMVD and whether circulating concentrations depend on the severity of heart failure resulting from MMVD. Animals In the preliminary study, 30 healthy dogs and 17 client‐owned dogs with MMVD, and in the subsequent study, 30 healthy dogs and 46 client‐owned dogs with MMVD. Methods Prospective case‐controlled observational study. In the preliminary study, serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐18, and tumor necrosis factor‐α were measured. In the subsequent study, MMVD dogs were divided into three groups according to the International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council (ISACHC) classification, and serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were measured. Results In the preliminary study, serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations differed significantly between dogs with MMVD and healthy dogs. Serum leptin (P = .0013) concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with MMVD than in healthy dogs, whereas adiponectin (P = .0009) concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with MMVD. However, we observed no significant differences in the other variables. In the subsequent study, dogs classified as ISACHC class 3 had higher serum concentrations of leptin (P = .0022) than healthy dogs but ISACHC class 1 or 2 dogs did not. Serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in ISACHC class 1 (P < .0001) dogs than in healthy dogs, whereas adiponectin concentrations in ISACHC class 3 dogs were significantly higher than in ISACHC class 1 dogs (P = .0081). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Circulating concentrations of leptin and adiponectin might be altered in dogs with MMVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-S Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chunghuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - J-H Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chunghuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea.
| | - E-B Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chunghuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - M-P Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chunghuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
ŞAHİNDURAN Ş, KAHRAMAN D. LEPTİN HORMONU. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2016. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.260792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
12
|
Liu H, Yu N, Lu S, Ito S, Zhang X, Prasad B, He E, Lu X, Li Y, Wang F, Xu H, An G, Unadkat JD, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y, Sahi J. Solute Carrier Family of the Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptides 1A2– Madin-Darby Canine Kidney II: A Promising In Vitro System to Understand the Role of Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1A2 in Blood-Brain Barrier Drug Penetration. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1008-18. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
13
|
Paek J, Kang JH, Kim HS, Lee I, Seo KW, Yang MP. Serum adipokine concentrations in dogs with acute pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1760-9. [PMID: 25312217 PMCID: PMC4895644 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Limited information is available about the role of adipokines in the development and progression of acute pancreatitis (AP) in dogs. Objectives To determine whether the circulating concentrations of adipokines differed between healthy dogs and dogs with AP, and whether the circulating concentrations differed between AP survivors and AP nonsurvivors. Animals Twenty‐eight healthy dogs and 25 client‐owned dogs with AP. Methods Prospective observational cohort study of 25 client‐owned dogs with newly diagnosed AP and 28 otherwise healthy dogs with similar body condition scores. The serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐18, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were measured. Results The serum concentrations of leptin (P = .0021), resistin (P = .0010), visfatin (P < .0001), IL‐1β (P < .0001), IL‐6 (P = .0002), IL‐10 (P < .0001), and IL‐18 (P < .0001) were significantly higher in dogs with AP than healthy dogs, whereas the adiponectin concentration (P = .0011) was significantly lower. There were significant differences in the serum concentrations of leptin (P = .028) and adiponectin (P = .046) in survivors and nonsurvivors. After the disappearance of clinical signs, the concentrations of resistin (P = .037) and IL‐1β (P = .027) decreased significantly, whereas the serum concentrations of leptin (P > .999), adiponectin (P = .11), visfatin (P = .83), IL‐6 (P = .82), IL‐10 (P = .82), IL‐18 (P = .56), and TNF‐α (P = .94) did not differ significantly. Conclusion and Clinical Importance This study showed that dysregulation of adipokines might be involved in the pathogenesis of AP. In addition, leptin and adiponectin are likely to be associated with mortality rate in AP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Paek
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hulanicka M, Garncarz M, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Jank M. The transcriptomic profile of peripheral blood nuclear cells in dogs with heart failure. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:509. [PMID: 24952741 PMCID: PMC4092214 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years advances have been made in the investigative methods of molecular background of canine heart disease. Studies have been conducted to identify specific genes which, when pathologically expressed, could lead to the dysfunction of the canine heart or are correlated with heart failure. For this purpose genome wide microarray experiments on tissues from failing hearts have been performed. In the presented study a whole genome microarray analysis was used for the first time to describe the transcription profile of peripheral blood nuclear cells in dogs with heart failure. Dogs with recognized heart disease were classified according the ISACHC (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council) classification scheme as class 1 (asymptomatic) - 13 dogs, class 2 (mild to moderate heart failure) - 13 dogs and class 3 (severe heart failure) - 12 dogs. The control group consisted of 14 healthy dogs. The clinical picture of the animals included: animal history, clinical examination, echocardiographic examination and where applicable electrocardiographic and radiographic examinations. Results In the present study we identified four sets of differentially expressed genes, namely heart-failure-specific genes and ISACHC1-specific genes, ISACHC2-sepcific genes and ISACHC-3 specific genes. The most important set consisted of genes differentially expressed in all dogs with heart failure, despite the ISACHC stage. We identified 71 heart-failure-specific genes which were involved in two statistically significant receptor signalling pathways, namely angiotensinR - > CREB/ELK-SRF/TP53 signalling and ephrinR - > actin signalling. The number of ISACHC1-specific genes was 83; ISACHC2-specific genes - 1247 and ISACHC3-specific - 200. Conclusions The transcriptomic profile of peripheral blood nuclear cells in dogs with heart failure seems to reflect the presence of clinical signs of the disease in patients based on the observation that the largest number of differentially expressed genes was identified in ISACHC 2 group of patients. This group consists of dogs just starting to show clinical signs of heart failure. A set of genes was also found to have changed expression in all dogs with heart failure, despite the stage of the disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-509) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hulanicka
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska str, 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhuang XD, Hu X, Long M, Dong XB, Liu DH, Liao XX. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide alleviates high glucose-induced cardiotoxicity via inhibition of leptin signaling in H9c2 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 391:147-55. [PMID: 24687304 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-1997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) protects cardiomyoblasts against high glucose (HG)-induced injury by inhibiting the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This study aims to determine whether the leptin-p38 MAPK pathway is involved in HG-induced injury and whether exogenous H2S prevents the HG-induced insult through inhibition of the leptin-p38 MAPK pathway in H9c2 cells. H9c2 cells were treated with 35 mM glucose (HG) for 24 h to establish a HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury model. Cell viability; mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m); apoptosis; reactive oxygen species (ROS) level; and leptin, leptin receptor, and p38 MAPK expression level were measured by the methods indicated. The results showed pretreatment of H9c2 cells with NaHS before exposure to HG led to an increase in cell viability, decrease in apoptotic cells, ROS generation, and a loss of ΔΨ m. Exposure of H9c2 cells to 35 mM glucose for 24 h significantly upregulated the expression levels of leptin and leptin receptors. The increased expression levels of leptin and leptin receptors were markedly attenuated by pretreatment with 400 μM NaHS. In addition, the HG-induced increase in phosphorylated (p) p38 MAPK expression was ameliorated by pretreatment with 50 ng/ml leptin antagonist. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated for the first time that the leptin-p38 MAPK pathway contributes to the HG-induced injury in H9c2 cells and that exogenous H₂S protects H9c2 cells against HG-induced injury at least in part by inhibiting the activation of leptin-p38 MAPK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovasology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fonfara S, Hetzel U, Tew SR, Cripps P, Dukes-McEwan J, Clegg PD. Myocardial cytokine expression in dogs with systemic and naturally occurring cardiac diseases. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:408-16. [PMID: 23438116 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.3.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare myocardial cytokine expression in dogs with naturally occurring cardiac or systemic diseases and dogs without cardiac or systemic diseases (control dogs) SAMPLE Myocardial tissue samples from 7 systemic disease-affected dogs (SDDs), 7 cardiac disease-affected dogs (CDDs), and 8 control dogs. PROCEDURES mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and growth differentiation factor-15 in myocardial tissue samples obtained from CDDs, SDDs, and control dogs were analyzed via quantitative PCR assays. RESULTS In control dogs, only mRNA for TNF-α, TGF-β1, and TGF-β3 was detected; concentrations were significantly higher in male than in female dogs. In SDDs and CDDs, all cytokines, growth factors, and growth differentiation factor-15 were expressed. Compared with findings in SDDs, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ expression was significantly increased in CDDs; specifically, IL-1, IL-8, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and TGF-β3 expression was increased in the atria and IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ expression was increased in the ventricles of CDDs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Data suggested that the alterations in cytokine expression in SDDs and CDDs, compared with control dog findings, were a result of inflammatory system activation. The differences in cytokine expression in atria and ventricles between SDDs and CDDs were suggestive of different remodeling processes. A better knowledge of myocardial involvement in SDDs and of immune regulation in CDDs might beneficially affect morbidity and mortality rates and provide new treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fonfara
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, England.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fonfara S, Hetzel U, Tew SR, Cripps P, Dukes-McEwan J, Clegg PD. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases, their inhibitors, and lysyl oxidase in myocardial samples from dogs with end-stage systemic and cardiac diseases. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:216-23. [PMID: 23363345 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the degree of mRNA expression for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), and lysyl oxidase in myocardial samples from dogs with cardiac and systemic diseases and from healthy control dogs. SAMPLE Myocardial samples from the atria, ventricles, and septum of 8 control dogs, 6 dogs with systemic diseases, 4 dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and 5 dogs with other cardiac diseases. PROCEDURES Degrees of mRNA expression for MMP-1, -2, -3, -9, and -13; TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4; and lysyl oxidase were measured via quantitative real-time PCR assay. Histologic examination of the hearts was performed to identify pathological changes. RESULTS In myocardial samples from control dogs, only TIMP-3 and TIMP-4 mRNA expression was detected, with a significantly higher degree in male versus female dogs. In dogs with systemic and cardiac diseases, all investigated markers were expressed, with a significantly higher degree of mRNA expression than in control dogs. Furthermore, the degree of expression for MMP-2, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 was significantly higher in dogs with DCM than in dogs with systemic diseases and cardiac diseases other than DCM. Expression was generally greater in atrial than in ventricular tissue for MMP-2, MMP-13, and lysyl oxidase in samples from dogs with atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Degrees of myocardial MMP, TIMP, and lysyl oxidase mRNA expression were higher in dogs with cardiac and systemic diseases than in healthy dogs, suggesting that expression of these markers is a nonspecific consequence of end-stage diseases. Selective differences in the expression of some markers may reflect specific pathogenic mechanisms and may play a role in disease progression, morbidity and mortality rates, and treatment response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fonfara
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, England.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Freeman LM. Cachexia and sarcopenia: emerging syndromes of importance in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 26:3-17. [PMID: 22111652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is the loss of lean body mass (LBM) that affects a large proportion of dogs and cats with congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), cancer, and a variety of other chronic diseases. Sarcopenia, the loss of LBM that occurs with aging, is a related syndrome, although sarcopenia occurs in the absence of disease. As many of the diseases associated with muscle loss are more common in aging, cachexia and sarcopenia often are concurrent problems. Both cachexia and sarcopenia have important clinical implications because they are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of these 2 syndromes is complex and multifactorial, but recent studies have provided new information that has helped to clarify mechanisms and identify potential new targets for treatment. Newly identified mechanisms and pathways that mediate cachexia appear to act by increasing energy requirements, decreasing energy intake, impairing nutrient absorption, and causing metabolic alterations. Whereas cachexia and sarcopenia are important areas of research for drug development in people, they are only beginning to be recognized in veterinary medicine. Greater awareness and earlier diagnosis will help provide practical approaches to managing body weight and lean tissue in dogs and cats, as well as more directed targets for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fonfara S, Tew SR, Cripps P, Dukes-McEwan J, Clegg PD. Increased blood mRNA expression of inflammatory and anti-fibrotic markers in dogs with congestive heart failure. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:879-85. [PMID: 22100243 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling contribute to the development of congestive heart failure (CHF), but the pathogenesis is still incompletely understood. Therefore, whole blood samples from eight dogs without cardiac disease and eight dogs with CHF were investigated for mRNA expression of IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, TNFα, IFNγ, TGFβ1-3, MMP1, -2, -3, -9 and TIMP1-4 using quantitative PCR. Dogs with CHF had significantly higher IL1β (P=0.015), IL2 (P=0.043), MMP1 (P=0.031), TIMP3 (P=0.012) and lower TNFα (P<0.001), TGFβ3 (P=0.006), TIMP1 (P=0.015) and TIMP2 (P=0.011) mRNA levels. Increased pro-inflammatory IL1β and anti-fibrotic MMP1 and reduced pro-fibrotic TGFβ and TIMP1 and TIMP2 in dogs with CHF suggest progressive left ventricular remodeling. The reduction of TNFα and increase of immunomodulatory IL2 and TIMP3 might suggest control of the inflammatory response. A better understanding of inflammation and ECM remodeling in cardiac diseases may lead to novel treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fonfara
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|