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Dittmer KE, Wetzel S, Odom T, Munday JS, Flatt EA, Wilson IJ, Hughes C, Tan ST. Multimodal Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Treatment of Cancer in Dogs Has Mild Adverse Effects in Some Dogs. Vet Sci 2024; 11:275. [PMID: 38922022 PMCID: PMC11209120 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is increasingly being recognized to play a role in the tumor microenvironment, promoting tumor growth. Studies blocking a single part of the RAS have shown mixed results, possibly due to the existence of different bypass pathways and redundancy within the RAS. As such, multimodal blockade of the RAS has been developed to exert more complete inhibition of the RAS. The aim of the present study was to assess the safety of multimodal RAS blockade in dogs. Five dogs (four with appendicular osteosarcoma, one with oral malignant melanoma) were treated with atenolol, benazepril, curcumin, meloxicam, and metformin. The dogs underwent clinical examination, blood pressure measurement, and hematology and serum biochemistry tests performed at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks, then every 3 months thereafter. End-of-life decisions were made by the owners. None of the dogs developed hypotension. One dog had intermittent vomiting during the 64 weeks it was on the trial. One dog had a one-off increase in serum SDMA(symmetrical dimethylarginine) concentration. Dogs were euthanized at weeks 3 (osteosarcoma), 10 (osteosarcoma), 17 (osteosarcoma), and 26 (oral malignant melanoma), and one dog was still alive at the end of the trial at 64 weeks (osteosarcoma). This is the first assessment of multimodal blockade of the RAS in dogs, and the results suggest it causes only mild adverse effects in some animals. The efficacy of the treatment was not assessed due to the small number of dogs. This pilot study allows for future larger studies assessing multimodal RAS blockade for the treatment of canine cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren E. Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (K.E.D.)
| | - Sarah Wetzel
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (K.E.D.)
| | - Thomas Odom
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (K.E.D.)
| | - John S. Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (K.E.D.)
| | | | | | - Catherine Hughes
- Shirley Vet Clinic, 15 Marshland Road, Shirley, Christchurch 8061, New Zealand
| | - Swee T. Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington 7184, New Zealand;
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Sykes KT, Wesselowski S, Saunders AB, Tjostheim SS, Potter BM, Gelzer ARM, Katz N, Ward JL, Karlin ET, Markovic LE, Magee AN, Abbott JA, Kadotani S, Menciotti G. A multicenter, retrospective study of cardiac disease in Borzoi dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1102494. [PMID: 36777677 PMCID: PMC9909344 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Borzoi are large, relatively uncommon sighthounds anecdotally reported to suffer from sudden death. This multicenter retrospective cohort study aimed to describe the sample of Borzoi presenting to veterinary cardiologists for evaluation, with records searched from 14 centers across a study period of up to 20 years. The study sample was comprised of 152 client-owned Borzoi, with dogs most commonly presenting for pre-breed screening in 87/152 (52%), followed by evaluation of an arrhythmia in 28/152 (18%). Of the 131/152 (86%) dogs that had an echocardiogram performed, 85/131 (65%) were structurally normal, with 40/85 (47%) structurally normal dogs having trace or mild atrioventricular valve regurgitation. Tricuspid valve dysplasia was the most commonly diagnosed congenital cardiac disease (n = 6). Myxomatous mitral valve disease (n = 12) and dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 13) were diagnosed at similar frequencies, though 92% of valve disease cases were mild. Only 48/152 (32%) Borzoi had a diagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) and/or a Holter monitor for arrhythmia screening. Despite this, ventricular arrhythmias were identified during the entirety of the available cardiac evaluation including diagnostic ECG, contemporaneous ECG monitoring during the echocardiogram, and/or Holter monitor in 25/131 (19%) dogs in which an echocardiographic diagnosis was available. Of these 25 Borzoi, 76% had minimal or no structural cardiac disease identified, and five had a family history of sudden death. A sudden death outcome was reported in 3/55 (5%) Borzoi with long-term outcome data available. In conclusion, Borzoi commonly have trace or mild atrioventricular valve insufficiencies, and may develop ventricular arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Tess Sykes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sonya Wesselowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Sonya Wesselowski ✉
| | - Ashley B. Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sonja S. Tjostheim
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brianna M. Potter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Anna R. M. Gelzer
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Natalie Katz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jessica L. Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Emily T. Karlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Lauren E. Markovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Aliya N. Magee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Saki Kadotani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Giulio Menciotti
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Kidd L, Hamilton H, Stine L, Qurollo B, Breitschwerdt EB. Vector-borne disease and its relationship to hematologic abnormalities and microalbuminuria in retired racing and show-bred greyhounds. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1287-1294. [PMID: 35816034 PMCID: PMC9308419 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Reference intervals for platelets and white blood cell (WBCs) counts are lower in greyhounds than other breeds. Proteinuria is common. Vector‐borne diseases (VBD) cause thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and proteinuria. Racing greyhounds are commonly exposed to vectors that carry multiple organisms capable of chronically infecting clinically healthy dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives Vector‐borne disease prevalence is higher in retired racing greyhounds than in show‐bred greyhounds. Occult infection contributes to breed‐related laboratory abnormalities. Animals Thirty National Greyhound Association (NGA) retired racing and 28 American Kennel Club (AKC) show‐bred greyhounds. Methods Peripheral blood was tested for Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia species using PCR. Antibodies to Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia species and Borrelia burgdorferi were detected using immunofluorescence and ELISA assays. Complete blood counts, semiquantitative platelet estimates, and microalbuminuria concentration were determined. Results Seven of 30 NGA and 1/28 AKC greyhounds tested positive for ≥1 VBD (P = .05). More positive tests were documented in NGA (10/630) than in AKC dogs (1/588; P = .02). Exposure to Bartonella species (3/30), Babesia vogeli (2/30), Ehrlichia canis (1/30), and infection with Mycoplasma hemocanis (3/30) occurred in NGA dogs. Platelet counts or estimates were >170 000/μL. White blood cell counts <4000/μL (4/28 AKC; 5/30 NGA, P > .99; 1/8 VBD positive; 8/51 VBD negative, P = .99) and microalbuminuria (10/21 AKC; 5/26 NGA, P = .06; 1/8 VBD positive; 14/25 VBD negative, P = .41) were not associated with VBD. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The prevalence of thrombocytopenia and B. vogeli exposure was lower than previously documented. Larger studies investigating the health impact of multiple VBD organisms are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kidd
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, California, USA
| | | | - Lisa Stine
- Independent Contractor, Scio, Oregon, USA
| | - Barbara Qurollo
- Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Falus FA, Vizi Z, Szabó KÉ, Müller L, Reiczigel J, Balogh N, Manczur F. Establishment of a reference interval for urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:585-590. [PMID: 35791959 PMCID: PMC10084387 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albuminuria is an important marker of renal damage and can precede proteinuria; thus, it can be a useful analyte in the early diagnosis of kidney diseases. Albuminuria has also been found in dogs with hypertension, inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic diseases. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish a reference interval (RI) for albuminuria in dogs. METHODS One hundred sixty-four clinically healthy dogs were enrolled in the study. Urinary albumin was determined by the immunoturbidimetric method, and albumin excretion was expressed as the urinary albumin-to-creatinine (UAC) ratio. The RI for UAC was established. RESULTS After exclusions, 124 dogs from 32 breeds remained. The median UAC of the study population was 3.0 mg/g (range: 0-48). The RI was defined as 0-19 mg/g (with a 90% CI for the upper limit of 13-28 mg/g). No significant difference was found between male and female dogs or between different age and body weight groups. The results of Sighthounds (n = 30) and Beagle dogs (n = 23) did not differ from the other breeds. CONCLUSION The canine RI of UAC is similar but somewhat narrower than the human RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Anna Falus
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Vizi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Korinna Éva Szabó
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Linda Müller
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jenő Reiczigel
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ferenc Manczur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Lyberg M, Ljungvall I, Häggström J, Ahlund E, Pelander L. Impact of equipment and handling on systolic blood pressure measurements in conscious dogs in an animal hospital environment. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:739-746. [PMID: 33586197 PMCID: PMC7995364 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Situational hypertension and differences between devices complicate interpretations of systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements in dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate if time point of in‐clinic SBP measurement, type of oscillometric device, and operator affect SBP measurements in conscious dogs. Animals Sixty‐seven privately owned dogs with or without chronic kidney disease, divided into 2 study samples (A and B). Methods Cross‐sectional diagnostic study. In part A, SBP measurements in dogs were performed using 2 different devices (HDO and petMap) after acclimatization at 3 standardized time points during a clinical visit. In part B, SBP measurements (HDO) were performed in dogs by a trained final year veterinary student and by the owner alone, at the same occasion. Results For all dogs, there was no difference in mean SBP (mSBP) among the 3 time points for HDO (P = .12) or petMAP (P = .67). However, intraindividual mSBP differences of up to 60 mm Hg between time points were documented. Mean SBP obtained with petMAP was on average 14 (95% CI: 8‐20) mm Hg higher than mSBP obtained with HDO, and this difference increased with increasing SBP. Mean SBP measurements obtained by the trained student were 7 (95% CI: 2‐11) mm Hg higher than mSBP measurements obtained by the owner. Conclusions and Clinical Importance According to the results of this study, time point of in‐clinic SBP measurement in dogs is of minor importance, and instructing owners to perform measurements might reduce suspected situational hypertension. Differences in mSBP measured with HDO and petMAP underscore the need for validation of BP devices used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lyberg
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lena Pelander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Libin MB, Weltman JG, Prittie J. A Preliminary Investigation into the Association of Chloride Concentration on Morbidity and Mortality in Hospitalized Canine Patients. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2020; 11:57-69. [PMID: 32766124 PMCID: PMC7369501 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s253759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate whole blood chloride concentration and hospital-acquired AKI in hospitalized canine patients. Secondary outcome measures included the volume-adjusted chloride load, in-hospital mortality and length of ICU stay. Patients and Methods This is a prospective, observational study. Sixty dogs admitted to the ICU and receiving IV fluid therapy for >24 hours from February 2018 to July 2019. Corrected chloride and creatinine concentrations were obtained twice daily. Total volume of IV fluid and total chloride load were recorded. Volume-adjusted chloride load (VACL) was calculated by dividing the chloride administered by the volume of fluid administered. Hospital-acquired AKI was defined as an increase in creatinine of ≥26.5 μmol/L (0.3 mg/dL) or 150% from baseline to maximum. Survival to hospital discharge or non-survival and ICU length of stay were also recorded. Results Fifteen out of 60 patients developed hospital-acquired AKI. Maximum corrected chloride was significantly different in AKI group (median 122.3 mmol/L) vs non-AKI group (median 118.1 mmol/L; p=0.0002). Six out of 60 patients developed hyperchloremia. Hyperchloremic patients were significantly more likely to develop in-hospital AKI (p=0.03). Patients hospitalized ≥2 days had a significantly higher [Cl−]max compared to those with shorter ICU stay (121.8 ± 5.9 mmol/L vs 117.5 ± 4.3 mmol/L; p=0.002). Eight out of 60 patients were non-survivors. Maximum corrected chloride and creatinine concentrations were not significantly different between survivors and non-survivors. VACL was not significantly different between AKI or mortality groups. Conclusion Maximum corrected chloride concentration was significantly higher in dogs with hospital-acquired AKI, even amongst dogs without hyperchloremia. Additionally, maximum corrected chloride concentrations were significantly higher in dogs hospitalized in the ICU longer compared to those hospitalized for fewer than two days. There was no significant difference in VACL in any of the outcome groups. Results from this study suggest alterations in chloride may be observed alongside the development of acute kidney injuries. Future studies in critically ill dogs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline B Libin
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel G Weltman
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Prittie
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Liffman R, Courtman N, Tennent-Brown B, Johnstone T. Urine creatinine concentration and urine protein-to-creatinine ratios in healthy nonracing Greyhounds. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:270-278. [PMID: 32502315 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum creatinine concentrations are higher in Greyhounds when compared with nonsighthound breeds. Greyhounds might also have higher urine creatinine concentrations compared with other breeds, which could affect urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) references. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the UPC reference intervals (RIs) in healthy nonracing Greyhounds and compare this with UPC values in a group of healthy nonsighthounds and with the current International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) guidelines. METHODS The study used an observational cross-sectional design, involving clinically healthy, nonracing Greyhounds (n = 98) and nonsighthound dogs of similar weight, age, and sex (n = 24). Packed cell volumes, total solids, urine protein concentrations, serum and urine creatinine concentrations, urine specific gravity (USG) measurements, and UPCs were determined. Linear regression was used to compare urine creatinine and urine protein concentrations, relative to the USG measurements, between Greyhound and nonsighthound groups. Greyhound UPC RIs were determined using nonparametric methods and compared with UPC values in nonsighthounds and current IRIS guidelines. RESULTS Mean urine creatinine concentrations, adjusted for USGs, were approximately 22% higher in Greyhounds compared with nonsighthounds (P = .002). Mean urine protein concentration (P = .46) and UPC (P = .1) were not significantly different between Greyhounds and nonsighthounds. The upper limit of the Greyhound UPC RI was 0.20 or 0.42, depending on whether strict or moderate exclusion criteria were applied, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Greyhounds have higher urine creatinine concentrations than nonsighthounds. Although the suggested RI for UPCs in Greyhounds is slightly lower than the cut-offs recommended in generic canine IRIS guidelines, this difference is not likely to be clinically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Liffman
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Natalie Courtman
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Brett Tennent-Brown
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Thurid Johnstone
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Acierno MJ, Brown S, Coleman AE, Jepson RE, Papich M, Stepien RL, Syme HM. ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1803-1822. [PMID: 30353952 PMCID: PMC6271319 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An update to the 2007 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) consensus statement on the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats was presented at the 2017 ACVIM Forum in National Harbor, MD. The updated consensus statement is presented here. The consensus statement aims to provide guidance on appropriate diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Acierno
- Department of Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 5715 W. Utopia Rd, Glendale Arizona 85308
| | - Scott Brown
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Amanda E Coleman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Rosanne E Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca L Stepien
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Harriet M Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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Liffman R, Johnstone T, Tennent-Brown B, Hepworth G, Courtman N. Establishment of reference intervals for serum symmetric dimethylarginine in adult nonracing Greyhounds. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:458-463. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Liffman
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Thurid Johnstone
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Brett Tennent-Brown
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Graham Hepworth
- Statistical Consulting Centre; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Natalie Courtman
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Martinez J, Kellogg C, Iazbik MC, Couto CG, Pressler BM, Hoepf TM, Radin MJ. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:988-993. [PMID: 28488321 PMCID: PMC5508314 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis, and renal function. Blood pressure, serum sodium concentrations, and urinary albumin excretion are higher in Greyhounds than other purebred and mixed‐breed dogs. Hypothesis Alterations in the RAAS in Greyhounds are associated with hemodynamic and clinicopathologic differences observed in the breed. Animals Clinically healthy Greyhound and non‐Greyhound dogs consecutively enrolled as blood donors (n = 20/group). Methods Prospective study. Standard chemical analysis was performed on serum and urine. Serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) activity was determined by fluorometric assay. All other RAAS hormones were determined by radioimmunoassay. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) was measured by immunoassay. Measurements were compared to blood pressure and urine albumin concentration. Data are presented as mean ± SD or median, range. Results Serum creatinine (1.5 ± 0.2 vs 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/dL, P < .001), sodium (149, 147–152 vs 148, 146–150 mEq/L, P = .017), and SDMA (16.1 ± 2.9 vs 12.2 ± 1.8 μg/dL, P < .001) were significantly higher in Greyhounds versus non‐Greyhounds, respectively. Plasma renin activity (0.69, 0.10–1.93 vs 0.65, 0.27–2.93 ng/mL/h, P = .60) and ACE activity (4.5, 2.1–8.5 vs 4.6, 2.1–11.4 activity/mL; P = .77) were similar between groups and did not correlate with higher systolic pressures and albuminuria in Greyhounds. Plasma aldosterone concentration was significantly lower in Greyhounds versus non‐Greyhounds (11, 11–52 vs 15, 11–56 pg/mL, respectively, P = .002). Conclusions and clinical importance Basal RAAS activation did not differ between healthy Greyhounds and non‐Greyhounds. Lower aldosterone concentration in Greyhounds is an appropriate physiologic response to higher serum sodium concentration and blood pressure, suggesting that angiotensin II effects in the renal tubule predominate over those of aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martinez
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - C Kellogg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - M C Iazbik
- Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - C G Couto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - B M Pressler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - T M Hoepf
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - M J Radin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
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11
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Heilmann RM, Grützner N, Iazbik MC, Lopes R, Bridges CS, Suchodolski JS, Couto CG, Steiner JM. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its Association with Hypofolatemia and Other Clinicopathologic Variables. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:109-116. [PMID: 27864850 PMCID: PMC5259649 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Folate and cobalamin are essential cofactors for homocysteine (HCY) metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia, a multifactorial condition, may reflect B vitamin deficiency and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and neurodegenerative and chronic gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported in Greyhounds with suspected chronic enteropathy. Objectives To evaluate the frequencies of and the association between hypofolatemia and hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds. Animals Data and serum samples from 559 Greyhounds. Methods Nested case‐control study. The frequency of hypofolatemia in Greyhounds was determined by a laboratory database search. The relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia (measured by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry) and hypocobalaminemia and hypofolatemia was evaluated, and its frequency compared between healthy Greyhounds and Greyhounds with thrombosis or chronic diarrhea. Results Hypofolatemia was identified in 172 of 423 (41%) Greyhounds and was more common in hypo‐ than in normocobalaminemic dogs (49% vs. 35%; P = .0064). Hyperhomocysteinemia was detected in 53 of 78 (68%) of Greyhounds, being more common in hypo‐ than in normofolatemic dogs (88% vs. 59%; P = .0175). All healthy Greyhounds, 21 of 30 (70%) of dogs with chronic diarrhea and 6 of 8 (75%) of those with thrombosis, were hyperhomocysteinemic. Serum HCY concentrations were inversely correlated with serum folate concentration (ρ = −0.28; P = .0386) and were positively associated with serum albumin concentration (ρ = 0.66; P = .0022). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Hyperhomocysteinemia occurs frequently in the Greyhound population. Its association with hypofolatemia suggests decreased intracellular availability of B vitamins, but the functional implications warrant further investigation. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds potentially may serve as a spontaneous canine model to further investigate hyperhomocysteinemia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474.,Small Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, 04103, Germany
| | - N Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474.,Farm Animal Clinic, Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - M C Iazbik
- Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - R Lopes
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474.,Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77845
| | - C S Bridges
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474
| | - C G Couto
- Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Couto Veterinary Consultants, Hilliard, OH, 43026
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474
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12
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Martinez JT, Rogers LK, Kellogg C, Iazbik MC, Couto CG, Pressler BM, Hoepf TM, Radin MJ. Plasma Vasoprotective Eicosanoid Concentrations in Healthy Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:583-90. [PMID: 26806473 PMCID: PMC4913591 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension and albuminuria often coexist in Greyhounds, suggesting generalized vascular dysfunction that could contribute to the development of a variety of diseases in this breed. Eicosanoid metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) mediate endothelial function, vascular reactivity, and proteinuria in humans and in rodent models. HYPOTHESIS The eicosanoid profile of Greyhounds is shifted toward metabolites that promote vascular dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria. ANIMALS Healthy Greyhounds (n = 20) and non-Greyhound (n = 20) dogs that were consecutively enrolled in a blood donor program. METHODS Prospective study. Plasma eicosanoid metabolites were assayed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS) and compared to systolic blood pressure (SP) measurements and urine albumin concentration. RESULTS Isomers of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) were higher in Greyhounds than non-Greyhounds (median, range in pmol/mL: 5(S)HETE 19.82, 8.55-32.95 versus 13.54, 4.33-26.27, P = .033; 8(S)HETE 9.39, 3.28-19.84 versus 5.80, 2.25-17.66, P = .002; 9(S)HETE 9.46, 2.43-13.79 versus 5.82, 1.50-17.16, P = .026; 12(S)HETE 10.17, 3.81-40.06 versus 7.24, 2.9-16.16, P = .022). Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHET) isomers also were higher in Greyhounds compared to non-Greyhounds (mean ± SD in pmol/mL: 8,9DHET 5.78 ± 2.13 versus 4.03 ± 1.36, P = .004; 11,12DHET 11.98 ± 2.86 versus 8.90 ± 3.48, P = .004; 14,15DHET 7.23 ± 2.19 versus 5.76 ± 1.87, P = .028). Albuminuria correlated with total DHET (rs = 0.46, P = .003). SP was positively correlated with 11,12EET (rs = 0.42, P = .006) and 20(S)HETE (rs = 0.38, P = .017). SP and 8,9EET were inversely correlated (rs = -0.49, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Plasma eicosanoid profile in Greyhounds was consistent with activation of metabolic pathways known to promote vascular dysfunction and might contribute to higher blood pressures and albuminuria. Inhibition of these eicosanoid pathways should be evaluated as therapeutic targets in Greyhounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Martinez
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - L K Rogers
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - C Kellogg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | | | - C G Couto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - B M Pressler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - T M Hoepf
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - M J Radin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
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13
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Pouchelon JL, Atkins CE, Bussadori C, Oyama MA, Vaden SL, Bonagura JD, Chetboul V, Cowgill LD, Elliot J, Francey T, Grauer GF, Fuentes VL, Moise NS, Polzin DJ, Van Dongen AM, Van Israël N. Cardiovascular-renal axis disorders in the domestic dog and cat: a veterinary consensus statement. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:537-52. [PMID: 26331869 PMCID: PMC4584495 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is a growing understanding of the complexity of interplay between renal and cardiovascular systems in both health and disease. The medical profession has adopted the term "cardiorenal syndrome" (CRS) to describe the pathophysiological relationship between the kidney and heart in disease. CRS has yet to be formally defined and described by the veterinary profession and its existence and importance in dogs and cats warrant investigation. The CRS Consensus Group, comprising nine veterinary cardiologists and seven nephrologists from Europe and North America, sought to achieve consensus around the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of dogs and cats with "cardiovascular-renal disorders" (CvRD). To this end, the Delphi formal methodology for defining/building consensus and defining guidelines was utilised. METHODS Following a literature review, 13 candidate statements regarding CvRD in dogs and cats were tested for consensus, using a modified Delphi method. As a new area of interest, well-designed studies, specific to CRS/CvRD, are lacking, particularly in dogs and cats. Hence, while scientific justification of all the recommendations was sought and used when available, recommendations were largely reliant on theory, expert opinion, small clinical studies and extrapolation from data derived from other species. RESULTS Of the 13 statements, 11 achieved consensus and 2 did not. The modified Delphi approach worked well to achieve consensus in an objective manner and to develop initial guidelines for CvRD. DISCUSSION The resultant manuscript describes consensus statements for the definition, classification, diagnosis and management strategies for veterinary patients with CvRD, with an emphasis on the pathological interplay between the two organ systems. By formulating consensus statements regarding CvRD in veterinary medicine, the authors hope to stimulate interest in and advancement of the understanding and management of CvRD in dogs and cats. The use of a formalised method for consensus and guideline development should be considered for other topics in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pouchelon
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), Maisons-Alfort 94704, France
| | - C E Atkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - C Bussadori
- Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - M A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - S L Vaden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - J D Bonagura
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - V Chetboul
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), Maisons-Alfort 94704, France
| | - L D Cowgill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Elliot
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU
| | - T Francey
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - G F Grauer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - V Luis Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - N Sydney Moise
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - D J Polzin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - A M Van Dongen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, University of Utrecht College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht 3584, The Netherlands
| | - N Van Israël
- ACAPULCO Animal Cardiopulmonary Consultancy, Masta, Stavelot 4970, Belgium
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14
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Cianciolo RE, Mohr FC, Aresu L, Brown CA, James C, Jansen JH, Spangler WL, van der Lugt JJ, Kass PH, Brovida C, Cowgill LD, Heiene R, Polzin DJ, Syme H, Vaden SL, van Dongen AM, Lees GE. World Small Animal Veterinary Association Renal Pathology Initiative: Classification of Glomerular Diseases in Dogs. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:113-35. [PMID: 25957358 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815579996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of canine renal biopsy tissue has generally relied on light microscopic (LM) evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections ranging in thickness from 3 to 5 µm. Advanced modalities, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescence (IF), have been used sporadically or retrospectively. Diagnostic algorithms of glomerular diseases have been extrapolated from the World Health Organization classification scheme for human glomerular disease. With the recent establishment of 2 veterinary nephropathology services that evaluate 3-µm sections with a panel of histochemical stains and routinely perform TEM and IF, a standardized objective species-specific approach for the diagnosis of canine glomerular disease was needed. Eight veterinary pathologists evaluated 114 parameters (lesions) in renal biopsy specimens from 89 dogs. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the data revealed 2 large categories of glomerular disease based on the presence or absence of immune complex deposition: The immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN) category included cases with histologic lesions of membranoproliferative or membranous patterns. The second category included control dogs and dogs with non-ICGN (glomerular amyloidosis or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). Cluster analysis performed on only the LM parameters led to misdiagnosis of 22 of the 89 cases-that is, ICGN cases moved to the non-ICGN branch of the dendrogram or vice versa, thereby emphasizing the importance of advanced diagnostic modalities in the evaluation of canine glomerular disease. Salient LM, TEM, and IF features for each pattern of disease were identified, and a preliminary investigation of related clinicopathologic data was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - F C Mohr
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - L Aresu
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Dipartimento di Biomedicina comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - C A Brown
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - C James
- IDEXX Laboratories, Ltd., Wetherby, United Kingdom
| | - J H Jansen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - J J van der Lugt
- IDEXX Europe, BV, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C Brovida
- ANUBI Ospedale per Animali da Compagnia, Moncalieri, Italy
| | - L D Cowgill
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Heiene
- Blue Star Animal Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden PetVett Dyresykehus, Oslo, Norway Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - D J Polzin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - H Syme
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - S L Vaden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A M van Dongen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G E Lees
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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