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Flory A, Wilson-Robles H. Noninvasive Blood-Based Cancer Detection in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:541-558. [PMID: 38195361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The past decade has seen incredible advances in blood-based cancer detection in people and in dogs - yet this represents only a glimpse of the benefits these tests can provide to patients. The clinical uses of this technology range from screening asymptomatic individuals for early detection to use as an aid in diagnosis when cancer is suspected, to cancer monitoring both during and after treatment. This article summarizes the benefits of early cancer detection and examines use cases and methods of blood-based cancer detection in dogs, including quantitative, qualitative, and alternative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Flory
- PetDx, 9310 Athena Circle, Suite 230, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Heather Wilson-Robles
- Volition Veterinary Diagnostics Development, LLC 1489 West Warm Springs Road Suite 110, Henderson, NV 89014, USA; Ethos Discovery, 10435 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; The Oncology Service, United Veterinary Health, 6651 Backlick Road, Springfield, VA 22150, USA
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2
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Nosalova N, Huniadi M, Horňáková Ľ, Valenčáková A, Horňák S, Nagoos K, Vozar J, Cizkova D. Canine Mammary Tumors: Classification, Biomarkers, Traditional and Personalized Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2891. [PMID: 38474142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have focused their attention on the dog as a proper animal model for human cancer. In dogs, mammary tumors develop spontaneously, involving a complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune system and revealing several molecular and clinical similarities to human breast cancer. In this review, we summarized the major features of canine mammary tumor, risk factors, and the most important biomarkers used for diagnosis and treatment. Traditional therapy of mammary tumors in dogs includes surgery, which is the first choice, followed by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or hormonal therapy. However, these therapeutic strategies may not always be sufficient on their own; advancements in understanding cancer mechanisms and the development of innovative treatments offer hope for improved outcomes for oncologic patients. There is still a growing interest in the use of personalized medicine, which should play an irreplaceable role in the research not only in human cancer therapy, but also in veterinary oncology. Moreover, immunotherapy may represent a novel and promising therapeutic option in canine mammary cancers. The study of novel therapeutic approaches is essential for future research in both human and veterinary oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nosalova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Mykhailo Huniadi
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Ľubica Horňáková
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Valenčáková
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Slavomir Horňák
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Kamil Nagoos
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Vozar
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
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3
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Vilfan M, Lampreht Tratar U, Milevoj N, Nemec Svete A, Čemažar M, Serša G, Tozon N. Comparison of Nucleosome, Ferritin and LDH Levels in Blood with Clinical Response before and after Electrochemotherapy Combined with IL-12 Gene Electrotransfer for the Treatment of Mast Cell Tumours in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:438. [PMID: 38338081 PMCID: PMC10854863 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) in combination with the gene electrotransfer of interleukin 12 (IL-12 GET) has been successfully used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of mast cell tumours (MCT), but the biomarkers that could predict response to this treatment have not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the plasma nucleosome and serum ferritin concentrations, as well as the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, in the serum of treated patients before and one and six months after treatment to evaluate their utility as potential biomarkers that could predict response to the combined treatment. The study was conducted in 48 patients with a total of 86 MCTs that we treated with the combined treatment. The blood samples used for analysing the potential predictive biomarkers were taken before treatment and one and six months after treatment, when the response to treatment was also assessed. The Nu. Q® Vet Cancer Test, the Canine Ferritin ELISA Kit, and the RX Daytona+ automated biochemical analyser were used to analyse the blood samples. The results showed that the plasma nucleosome concentration (before treatment (BT): 32.84 ng/mL (median); one month after treatment (1 M AT): 58.89 ng/mL (median); p = 0.010) and serum LDH activity (BT: 59.75 U/L (median); 1 M AT: 107.5 U/L (median); p = 0.012) increased significantly one month after treatment and that the increase correlated significantly with the presence of a more pronounced local reaction (necrosis, swelling, etc.) at that time point for both markers (nucleosome: BT (necrosis): 21.61 ng/mL (median); 1 M AT (necrosis): 69.92 ng/mL (median), p = 0.030; LDH: BT (necrosis): 54.75 U/L (median); 1 M AT (necrosis): 100.3 U/L (median), p = 0.048). Therefore, both the plasma nucleosome concentration and serum LDH activity could serve as early indicators of the effect of the treatment. In this context, the serum ferritin concentration showed no significant predictive potential for treatment response (p > 0.999 for all comparisons). In conclusion, this study provides some new and important observations on the use of predictive biomarkers in veterinary oncology. Furthermore, it emphasises the need for the continued identification and validation of potential predictive biomarkers in dogs with MCT and other malignancies undergoing ECT treatment in combination with IL-12 GET to ultimately improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Vilfan
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (U.L.T.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Urša Lampreht Tratar
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (U.L.T.); (A.N.S.)
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Č.); (G.S.)
| | - Nina Milevoj
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (U.L.T.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Alenka Nemec Svete
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (U.L.T.); (A.N.S.)
| | - Maja Čemažar
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Č.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Serša
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Č.); (G.S.)
| | - Nataša Tozon
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (U.L.T.); (A.N.S.)
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Pinheiro BQ, de Magalhães FF, Alves FWDS, Silva ING, Faustino AMR, da Silva LDM. CA 15-3, CRP, and LDH correlates with prognostic parameters in canine mammary neoplasms. Anim Reprod 2023; 20:e20220086. [PMID: 36938312 PMCID: PMC10023068 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2022-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of putative prognostic factors in canine mammary neoplasms (CMNs) has been focused on tissue-specific biomarkers, but the serum biomarkers, including cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), c-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have been demonstrated to display clinical application in cases of CMNs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of these serum biomarkers and their association with well-established prognostic factors in CMNs. Samples from 15 female canines with CMNs and 15 clinically healthy ones were collected. The results were evaluated using the Tukey's, Pearson, or Spearman tests. The cut-off point, sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in a logistic regression model (P<0.05). The levels of CA 15-3, CRP and LDH were significantly higher in the serum of female dogs with CMNs compared to the healthy ones. Moreover, these factors were positively correlated with ulceration, tumor size, histopathological grade, metastatic lymph node, and clinical staging. Female dogs with CMNs were found to exhibit highest serum levels of CA 15-3, CRP, and LDH. Therefore, they can be applied to improve the efficacy of the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation in casas of CMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Queiroz Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Reprodução de Carnívoros, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Francisco Felipe de Magalhães
- Laboratório de Reprodução de Carnívoros, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Francisco Wesley da Silva Alves
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Isaac Neto Goes Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Augusto Manuel Rodrigues Faustino
- Departamento de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Daniel Machado da Silva
- Laboratório de Reprodução de Carnívoros, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
- Corresponding author:
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Colombe P, Béguin J, Benchekroun G, Le Roux D. Blood biomarkers for canine cancer, from human to veterinary oncology. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:767-777. [PMID: 35815441 PMCID: PMC9796515 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in circulating tumour biomarkers is increasing both in human and veterinary oncology. An ideal tumour biomarker would allow early diagnosis of neoplasia, identify it specifically, accurately, establish a prognosis and predict its behaviour, especially regarding different therapeutic solutions. It would also allow to monitor its evolution over time and all this in a non-invasive and inexpensive way. Actually, no biomarkers meeting all of these criteria have been identified in veterinary medicine, particularly due to a lack of specificity of the main protein tumour biomarkers studied to date. However, great hope is currently placed in biomarkers grouped under the name of liquid biopsy, which could prove to be effective tools for common clinical use in the near future. This review gives an update on blood cancer biomarkers studied in dogs, such as ions, proteins, nucleic acids and also circulating cells, of which some might become more prominent in the coming years to help improve the management of animal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colombe
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortBioPôle AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortCHUVA, Service de Médecine InterneMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Jérémy Béguin
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortCHUVA, Service de Médecine InterneMaisons‐AlfortFrance,Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortUMR VIROLOGIE, Laboratoire de Santé AnimaleMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Ghita Benchekroun
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortCHUVA, Service de Médecine InterneMaisons‐AlfortFrance,Ecole nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortUniv Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRBMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Delphine Le Roux
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortBioPôle AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance,Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortUMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé AnimaleMaisons‐AlfortFrance
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Yu C, Zheng H, Liu X, Xie G. The Analysis of E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin, Vimentin, HER-2, CEA, CA15-3 and SF Expression in the Diagnosis of Canine Mammary Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3050. [PMID: 36359174 PMCID: PMC9657150 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are one of the most common tumors in female dogs, and they are associated with a poor prognosis owing to their high rate of recurrence and metastasis rates, which make their diagnosis especially important in clinical veterinary medicine. In this study, the characteristics of tumors were observed in dogs suffering from CMTs, and clinical diagnosis and histopathology were used to identify tumors. Furthermore, the expression levels of tumor markers for CMTs were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Upon clinical examination, dogs with CMTs displayed a distinct and irregular mass in the mammary gland, and X-ray (Latero-lateral and ventro-dorsal views) and ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed a moderately echogenic mass at the mammary gland with slightly stronger density than the surrounding tissue. A total of 30 tumors were identified by histopathology, 11 benign and 19 malignant. Changes in some indicators in dogs suffering from CMTs and healthy dogs suggested that there were multiple direct or paraneoplastic changes associated with tumors that could be detected/suspected by hematological examination, and ELISA revealed the HER-2 serum concentrations were significantly different between healthy animals and those with malignant tumors. qPCR indicated that tumor markers N-cadherin, Vimentin, HER-2, CEA, CA15-3 and SF were higher in dogs with malignant tumors than healthy dogs, with a low level of E-cadherin in malignant tumors. This study verified that serological tests and molecular biological tests were essential to the early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dogs with tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guanghong Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun 130062, China
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7
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HER2 Overexpression and Cytogenetical Patterns in Canine Mammary Carcinomas. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110583. [DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a tyrosine kinase receptor that promotes tumor cell growth and is implicated in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer. The role of HER2 in canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs) is not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the protein expression and cytogenetic changes of HER2 and their correlation with other clinical–pathological parameters in CMC. We retrospectively selected 112 CMCs. HER2, ER, and Ki67 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. HER2 antibody validation was investigated by immunoblot on mammary tumor cell lines. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed with probes for HER2 and CRYBA1 (control gene present on CFA9). HER2 protein overexpression was detected in 15 carcinomas (13.5%). A total of 90 carcinomas were considered technically adequate by FISH, and 8 out of 90 CMC (10%) were HER2 amplified, 3 of which showed a cluster-type pattern. HER2 overexpression was correlated with an increased number of HER2 gene copies (p = 0.01; R = 0.24) and overall survival (p = 0.03), but no correlation with ER, Ki67, grade, metastases, and tumor-specific survival was found. Surprisingly, co-amplification or polysomy was identified in three tumors, characterized by an increased copy number of both HER2 and CRYBA1. A morphological translocation-fusion pattern was recognized in 20 carcinomas (22%), with a co-localized signal of HER2 and CRYBA1. HER2 is not associated with clinical–pathological parameters of increased malignancy in canine mammary tumors, but it is suitable for studying different amplification patterns.
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Kaszak I, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Domrazek K, Jurka P. The Novel Diagnostic Techniques and Biomarkers of Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Sci 2022; 9:526. [PMID: 36288138 PMCID: PMC9610006 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are considered a serious clinical problem in older bitches. Due to the high malignancy rate and poor prognosis, an early diagnosis is essential. This article is a summary of novel diagnostic techniques as well as the main biomarkers of CMTs. So far, CMTs are detected only when changes in mammary glands are clinically visible and surgical removal of the mass is the only recommended treatment. Proper diagnostics of CMT is especially important as they represent a very diverse group of tumors and therefore different treatment approaches may be required. Recently, new diagnostic options appeared, like a new cytological grading system of CMTs or B-mode ultrasound, the Doppler technique, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and real-time elastography, which may be useful in pre-surgical evaluation. However, in order to detect malignancies before macroscopic changes are visible, evaluation of serum and tissue biomarkers should be considered. Among them, we distinguish markers of the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, metastatic potential and prognosis, hormone receptors, inflammatory and more recent: metabolomic, gene expression, miRNA, and transcriptome sequencing markers. The use of a couple of the above-mentioned markers together seems to be the most useful for the early diagnosis of neoplastic diseases as well as to evaluate response to treatment, presence of tumor progression, or further prognosis. Molecular aspects of tumors seem to be crucial for proper understanding of tumorigenesis and the application of individual treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kaszak
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Domrazek
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Jurka
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Pilot Study: Assessing the Expression of Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase and Peripheral Leukocyte Ratios in Canine Oral Malignant Melanoma. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080421. [PMID: 36006336 PMCID: PMC9416752 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of blood biomarkers such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and peripheral leukocyte ratios have been shown to be of prognostic value in human melanoma patients. Previous veterinary studies have demonstrated that changes in these values are detectable in multiple canine cancer patients. However, to the authors’ knowledge, no studies have yet demonstrated an increase in LDH in canine oral malignant melanoma patients, nor has the effect of metastasis on LDH levels been explored. This retrospective pilot study included 18 dogs, of which 10 were healthy controls, 5 OMM patients with metastasis and 3 without metastasis. Serum LDH was measured and pre-treatment peripheral leucocyte ratios were calculated. LDH was measurable within all patient groups and a statistically significant difference in LDH levels was detected between patients with OMM and healthy controls (p < 0.05); however, no significant difference was detected between patients with or without metastatic disease. This study suggests that serum LDH levels are significantly increased in dogs with OMM compared to healthy controls, paving the way for further research to investigate the prognostic value of this biomarker.
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Garcia JS, Nowosh V, López RVM, Massoco CDO. Association of Systemic Inflammatory and Immune Indices With Survival in Canine Patients With Oral Melanoma, Treated With Experimental Immunotherapy Alone or Experimental Immunotherapy Plus Metronomic Chemotherapy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:888411. [PMID: 35873678 PMCID: PMC9296851 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.888411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the expression of inflammatory markers before starting treatment in human patients with cancer helps to predict outcomes and prognosis; however, there have been few studies on this topic in veterinary medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate inflammatory indices before treatment with autologous antitumor vaccine alone or this vaccine plus metronomic chemotherapy (MC) to predict response and prognosis. The indices included the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NRL), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), C-reactive-protein-albumin ratio (CRP/ALB), lactate dehydrogenase level (LDH), frequency of blood lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+, Treg, and CD4/CD8 ratio) and frequency of blood myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs: monocytic [M]- MDSCs, and granulocytic [PMN]-MDSCs). Blood samples were collected from 25 dogs with oral melanoma treated with the autologous antitumor vaccine and from nine dogs that received MC plus vaccine before surgery. There were no statistically significant differences in the progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) between the groups. In addition to the clinical stage, the CRP/ALB ratio and blood circulating Tregs in the univariate analysis showed an association with PFS and OS, and thus were selected for multivariable analysis. The CRP/ALB ratio was associated with PFS [hazard ratio (HR), 1.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-1.1; p = 0.017] and OS [HR, 1; 95%CI, 1.0-1.1; p = 0.023]. Similarly, Treg was associated with PFS (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1; p = 0.001) and OS (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1; p = 0.001). Furthermore, canine patients with a CRP/ALB ratio above the cut-off point of 1.9 (established by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis) had worse PFS and OS, indicating the impact of the preoperative CRP/ALB ratio on the PFS and OS of dogs with oral melanoma. The CRP/ALB ratio and frequency of circulating Tregs are potential prognostic markers in dogs with oral melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Soares Garcia
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Nowosh
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina de Oliveira Massoco
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Vafaei R, Samadi M, Hosseinzadeh A, Barzaman K, Esmailinejad M, Khaki Z, Farahmand L. Comparison of mucin-1 in human breast cancer and canine mammary gland tumor: a review study. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:14. [PMID: 35000604 PMCID: PMC8744232 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-1 (MUC-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which bears many similarities between dogs and humans. Since the existence of animal models is essential to understand the significant factors involved in breast cancer mechanisms, canine mammary tumors (CMTs) could be used as a spontaneously occurring tumor model for human studies. Accordingly, this review assessed the comparison of canine and human MUC-1 based on their diagnostic and therapeutic aspects and showed how comparative oncology approaches could provide insights into translating pre-clinical trials from human to veterinary oncology and vice versa which could benefit both humans and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Vafaei
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, No.146, South Gandi Ave, Vanak Sq, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Samadi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, No.146, South Gandi Ave, Vanak Sq, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysooda Hosseinzadeh
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, No.146, South Gandi Ave, Vanak Sq, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Barzaman
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, No.146, South Gandi Ave, Vanak Sq, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MohammadReza Esmailinejad
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Khaki
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, No.146, South Gandi Ave, Vanak Sq, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, No.146, South Gandi Ave, Vanak Sq, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Ramadan ES, Salem NY, Emam IA, AbdElKader NA, Farghali HA, Khattab MS. MicroRNA-21 expression, serum tumor markers, and immunohistochemistry in canine mammary tumors. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:377-388. [PMID: 34787777 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are one of the most common malignancies in dogs and are associated with significant mortality. Serum tumor markers and non-coding microRNAs have gained widespread popularity in human oncology studies. The present study has two aims, first one is to investigate the miR-21 expression compared with changes in serum tumor markers (CEA and CA15-3) in CMT. The second aim is to detect the immunohistochemistry markers as vimentin, P63, and -SMA in CMT. METHODS This study enrolled 17 female dogs: 10 with mammary tumors and seven controls without tumors. Blood samples were collected to measure miR-21, CEA, and CA 15-3, and histological samples were prepared for histological grading and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS CA 15-3 was elevated in all animals, whereas CEA levels showed no change compared with controls. miR-21 was upregulated 12.84-fold in animals with CMT. The most frequently recorded CMT was the mixed type. Myoepithelial cells were identified by P63 immunoreactivity, but not SMA. High expression of miR-21 was observed with positive vimentin immunoreactivity, indicating the mesenchymal origin of the tumor cells. CONCLUSION The present study showed that miR-21 was elevated to a greater extent than CA 15-3 (12.84-fold vs. threefold). Tumors that was positive for vimentin immunoreactivity was also associated with an elevation in the levels of miR-21, showing that miR-21 is released from mesenchymal cells. These findings support the hypothesis that miR-21 may be a more sensitive, noninvasive indicator for CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman S Ramadan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Noha Y Salem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A Emam
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa A AbdElKader
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Haithem A Farghali
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Khattab
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt.
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13
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Kovalenko MS, Bilyi DD, Skliarov PM, Maslikov SN, Suslova NI, Spitsyna TL, Yevtushenko ID. Prognostic markers of canine mammary tumours: Retrospective study of 142 cases. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to relevance of the problem, prediction of biological behaviour of neoplasias in mammary glands of dogs requires using contemporary approaches to the study, first of all, of ways of dissemination of tumour cells. One of them is studying the mechanisms of migration of cancer cells out of the neoplasm tissues with further dissemination and development of metastatic sites in the regional lymphatic nodes and remote tissues. We studied the survival period of bitches with tumours of the mammary glands following regional or unilateral mastectomy. Among malignant mammary tumours in bitches, the most often diagnosed were single tumours (57.5%), which histologically were classified to carcinomas – ductal (26.9%) and mixed type (21.9%). Probability of intratumoral invasion to blood vessels equaled 12.0%, to lymph vessels – 7.8%, lymph nodes – 12.8%. It depends on the histological type of the tumour, the most aggressive potentially being сomedocarcinoma, tubulopapillary carcinoma and ductal carcinoma. Parameters of life expectancy and survival level after mastectomy depend on clinical stage of the disease (increase in the stage from the first to the third was characterized by decrease from 12.8 ± 9.5 to 9.4 ± 7.8 months), presence of angio/lymphatic invasions, presence of angiolymphatic invasion, but had no correlation with the size of the tumours. An important predictor of tumour-related death of dogs suffering neoplasias of the mammary glands is index vet-NPI, which has significant correlation with the clinical stage according to Owen and median survival. In particular, median survival in patients with the index lower than 4 exceeded the corresponding values in dogs with the index above 4 by 1.3 times. A promising direction of further research would be studying biological mechanisms of development of tumour emboli in the blood and lymph vessels, metastatic sites in lymph nodes, and also determining their role in pathogenesis of canine mammary tumours.
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14
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Fan Y, Ren X, Liu X, Shi D, Xu E, Wang S, Liu Y. Combined detection of CA15-3, CEA, and SF in serum and tissue of canine mammary gland tumor patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6651. [PMID: 33758208 PMCID: PMC7988110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the levels and clinical diagnosis value of CA15-3, CEA, and SF in canine mammary gland tumors (CMGTs). In this study, the levels of tissues/serum CA15-3, CEA, and SF in 178 CMGT patients or healthy dogs were determined by ELISA and qRT-PCR assay. CA15-3, CEA, and SF levels of the malignant tumor group were significantly higher than that of the benign tumor group and the healthy control group. In the malignant tumor group, CA15-3 held a sensitivity of 51.8%, a specificity of 93.9%, and an accuracy of 76.8%. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CEA were 44.6%, 84.1%, and 68.1% respectively. SF held a sensitivity of 62.5%, a specificity of 85.4%, and an accuracy of 76.1%. SF showed the highest sensitivity and CA15-3 showed the highest specificity. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the combined detection of the three biomarkers in malignant tumor groups were 80.4%, 78.0%, and 80.0%, respectively, therefore combined detection increased sensitivity and accuracy but decreased specificity. In conclusion, the combined detection of serum/tissue markers CA15-3, CEA, and SF may improve the detection sensitivity of CMGTs, providing reference value for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, 161000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Enshuang Xu
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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15
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CEA, CA 15-3, and miRNA expression as potential biomarkers in canine mammary tumors. Chromosome Res 2021; 29:175-188. [PMID: 33638118 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-021-09652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The most often detected tumor in intact bitches is mammary tumors and represents a significant clinical problem throughout the world. Mammary neoplasms in canine have heterogeneous morphology, so the choice of the most appropriate biomarker is the biggest challenge in CMT detection. We performed a retrospective analysis and evaluated the canine cancer antigens and miRNA expression profiles as potential biomarkers. Sixty dogs based on histological examination divided into three groups, viz., dogs with a benign mammary tumor, malignant mammary tumor, and control/healthy. The CA 15-3 was found more sensitive than CEA but detection of both will increase sensitivity. miR-21 expression differed significantly in all three groups. miR-29b expression differed significantly between the control and benign group and control and malignant group. The miR-21 overexpression and miR-29b downregulation with CMT are associated with clinical stage and can be used as non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Hence, evaluation of CA 15-3 along with CEA would be a non-invasive technique for detecting canine mammary tumors. Evaluation of deregulated circulating miR-21 could be a valuable prognostic marker for early detection of mammary tumors in canines while miR-29b can add sensitivity in the detection of the canine mammary tumors if evaluated with miR-21.
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16
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Araújo P, Campinho D, Mendonça F, Evêncio Neto J. Dosagem sérica do marcador tumoral CA 15.3 em cadelas portadoras de neoplasias mamárias pelo método de eletroquimioluminescência. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P.B. Araújo
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
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17
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Kaszak I, Ruszczak A, Kanafa S, Kacprzak K, Król M, Jurka P. Current biomarkers of canine mammary tumors. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:66. [PMID: 30373614 PMCID: PMC6206704 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary tumors are the second most common neoplasia in dogs. Due to the high similarity of canine mammary tumors (CMT) to human breast cancers (HBC), human biomarkers of HBC are also detectable in cases of CMT. The evaluation of biomarkers enables clinical diagnoses, treatment options and prognosis for bitches suffering from this disease. The aim of this article is to give a short summary of the biomarkers of CMT based on current literature. Very promising biomarkers are miRNAs, cancer stem cells, and circulating tumor cells, as well as mutations of the breast cancer 1 gene (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 gene (BRCA2). Until now, the most studied and reliable biomarkers of CMT have remained antigen Ki-67 (Ki-67), endothelial growth factor receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-2), which can be detected in both serum and tissue samples using different molecular methods. However, carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), while poorly studied, seem to be good biomarkers, especially for the early detection and prognosis of CMT. We will also mention the following: proliferative cell nuclear antigen, tumor protein p53 (p53), E-cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor, microRNAs, cancer stem cells and circulating tumor cells, which can also be useful biomarkers. Although many studies have been conducted so far, the estimation of biomarkers in cases of CMT is still not a common practice, and more detailed research should be done.
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18
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Lee KH, Park HM, Son KH, Shin TJ, Cho JY. Transcriptome Signatures of Canine Mammary Gland Tumors and Its Comparison to Human Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090317. [PMID: 30205506 PMCID: PMC6162473 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC)/mammary gland carcinoma (MGC) is the most frequently diagnosed and leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both women and canines. To better understand both canine MGC and human BC-specific genes, we sequenced RNAs obtained from eight pairs of carcinomas and adjacent normal tissues in dogs. By comprehensive transcriptome analysis, 351 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in overall canine MGCs. Based on the DEGs, comparative analysis revealed correlation existing among the three histological subtypes of canine MGC (ductal, simple, and complex) and four molecular subtypes of human BC (HER2+, ER+, ER&HER2+, and TNBC). Eight DEGs shared by all three subtypes of canine MGCs had been previously reported as cancer-associated genes in human studies. Gene ontology and pathway analyses using the identified DEGs revealed that the biological processes of cell proliferation, adhesion, and inflammatory responses are enriched in up-regulated MGC DEGs. In contrast, fatty acid homeostasis and transcription regulation involved in cell fate commitment were down-regulated in MGC DEGs. Moreover, correlations are demonstrated between upstream promoter transcripts and DEGs. Canine MGC- and subtype-enriched gene expression allows us to better understand both human BC and canine MGC, yielding new insight into the development of biomarkers and targets for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hyoung-Min Park
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Keun-Hong Son
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea.
| | - Tae-Jin Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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19
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Kopanke JH, Chen AV, Brune JE, Brenna AC, Thomovsky SA. Reference intervals for the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy canines. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:267-274. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Kopanke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Pullman WA USA
| | - Annie V. Chen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Pullman WA USA
| | - Jourdan E. Brune
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Pullman WA USA
| | - Amanda C. Brenna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Pullman WA USA
| | - Stephanie A. Thomovsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Pullman WA USA
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20
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Beirão BCB, Raposo T, Jain S, Hupp T, Argyle DJ. Challenges and opportunities for monoclonal antibody therapy in veterinary oncology. Vet J 2016; 218:40-50. [PMID: 27938708 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have come to dominate the biologics market in human cancer therapy. Nevertheless, in veterinary medicine, very few clinical trials have been initiated using this form of therapy. Some of the advantages of mAb therapeutics over conventional drugs are high specificity, precise mode of action and long half-life, which favour infrequent dosing of the antibody. Further advancement in the field of biomedical sciences has led to the production of different forms of antibodies, such as single chain antibody fragment, Fab, bi-specific antibodies and drug conjugates for use in diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review describes the potential for mAbs in veterinary oncology in supporting both diagnosis and therapy of cancer. The technical and financial hurdles to facilitate clinical acceptance of mAbs are explored and insights into novel technologies and targets that could support more rapid clinical development are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno C B Beirão
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Raposo
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Saurabh Jain
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Ted Hupp
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - David J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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21
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Crivellenti LZ, Silva GEB, Borin-Crivellenti S, Cianciolo R, Adin CA, Dantas M, dos Anjos DS, Tinucci-Costa M, Santana AE. Prevalence of Glomerulopathies in Canine Mammary Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164479. [PMID: 27764139 PMCID: PMC5072677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of paraneoplastic glomerulopathy, especially associated with carcinoma, are a matter of debate and the causal link between cancer and glomerular diseases remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate renal biopsies of selected bitches with spontaneous mammary gland carcinoma. We hypothesized that dogs with mammary carcinomas would show histologic evidence of glomerular pathology. A prospective study was performed in dogs with naturally occurring mammary carcinoma that were undergoing tumor resection and ovariohysterectomy. We evaluated renal biopsies of 32 bitches with spontaneous mammary gland carcinoma and 11 control dogs without mammary gland neoplasia. Samples were obtained from the left kidney and the biopsy material was divided for light microscopy (LM), immunofluorescence (IF) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Light microscopy abnormalities were identified in 78.1% of dogs with mammary carcinoma (n = 25) and in none of the dogs in the control group. Focal glomerular mesangial matrix expansion was the most common alteration (n = 15, 60.0%), but mesangial cell proliferation (n = 9, 36.0%) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (n = 9, 36.0%), synechiae (n = 7, 28.0%), and globally sclerotic glomeruli (n = 6, 24.0%) were also frequent in dogs with malignancy. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed strong IgM staining was demonstrated in 64.3% (n = 18) of carcinoma dogs. Transmission electron microscopy from dogs with carcinoma revealed slight changes, the most frequent of which was faint sub-endothelial and mesangial deposits of electron-dense material (78%). Mesangial cell interpositioning and segmental effacement of podocyte foot processes were identified in some specimens (45%). Changes in the glomerulus and proteinuria are common in dogs with naturally occurring mammary carcinoma and this condition appears to provide an excellent large animal model for cancer-associated glomerulopathy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Z. Crivellenti
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
- Department of Renal Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Gyl E. B. Silva
- Department of Renal Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sofia Borin-Crivellenti
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Adin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, United States of America
| | - Márcio Dantas
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Nephrology), Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denner S. dos Anjos
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, Brazil
| | - Mirela Tinucci-Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Aureo E. Santana
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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22
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23
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Campos LC, Silva JO, Santos FS, Araújo MR, Lavalle GE, Ferreira E, Cassali GD. Prognostic significance of tissue and serum HER2 and MUC1 in canine mammary cancer. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:531-5. [PMID: 26179096 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715592445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to compare serum levels and protein tissue of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 proto-oncogene (HER2) and mucin 1 (MUC1) using an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in canine mammary carcinomas and investigate how the 2 markers correlate with dogs with metastasis and without metastasis to a regional lymph node. Forty-eight female dogs were selected, including 14 with non-metastatic cancer, 14 with lymph node metastasis, and 20 healthy animals. Serum samples were collected from all the animals and tissues from 28 dogs with malignant mammary tumor with or without metastasis for evaluated HER2 and MUC1 expression. Tissue sample were evaluated for MUC1 and HER2 immunoexpression by IHC. The results showed measurable serum levels of MUC1 and HER2 in all groups. While serum MUC1 levels were significantly higher in animals with metastasis than the other 2 groups, no increase was observed in HER2 serum levels. The MUC1 IHC results showed that only membrane immunostaining was significantly different between the groups. Statistically, there was an association between immunostaining and the serum HER2 levels. Our results indicate that serum concentrations of HER2 and the IHC staining pattern for HER2 in primary tumor do not correlate with the presence of regional metastasis. However, increased concentrations of MUC1 in the serum of dogs with mammary cancer are associated with the presence of metastasis to regional lymph nodes. A membrane pattern of IHC staining for MUC1 in the primary tumor suggests that metastases to regional lymph node are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane C Campos
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (Campos, Silva, Santos, Araújo, Ferreira, Cassali), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilVeterinary School, Veterinary Hospital (Lavalle), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana O Silva
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (Campos, Silva, Santos, Araújo, Ferreira, Cassali), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilVeterinary School, Veterinary Hospital (Lavalle), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiana S Santos
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (Campos, Silva, Santos, Araújo, Ferreira, Cassali), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilVeterinary School, Veterinary Hospital (Lavalle), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina R Araújo
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (Campos, Silva, Santos, Araújo, Ferreira, Cassali), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilVeterinary School, Veterinary Hospital (Lavalle), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gleidice E Lavalle
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (Campos, Silva, Santos, Araújo, Ferreira, Cassali), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilVeterinary School, Veterinary Hospital (Lavalle), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (Campos, Silva, Santos, Araújo, Ferreira, Cassali), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilVeterinary School, Veterinary Hospital (Lavalle), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences (Campos, Silva, Santos, Araújo, Ferreira, Cassali), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BrazilVeterinary School, Veterinary Hospital (Lavalle), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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24
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Jagarlamudi KK, Westberg S, Rönnberg H, Eriksson S. Properties of cellular and serum forms of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) in dogs with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and canine mammary tumors (CMTs): implications for TK1 as a proliferation biomarker. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:228. [PMID: 25293656 PMCID: PMC4195903 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) precursor enzyme and a proliferation biomarker used for prognosis and treatment monitoring of breast cancer in humans. The aim was to determine if serum thymidine kinase 1 (sTK1) activity and sTK1 protein levels in dogs with mammary tumors could be useful in veterinary medicine. RESULTS Serum samples from 20 healthy dogs and 27 dogs with mammary tumors were analyzed for sTK1 activity, using an [(3)H]-deoxythymidine (dThd) phosphorylation assay, and for sTK1 protein levels by immune affinity/Western blot assay. The molecular forms of sTK1 in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), canine mammary tumor (CMT), and healthy sera were determined by size exclusion chromatography. Mean sTK1 activities in CMT were 1.0 ± 0.36 pmol/min/mL, differing significantly from healthy dogs (mean ± SD = 0.73 ± 0.26 pmol/min/mL). Serum TK1 protein (26 kDa polypeptide) levels were also significantly higher in CMTs compared to healthy dogs (mean ± SD = 28.5 ± 11.4, and 8.5 ± 4 ng/mL, respectively). Cellular TK1 isolated from ALL tumor cells was predominantly a dimer, while the serum TK1 activity eluted as a high molecular weight (MW) oligomer. In analyses of CMT tissue extracts, TK1 activity eluted in two peaks, a minor peak with a high MW oligomer and a major tetramer peak. Western blot analysis of chromatographic fractions showed that cellular TK1 protein in both ALL and CMT dogs, and to some extent serum TK1 from ALL dogs, correlated with activity profiles, but a large fraction of inactive TK1 protein was detected in CMT. CONCLUSIONS Serum TK1 protein and activity levels were significantly higher in CMT than in healthy dogs. Size exclusion chromatography demonstrated major differences in the molecular forms of sTK1 in ALL, healthy, and CMT dogs, with a large fraction of inactive TK1 protein in CMT. Our results showed that the sTK1 protein assay can differentiate benign tumors (early stage tumors) from healthy more efficiently than sTK1 activity assay. This preliminary data supports that sTK1 protein assay is clinically useful. Further studies are needed to evaluate the diagnostic or prognostic role of serum TK1 protein in CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Rönnberg
- Center of Clinical Comparative Oncology (C3O), Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, S-750 07, Sweden.
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