1
|
Bonasoni MP, Comitini G, Pati M, Bardaro M, Russello G, Carretto E, Dalla Dea G, Palicelli A, Bernardelli G, Chesi E, Gargano G. Fulminant Sepsis and Perinatal Death at 23 Weeks Due to Fusobacterium nucleatum. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2022; 42:456-463. [PMID: 36218233 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2022.2131487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Fusobacterium nucleatum is a gram-negative anaerobe, a constituent of the oral microflora, responsible for chronic periodontal diseases. Case Report: We describe a preterm infant with premature rupture of membranes at 23 weeks of gestational age due to F. nucleatum. The newborn died soon after birth. Placental histopathology showed severe necrotizing chorioamnionitis and funisitis with gram-negative bacilli. After autopsy, F. nucleatum was microbiologically isolated from the lung. The mother had dental hygiene 1 day before delivery, presenting mild and diffuse gingivitis. At admission, she had leukocytosis, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, but no fever. Conclusion: This case highlights the possibility of F. nucleatum spreading from oral cavity after a dental procedure to the placenta with chorioamnionitis and fetal infection. This raises the question of whether dental procedures during pregnancy should be accompanied by prophylactic antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppina Comitini
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pati
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Bardaro
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Russello
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Carretto
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giulia Dalla Dea
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Pathology Unit, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Palicelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Elena Chesi
- Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Gargano
- Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The link between oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes has been suggested by numerous epidemiological studies. More recent studies indicate the relationship between severity of periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Two virulence mechanisms are proposed: direct invasion of oral microorganisms or their components into the fetal-placenta unit and inflammatory mediators produced in the oral cavity affecting the fetal-placenta unit. While interventional periodontal therapy still yielded contradictory results, animal studies suggest that maternal supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids protects the fetus by suppressing inflammation as well as bacteria proliferation in the placenta. This article reviews the recent epidemiological, mechanistic, interventional, and therapeutic studies of oral health and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Xu
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral, Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yiping W Han
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral, Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye C, Kapila Y. Oral microbiome shifts during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Hormonal and Immunologic changes at play. Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:276-281. [PMID: 34463984 PMCID: PMC8457099 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Because of hormonal and immunologic changes, there are significant changes in the oral microbiome that emerge during pregnancy. Recent evidence further suggests that there is an association between the presence of periodontal disease and a pregnancy‐associated oral dysbiosis. Although this oral dysbiosis and pathogenic periodontal bacteria are considered to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, it is still not clear how an oral dysbiosis during pregnancy can modulate oral diseases and birth outcomes. To develop preventive or therapeutic interventions, it is critical to understand the oral microbiome changes that emerge during pregnancy and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. In the present review, we summarize the current literature on normal changes in the oral microbiome that occur during pregnancy; the pathogenic changes in the oral microbiome believed to occur in association with adverse pregnancy outcomes; and the association between the placental microbiome and the oral microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Ye
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yvonne Kapila
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Figuero E, Han YW, Furuichi Y. Periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Mechanisms. Periodontol 2000 2020; 83:175-188. [PMID: 32385886 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) have been defined as (a) pre-term birth, when there is a delivery before 37 completed weeks (<259 days); (b) pre-eclampsia, which is a multisystem disorder of pregnancy characterized by maternal hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th gestational week; (c) low and very low birthweight, depending on whether the weight of the baby is less of 2500 g or <1500 g and (d) the spontaneous death of the fetus with <20 weeks (miscarriage) or between 20 and 36 weeks (stillbirth). In 2012, during the Consensus Report from the Joint EFP/AAP workshop on periodontitis and systematic diseases the role of periodontal diseases on APOs was reviewed. Some years later, this evidence has grown, and an update on the literature regarding the mechanisms related to this potential association (APOs and periodontal diseases) needs to be presented. The two major pathways (direct and indirect) already accepted in 2012 are still valid nowadays. Most evidence published in the last 5 years deals with a strong and solid evidence coming from the direct pathway while there is as scarce new evidence regarding indirect pathway. In this direct pathway, the haematological dissemination of oral microorganisms and their products, would later induce an inflammatory/Immune response in the foetal-placental unit. The most plausible route for this direct pathway is the hematogenous transmission through dental bacteremia, although not many new studies dealing with bacteremia has been performed lately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Figuero
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yiping W Han
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, OB&GYN, Medical Sciences (Oncology), College of Dental Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yasushi Furuichi
- Division of Periodontology & Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Health Sciences, University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chopra A, Radhakrishnan R, Sharma M. Porphyromonas gingivalis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review on its intricate pathogenic mechanisms. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:213-236. [PMID: 32267781 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1747392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe of the oral cavity, is associated with the onset of various adverse pregnancy outcomes. P. gingivalis is linked with the development of preeclampsia, preterm labour, spontaneous abortion, gestational diabetes, foetal growth restriction, and misconception. The unique virulence factors, surface adhesions, enzymes of P. gingivalis can directly injure and alter the morphology, microbiome the foetal and maternal tissues. P. gingivalis can even exaggerate the production of cytokines, free radicals and acute-phase proteins in the uterine compartment that increases the risk of myometrial contraction and onset of preterm labour. Although evidence confirms the presence of P. gingivalis in the amniotic fluid and placenta of women with poor pregnancy outcomes, the intricate molecular mechanisms by which P. gingivalis initiates various antenatal and postnatal maternal and foetal complications are not well explained in the literature. Therefore, the present review aims to comprehensively summarise and highlight the recent and unique molecular pathogenic mechanisms of P. gingivalis associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chopra
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences & Research, Faridabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vander Haar EL, So J, Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Han YW. Fusobacterium nucleatum and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Epidemiological and mechanistic evidence. Anaerobe 2018; 50:55-59. [PMID: 29409815 PMCID: PMC6750227 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is a Gram-negative anaerobic oral commensal associated with periodontal disease. F. nucleatum has been implicated in a wide spectrum of systemic diseases, including oral, gastro-intestinal, rheumatologic, and vascular pathologies. As pregnancy risk has been linked to periodontal disease, there has also been significant research into the effects of periodontal disease on adverse pregnancy outcomes. This article reviews the epidemiological and mechanistic evidence of the role of F. nucleatum in adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie L Vander Haar
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeewon So
- Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia Gyamfi-Bannerman
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiping W Han
- Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Daalderop LA, Wieland BV, Tomsin K, Reyes L, Kramer BW, Vanterpool SF, Been JV. Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy Outcomes: Overview of Systematic Reviews. JDR Clin Trans Res 2017; 3:10-27. [PMID: 30370334 PMCID: PMC6191679 DOI: 10.1177/2380084417731097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is very common during pregnancy. Although it has been linked
to adverse pregnancy outcomes, systematic reviews have reached discrepant
conclusions on these links. Therefore, we conducted a systematic overview of
systematic reviews studying the association between periodontal disease and
adverse pregnancy outcomes. We searched 6 online databases up to November 2016
and hand-searched references and citations of eligible papers. Systematic
reviews of studies comparing pregnancy outcomes among women with and without
periodontal disease were eligible for inclusion. Primary outcomes were maternal
mortality, preterm birth, and perinatal mortality. Two reviewers extracted data
and assessed risk of bias of individual systematic reviews. Findings are
described in tabular and narrative form. Twenty-three systematic reviews
(including between 3 and 45 studies) were included. None reported the
association between periodontal disease and maternal or perinatal mortality.
Systematic reviews with the lowest risk of bias consistently demonstrated
positive associations between periodontal disease and preterm birth (relative
risk, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.0; 17 studies, 6,741 participants),
low birth weight (LBW; relative risk, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.1; 10 studies, 5,693
participants), preeclampsia (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.4; 15 studies,
5,111 participants), and preterm LBW (relative risk 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3 to 8.8; 4
studies, 2,263 participants). Based on these figures, estimated
population-attributable fractions for periodontal disease were 5% to 38% for
preterm birth, 6% to 41% for LBW, and 10% to 55% for preeclampsia. In terms of
limitations, as several primary studies did not adjust for confounding,
meta-analyses may have overestimated the strength of the associations under
study. Due to substantial overlap in included primary studies, we could not
aggregate results across reviews. Consistent evidence from systematic reviews
with low risk of bias indicates that pregnant women with periodontal disease are
at increased risk of developing preeclampsia and delivering a preterm and/or LBW
baby (PROSPERO: CRD42015030132). Knowledge Transfer Statement: This study highlights that periodontal
disease is an important risk factor for several common adverse pregnancy
outcomes. Clinicians should be aware of this link to guide risk selection.
Research is needed to develop novel preventive and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Daalderop
- Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - B V Wieland
- Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - K Tomsin
- Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - L Reyes
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - B W Kramer
- Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - S F Vanterpool
- Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - J V Been
- Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Reyes L, Phillips P, Wolfe B, Golos TG, Walkenhorst M, Progulske-Fox A, Brown M. Porphyromonas gingivalis and adverse pregnancy outcome. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 10:1374153. [PMID: 29291034 PMCID: PMC5646603 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1374153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium considered to be an important pathogen of periodontal disease that is also implicated in adverse pregnancy outcome (APO). Until recently, our understanding of the role of P. gingivalis in APO has been limited and sometimes contradictory. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of past and current research on P. gingivalis that addresses some of the controversies concerning the role of this organism in the pathogenesis of APO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Priscilla Phillips
- Microbiology & Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Bryce Wolfe
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Molly Walkenhorst
- Microbiology & Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, MO, USA
| | - Ann Progulske-Fox
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Center for Molecular Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mary Brown
- Infectious Disease and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine and D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Madianos PN, Bobetsis YA, Offenbacher S. Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) and periodontal disease: pathogenic mechanisms. J Periodontol 2016; 84:S170-80. [PMID: 23631577 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.1340015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the evidence on potential biological pathways underlying the possible association between periodontal disease (PD) and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). MATERIAL & METHODS Human, experimental and in vitro studies were evaluated. RESULTS Periodontal pathogens/byproducts may reach the placenta and spread to the foetal circulation and amniotic fluid. Their presence in the foeto-placental compartment can stimulate a foetal immune/inflammatory response characterized by the production of IgM antibodies against the pathogens and the secretion of elevated levels of inflammatory mediators, which in turn may cause miscarriage or premature birth. Moreover, infection/inflammation may cause placental structural changes leading to pre-eclampsia and impaired nutrient transport causing low birthweight. Foetal exposure may also result in tissue damage, increasing the risk for perinatal mortality/morbidity. Finally, the elicited systemic inflammatory response may exacerbate local inflammatory responses at the foeto-placental unit and further increase the risk for APOs. CONCLUSIONS Further investigation is still necessary to fully translate the findings of basic research into clinical studies and practice. Understanding the systemic virulence potential of the individual's oral microbiome and immune response may be a distinctly different issue from categorizing the nature of the challenge using clinical signs of PD. Therefore, a more personalized targeted therapy could be a more predictive answer to the current "one-size-fits-all" interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phoebus N Madianos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Madianos PN, Bobetsis YA, Offenbacher S. Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) and periodontal disease: pathogenic mechanisms. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 40 Suppl 14:S170-80. [PMID: 23627327 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the evidence on potential biological pathways underlying the possible association between periodontal disease (PD) and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). MATERIAL & METHODS Human, experimental and in vitro studies were evaluated. RESULTS Periodontal pathogens/byproducts may reach the placenta and spread to the foetal circulation and amniotic fluid. Their presence in the foeto-placental compartment can stimulate a foetal immune/inflammatory response characterized by the production of IgM antibodies against the pathogens and the secretion of elevated levels of inflammatory mediators, which in turn may cause miscarriage or premature birth. Moreover, infection/inflammation may cause placental structural changes leading to pre-eclampsia and impaired nutrient transport causing low birthweight. Foetal exposure may also result in tissue damage, increasing the risk for perinatal mortality/morbidity. Finally, the elicited systemic inflammatory response may exacerbate local inflammatory responses at the foeto-placental unit and further increase the risk for APOs. CONCLUSIONS Further investigation is still necessary to fully translate the findings of basic research into clinical studies and practice. Understanding the systemic virulence potential of the individual's oral microbiome and immune response may be a distinctly different issue from categorizing the nature of the challenge using clinical signs of PD. Therefore, a more personalized targeted therapy could be a more predictive answer to the current "one-size-fits-all" interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phoebus N Madianos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Porphyromonas gingivalis within Placental Villous Mesenchyme and Umbilical Cord Stroma Is Associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146157. [PMID: 26731111 PMCID: PMC4701427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a common oral pathobiont, is implicated in preterm birth. Our aim was to determine if the location of Pg within placental and/or umbilical cord sections was associated with a specific delivery diagnosis at preterm delivery (histologic chorioamnionitis, chorioamnionitis with funisitis, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia with HELLP-syndrome, small for gestational age). The prevalence and location of Pg within archived placental and umbilical cord specimens from preterm (25 to 32 weeks gestation) and term control cohorts were evaluated by immunofluorescent histology. Detection of Pg was performed blinded to pregnancy characteristics. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate independent effects of gestational age, being small for gestational age, specific preterm delivery diagnosis, antenatal steroids, and delivery mode, on the odds of having Pg in the preterm tissue. Within the preterm cohort, 49 of 97 (51%) placentas and 40 of 97 (41%) umbilical cord specimens were positive for Pg. Pg within the placenta was significantly associated with shorter gestation lengths (OR 0.63 (95%CI: 0.48–0.85; p = 0.002) per week) and delivery via caesarean section (OR 4.02 (95%CI: 1.15–14.04; p = 0.03), but not with histological chorioamnionitis or preeclampsia. However, the presence of Pg in the umbilical cord was significantly associated with preeclampsia: OR 6.73 (95%CI: 1.31–36.67; p = 0.02). In the term cohort, 2 of 35 (6%) placentas and no umbilical cord term specimens were positive for Pg. The location of Pg within the placenta was different between preterm and term groups in that Pg within the villous mesenchyme was only detected in the preterm cohort, whereas Pg associated with syncytiotrophoblasts was found in both preterm and term placentas. Taken together, our results suggest that the presence of Pg within the villous stroma or umbilical cord may be an important determinant in Pg-associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zi MYH, Longo PL, Bueno-Silva B, Mayer MPA. Mechanisms Involved in the Association between Periodontitis and Complications in Pregnancy. Front Public Health 2015; 2:290. [PMID: 25688342 PMCID: PMC4310218 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between periodontitis and some of the problems with pregnancy such as premature delivery, low weight at birth, and preeclampsia (PE) has been suggested. Nevertheless, epidemiological data have shown contradictory data, mainly due to differences in clinical parameters of periodontitis assessment. Furthermore, differences in microbial composition and immune response between aggressive and chronic periodontitis are not addressed by these epidemiological studies. We aimed to review the current data on the association between some of these problems with pregnancy and periodontitis, and the mechanisms underlying this association. Shifts in the microbial composition of the subgingival biofilm may occur during pregnancy, leading to a potentially more hazardous microbial community. Pregnancy is characterized by physiological immune tolerance. However, the infection leads to a shift in maternal immune response to a pathogenic pro-inflammatory response, with production of inflammatory cytokines and toxic products. In women with periodontitis, the infected periodontal tissues may act as reservoirs of bacteria and their products that can disseminate to the fetus-placenta unit. In severe periodontitis patients, the infection agents and their products are able to activate inflammatory signaling pathways locally and in extra-oral sites, including the placenta-fetal unit, which may not only induce preterm labor but also lead to PE and restrict intrauterine growth. Despite these evidences, the effectiveness of periodontal treatment in preventing gestational complications was still not established since it may be influenced by several factors such as severity of disease, composition of microbial community, treatment strategy, and period of treatment throughout pregnancy. This lack of scientific evidence does not exclude the need to control infection and inflammation in periodontitis patients during pregnancy, and treatment protocols should be validated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Yang Hui Zi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Larcher Longo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bueno-Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Swartz JD, Lachman M, Westveer K, O'Neill T, Geary T, Kott RW, Berardinelli JG, Hatfield PG, Thomson JM, Roberts A, Yeoman CJ. Characterization of the Vaginal Microbiota of Ewes and Cows Reveals a Unique Microbiota with Low Levels of Lactobacilli and Near-Neutral pH. Front Vet Sci 2014; 1:19. [PMID: 26664918 PMCID: PMC4672155 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2014.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a number of common reproductive disorders in livestock involve bacterial infection, very little is known about their normal vaginal microbiota. Therefore, we sought to determine the species composition of sheep and cattle vaginal microbiota. Twenty Rambouillet ewes and twenty crossbred cows varying in age and reproductive status were sampled by ectocervicovaginal lavage. We amplified and sequenced the V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) contents yielding a total of 907,667 high-quality reads. Good’s Coverage estimates indicated that we obtained data on 98 ± 0.01% of the total microbial genera present in each sample. Cow and ewe vaginal microbiota displayed few differences. Cow microbiota exhibited greater (P ≤ 0.05) α-diversity compared to the ewe microbiota. Both livestock species differed (P ≤ 0.05) from all previously reported vaginal communities. While bacteria were numerically dominant, Archaea were detected in 95% of cow and ewe samples, mainly of the order Desulfurococcales. Both ewes and cows were predominately colonized by the bacterial phyla Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria. The most abundant genera were Aggregatibacter spp., and Streptobacillus spp. Lactobacillus spp. were detected in 80% of ewe and 90% of cow samples, but only at very low abundances. Bacteria previously described from culture-based studies as common to the cow and ewe vaginal tract, except for Escherichia, were variably present, and only in low abundance. Ewe and cow pH differed (P ≤ 0.05), with means (±SD) of 6.7 ± 0.38 and 7.3 ± 0.63, respectively. In conclusion, 16S rRNA sequencing of cow and ewe vaginal ectocervicovaginal lavages showed that cow and ewe vaginal microbiota differ from culture-led results, revealing a microbiota distinct from previously described vaginal ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Swartz
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Medora Lachman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Kelsey Westveer
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Thomas O'Neill
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Thomas Geary
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service , Miles City, MT , USA
| | - Rodney W Kott
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - James G Berardinelli
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Patrick G Hatfield
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Jennifer M Thomson
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Andy Roberts
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service , Miles City, MT , USA
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Merglova V, Koberova-Ivancakova R, Broukal Z, Dort J. The presence of cariogenic and periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity of one-year-old infants delivered pre-term with very low birthweights: a case control study. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:109. [PMID: 25178742 PMCID: PMC4236672 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the dental literature has focused mainly on the microbial colonization of healthy full-term infants and their mothers or caretakers. However, oral microbial acquisition by premature infants has not been adequately investigated, and the correlation between pre-term birth and the presence of cariogenic and periodontal pathogens has not been determined. The aim of this study was to identify the presence and quantities of representative cariogenic and periodontal pathogens in the oral cavities of 12-month-old infants and compare the occurrence of these microbes between a cohort of pre-term infants with very low birthweights and a control cohort comprising full-term infants. Methods The research cohort was composed of 69 one-year-old infants, of whom 24 were born prematurely with very low birthweights and 45 of whom were carried to full term. Information regarding the infants’ gestational age, mode of delivery, general health status, birthweight and antibiotic use were obtained from hospital records and through oral interviews. At 12 months of age, both groups of infants were examined, and unstimulated saliva samples from the dorsum of the tongue and dental plaque samples were collected. The microorganisms (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Actinomyces spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Peptostreptococcus micros, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum) were identified and their quantities were evaluated using a PCR-based method. The chi-squared and Fisher’s factorial tests were used for the statistical evaluations. Results The infants had a high prevalence of cariogenic microbes and of Fusosbacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Cariogenic microbes were detected in 91.7% of the very low birthweight infants and in all full-term infants. Periodontal pathogens were present in 83% of the pre-term infants and in 96% of the full-term infants. A significant difference was found between the cohorts in terms of the presence of S. mutans. Most of the very low birthweight infants had negative values of this microbe, while the full-term infants had positive values. Conclusions This study confirms the early transmission of representative cariogenic and periodontal pathogens to the oral cavity of one-year-old infants and a higher prevalence of S. mutans in full-term infants than in premature infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Merglova
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Alej Svobody 80, 304 60 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Quartermain L, Tailor H, Njenga S, Bhattacharjee P, Rao GG. Neonatal Granulicatella elegans bacteremia, London, UK. Emerg Infect Dis 2014. [PMID: 23763982 PMCID: PMC3713985 DOI: 10.3201/eid1907.130009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
16
|
Kaakoush NO, Man SM, Mitchell HM. Functional relationship between Campylobacter concisus and the stomach ecosystem in health and disease. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 7:2245-7. [PMID: 23823497 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Quartermain L, Tailor H, Njenga S, Bhattacharjee P, Rao GG. Neonatal Granulicatella elegans bacteremia, London, UK. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:1165-6. [PMID: 23763982 DOI: 10.3201/eid.1907.130009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
18
|
Gonzales-Marin C, Spratt DA, Allaker RP. Maternal oral origin of Fusobacterium nucleatum in adverse pregnancy outcomes as determined using the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic transcribed spacer region. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:133-144. [PMID: 23002071 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.049452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum, a common Gram-negative anaerobe prevalent in the oral cavity, possesses the ability to colonize the amniotic cavity and the fetus. However, F. nucleatum may also be part of the vaginal microbiota from where it could reach the amniotic tissues. Due to the heterogeneity of F. nucleatum, consisting of five subspecies, analysis at the subspecies/strain level is desirable to determine its precise origin. The aims of this study were: (i) to evaluate the use of the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a tool to differentiate subspecies of F. nucleatum, and (ii) to design a simplified technique based on the ITS to determine the origin of F. nucleatum strains associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Amplified fragments of the 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS region corresponding to the five subspecies of F. nucleatum were subjected to cloning and sequencing to characterize the different ribosomal operons of the subspecies. Distinctive length and sequence patterns with potential to be used for identification of the subspecies/strain were identified. These were used to evaluate the origin of F. nucleatum identified in neonatal gastric aspirates (swallowed amniotic fluid) by sequence comparisons with the respective oral and vaginal maternal samples. A simplified technique using a strain-specific primer in a more sensitive nested PCR was subsequently developed to analyse ten paired neonatal-maternal samples. Analysing the variable fragment of the ITS region allowed the identification of F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum from an oral origin as potentially being involved in neonatal infections. Using a strain-specific primer, the F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum strain was detected in both neonatal gastric aspirates and maternal oral samples in cases of preterm birth from mothers presenting with localized periodontal pockets. Interestingly, the same strain was not present in the vaginal sample of any case investigated. The 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS can be a useful tool to determine the origin of F. nucleatum. The results of this study strongly indicate that F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum of oral origin could be involved with pregnancy complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gonzales-Marin
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - David A Spratt
- Division of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Robert P Allaker
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gonzales-Marin C, Spratt DA, Millar MR, Simmonds M, Kempley ST, Allaker RP. Identification of bacteria and potential sources in neonates at risk of infection delivered by Caesarean and vaginal birth. J Med Microbiol 2011; 61:31-41. [PMID: 21873381 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.034926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal gastric aspirates (NGA) are routinely screened in UK hospitals to investigate fetal/neonatal infections associated with cases of adverse pregnancy outcome (APO). The aim of this study was to describe and compare the microbiology of NGA from Caesarean and vaginal deliveries using molecular methods, and to evaluate other possible clinical and non-clinical variables that may have determined the presence of the bacteria in the samples. The value of using NGA and molecular methods to investigate potential pathogens associated with the risk of early infection was also evaluated. Bacteria were identified by a combined molecular approach on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene using both clone analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. A total of 43 and 34 different species were identified in the vaginal (n = 121) and Caesarean (n = 119) deliveries, respectively; 26 of the species observed (51 %) were common to both modalities, although usually less prevalent in the Caesarean cases. Multivariate analysis confirmed an association between infection and prolonged rupture of membranes in vaginal deliveries (odds ratio = 5.7, 95 % confidence interval = 1.1-29.0). Various associations between infection and given variables were also shown, including labour, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and time and place of sample collection. The molecular methods allowed identification of a range of bacteria and potential sources not previously observed in NGA, including possible genito-urinary, gastrointestinal and oral pathogens. NGA represents a valuable sample for investigating potential pathogens associated with APO and the risk of early infection in neonates using molecular methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gonzales-Marin
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - David A Spratt
- Division of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Michael R Millar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal London Hospital, Barts and The London NHS Trust, 37 Ashfield Street, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Mark Simmonds
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stephen T Kempley
- Centre for Paediatrics, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Robert P Allaker
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|