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Ryan CA, McNeal CD, Credille BC. Ceftiofur use and antimicrobial stewardship in the horse. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:944-961. [PMID: 36733237 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Equine practitioners require recommendations that support antimicrobial stewardship and avoid generating resistance to medically important antibiotics. This review examines current inadequacies in antimicrobial stewardship standards within the veterinary community, related to antimicrobial categorisation and prescribing practices. Resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics in horses is also described. Properties of cephalosporin antibiotics are outlined and equine-specific studies of ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with medical importance, are detailed. Readers are provided with recommendations that encourage appropriate use of ceftiofur, citing the evidence available in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare A Ryan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina D McNeal
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brenton C Credille
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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2
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He S, Zhou P, Wang L, Xiong X, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Wei S. Antibiotic-decorated titanium with enhanced antibacterial activity through adhesive polydopamine for dental/bone implant. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140169. [PMID: 24647910 PMCID: PMC4006258 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Implant-associated infections, which are normally induced by microbial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, practical approaches to prevent implant-associated infections are in great demand. Inspired by adhesive proteins in mussels, here we have developed a novel antibiotic-decorated titanium (Ti) material with enhanced antibacterial activity. In this study, Ti substrate was coated by one-step pH-induced polymerization of dopamine followed by immobilization of the antibiotic cefotaxime sodium (CS) onto the polydopamine-coated Ti through catechol chemistry. Contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of CS grafted on the Ti surface. Our results demonstrated that the antibiotic-grafted Ti substrate showed good biocompatibility and well-behaved haemocompatibility. In addition, the antibiotic-grafted Ti could effectively prevent adhesion and proliferation of Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Streptococcus mutans (Gram-positive). Moreover, the inhibition of biofilm formation on the antibiotic-decorated Ti indicated that the grafted CS could maintain its long-term antibacterial activity. This modified Ti substrate with enhanced antibacterial activity holds great potential as implant material for applications in dental and bone graft substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Linxin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Xiong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Central Laboratory, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Deng
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shicheng Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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HEWSON J, JOHNSON R, ARROYO LG, DIAZ-MENDEZ A, RUIZ-LÓPEZ JA, GU Y, Del CASTILLO JRE. Comparison of continuous infusion with intermittent bolus administration of cefotaxime on blood and cavity fluid drug concentrations in neonatal foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:68-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Toth B, Aleman M, Nogradi N, Madigan JE. Meningitis and meningoencephalomyelitis in horses: 28 cases (1985–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:580-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.5.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pellegrini-Masini A, Livesey LC. Meningitis and Encephalomyelitis in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2006; 22:553-89, x. [PMID: 16882487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of meningitis and encephalomyelitis in horses, including diagnostic tests, treatment developments, and preventative measures reported in the equine and human medical literature of the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pellegrini-Masini
- Equine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Abstract
Neonatal infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the equine industry, despite advances in prevention and treatment. Many factors can influence a foal's risk for the development of sepsis in the peripartum period. This article discusses those factors, causative organisms, and therapeutic options. Factors that influence prognosis and potential preventative strategies also are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chris Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100136, 2015 S.W. 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA.
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Abstract
Neurologic examination of the neonatal foal is quite different from the process used to examine older foals and adult horses. Abnormal neurologic signs are best appreciated in the context of a detailed knowledge of general neonatal medicine and awareness of nor-mal foal behavior and milestones of development. A systematic approach to neurologic examination is provided. The results of such examination are used to localize a lesion or lesions in the nervous system. Descriptions and treatment strategies are given for most common and important neonatal neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J MacKay
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 100136, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Pellegrini-Masini A, Bentz AI, Johns IC, Parsons CS, Beech J, Whitlock RH, Flaminio MJBF. Common variable immunodeficiency in three horses with presumptive bacterial meningitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:114-22, 87. [PMID: 16013546 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three adult horses were evaluated for signs of musculoskeletal pain, dullness, ataxia, and seizures. A diagnosis of bacterial meningitis was made on the basis of results of CSF analysis. Because primary bacterial meningitis is so rare in adult horses without any history of generalized sepsis or trauma, immune function testing was pursued. Flow cytometric phenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed, and proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and lipopolysaccharide was determined. Serum IgA, IgM, and IgG concentrations were measured by means of radial immunodiffusion, and serum concentrations of IgG isotypes were assessed with a capture antibody ELISA. Serum tetanus antibody concentrations were measured before and 1 month after tetanus toxoid administration. Phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity of isolated peripheral blood phagocytes were evaluated by means of simultaneous flow cytometric analysis. Persistent B-cell lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and abnormal in vitro responses to mitogens were detected in all 3 horses, and a diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pellegrini-Masini
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Orsini JA, Moate PJ, Engiles J, Norman T, Poppenga R, Benson CE, Boston RC. Cefotaxime kinetics in plasma and synovial fluid following intravenous administration in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 27:293-8. [PMID: 15500566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cefotaxime powder was diluted with sterile water to a concentration of 100 mg/mL. The volume of solution was adjusted for each experimental horse to provide a total dose of 15, 20, and 25 mg/kg and was administered by infusion through a jugular vein catheter over a 10-min period. All three doses were administered to each of the six experimental horses at three different times. Cefotaxime concentrations in plasma and synovial fluid samples were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Standard compartmental analysis techniques and the WinSAAM modeling program were used to determine standard pharmacokinetic parameters for cefotaxime. The plasma and synovial fluid data from the five horses administered the 25 mg/kg dose was analyzed. Plasma cefotaxime concentrations appeared to be linearly related to dose infused and declined in parallel, suggesting linear drug kinetics. Moreover, cefotaxime concentrations declined monotonically suggesting that its disposition kinetics could essentially be described by a one-compartment model rather than the fact that sampling occurred after the infusion was discontinued. Maximum concentration of cefotaxime in plasma occurred immediately after cessation of the infusion. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, common isolates from septic arthritis in horses. Based on our pharmacokinetic data, a regimen of 25 mg/kg administered i.v. every 6 h appears appropriate for susceptible joint infections in adult horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Orsini
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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11
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Sumano H, Gutierrez L, Ocampo L. Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of cefotaxime for the treatment of septicaemia in dogs. Acta Vet Hung 2004; 52:85-95. [PMID: 15119790 DOI: 10.1556/avet.52.2004.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Considering the already known pharmacological features of cefotaxime, a study with two approaches of pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy in septicaemic dogs was carried out. Pharmacokinetic variables were defined for doses of 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg, utilising a quantitative bacteriological analysis. Values for half-life (T1/2 beta) at 10 mg/kg were 0.8, 1.48 and 1.52 h for the i.v., s.c. and i.m. routes, respectively. Corresponding values for the 20 mg/kg dose for the same routes were 0.8, 1.49 and 1.53 h, respectively. Relatively fast clearance (ranging from 0.58 to 0.64 L/kg/h) allowed a maximum dose interval of 12 h. The above-stated doses of cefotaxime were administered i.v. to 40 cases of septicaemia, clinically divided into 20 moderately severe cases treated with 10 mg/kg i.v., of cefotaxime bid, and 20 severe ones, treated with 20 mg/kg i.v. of cefotaxime bid. Injections continued until a previously defined criterion of 'clinically recovered' was obtained. Thereafter, a follow-up treatment was established using the same dose and dose-interval but through the s.c. route. Due to the apparent volumes of distribution obtained (ranging from 0.48 to 0.51 L/kg), considering the overall clinical efficacy obtained (90% for the 10 mg/kg dose and 75% for the 20 mg/kg dose), and due to the rapid improvement observed after a few doses of the drug (1.8 to 2.5 doses to 'clinical improvement'), it is safe to postulate such doses of cefotaxime as excellent choices for the treatment of septicaemia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sumano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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Abstract
The well-developed defense barriers of the CNS and the expense of drug therapy limit the pharmacologic options for the treatment of neurologic diseases in horses. New approaches to controlling inflammation in the CNS are improving the outcomes of bacterial meningitis. The appropriate treatment of EPM remains controversial. More research is needed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in the CNS of the horse. Behavioral pharmacology has become fashionable in human and small animal medicine, but it needs to be evaluated for the potential of unethical use in performance horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dowling
- Department of Veterinary Physiological Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Wichtel ME, Buys E, DeLuca J, Stringel G. Pharmacologic considerations in the treatment of neonatal septicemia and its complications. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1999; 15:725-46. [PMID: 10589476 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the pharmacologic properties of drugs commonly used in the treatment of neonatal septicemia and its complications. Rational therapy demands an awareness of not only the pharmacology of individual drugs but also the interactions and anticipated fate of such drugs in the rapidly changing physiologic environment of the neonate. Further research in the area of equine neonatal pharmacology should greatly assist our understanding of the impact of the disease state on the unique physiology of the newborn and should allow us to better predict the ultimate fate of drugs commonly used for such purposes. Careful dosing and close monitoring of pharmacologic effects are critical for a successful outcome. In the future, newer therapeutic strategies that are safe and efficacious may provide a means to circumvent many of the problems currently encountered with treating the septicemic newborn foal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wichtel
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada.
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Gough MR, Mayhew IG, Munroe GA, Else RW. Purulent basilar empyema and meningitis associated with exophthalmos in a pony. EQUINE VET EDUC 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.1998.tb00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Septicemia is the second most commonly diagnosed problem in the equine neonate, superseded only by the problem of inadequate transfer of maternal antibodies. This article reviews the factors that may put a foal at high risk for developing sepsis, the diagnostic tools used to identify these animals, some of the sequelae of sepsis, and the therapeutic modalities available to the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Paradis
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts
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Meyer JC, Brown MP, Gronwall RR, Merritt K. Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in neonatal foals after intramuscular injection. Equine Vet J 1992; 24:485-6. [PMID: 1459066 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Meyer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0136
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Abstract
Bacteraemia signifies invasion of the bloodstream by bacteria. In most systemic infections in man and animals, bacteria enter the blood at some stage during the infection and are rapidly distributed throughout the body. A wide variety of organisms have been associated with bacteraemia. Prompt detection of the aetiological agents of bacteraemia is of prime importance in clinical microbiology. There are no defined recommendations for blood cultures in animals but both conventional and improved methods are available for detection of bacteraemia in man. The consequences of bacteraemia are as diverse as the potential aetiological agents. Monoclonal antibodies to the core glycolipid (lipid A) seems very promising for the treatment of bacteraemia and septic shock caused by Gram-negative bacteria in man and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vaid
- Disease Investigation Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Caprile
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
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