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Kim CS, Reisbig NA, Carmalt JL. Contrast arthrography of the equine temporomandibular joint. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1368131. [PMID: 38562918 PMCID: PMC10983794 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1368131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Disorders of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cause clinical problems and detailed investigations of this joint are becoming more common. Specialist radiographic projections have the potential to highlight osseous abnormalities; however, the ability to assess the intra-articular soft tissue structures is currently limited to computed tomography (with, or without contrast enhancement) or magnetic resonance imaging. Both modalities are expensive and not readily accessible. Objective To develop a technique of contrast arthrography of both compartments of the equine TMJ in cadavers and then perform the refined technique in three living horses as a proof-of-principle. Study design A descriptive, experimental, study. Methods Contrast arthrography of the discomandibular and discotemporal joint compartments of both TMJs was performed in 12 cadaveric equine heads using needles placed in the caudal pouches of the respective joint compartments. Radiographs were taken using previously published techniques, repeated with the mouth open and after air had been injected into the joints, to perform a double-contrast study. The TMJs of three healthy horses were subsequently examined to determine the validity of the procedure in live animals. Results Single and double-contrast arthrography allowed delineation of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the intra-articular disc in addition to filling the rostral and caudal joint pouches of the independent joint compartments. Contrast extravasation was common, and in two instances iatrogenic disc penetration resulted in the false diagnosis of pathologic disc perforation. The techniques were well tolerated in all three live horses. Main limitations Low number of horses. Conclusion Contrast arthrography allows interpretation of intra-articular soft tissue structures, but caution is advised in diagnosing intra-articular disc perforation. Even with experience, accessing the discomandibular joint can be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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White SA, Canada NC, Carmalt JL, Schumacher J, Amitrano FN, Ortved K, Henry TJ, Brounts SH, Arnold CE. Long-Term Outcome of Horses Undergoing Unilateral Mandibular Condylectomy and Meniscectomy for Temporomandibular Joint Disease. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:898096. [PMID: 35585863 PMCID: PMC9108769 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.898096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are no reports describing the long-term outcome of sport horses undergoing unilateral mandibular condylectomy with meniscectomy (UMC) for treatment for severe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease (TMD). Whether horses undergoing UMC require a specialized diet, can return to riding with a bit, or return to intended function after surgery is unknown. Objective To determine the long-term outcome of horses undergoing UMC for treatment of severe TMD. Study Design A multi-institutional, retrospective study. Methods Medical records obtained from seven equine referral hospitals of horses with severe TMD that underwent UMC were reviewed. Details regarding the presenting complaints, results of clinical examination, findings of diagnostic imaging, surgical technique, and outcome (including long-term follow-up with an owner questionnaire) were recorded. Results Eleven horses fit the inclusion criteria. Three had severe idiopathic osteoarthritis, and eight had confirmed septic osteoarthritis of the TMJ. The most common post-operative complications were drainage and peri-incisional swelling (n = 5). One horse developed a hematoma at the surgical site because the facial artery was inadvertently transected during the approach, causing the condylectomy to be postponed. All horses were discharged alive from the hospital, and 10 returned to their previous or intended use. All had complete resolution of clinical signs of TMD. One mare was retired from athletic use due to her genetic value as a broodmare. One horse was euthanized 2 years after UMC due to progressively worsening of clinical signs of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO), which were not present before surgery. When available, owner satisfaction of the results of the procedure was excellent. Main Limitations Sample size; multiple institutions; owner bias. Conclusions Unilateral mandibular condylectomy should not be considered a salvage procedure. Horses treated for severe TMD by UMC can return to their previous or intended level of athletic performance and do not require a specialized diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. White
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Sarah A. White
| | | | - James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James Schumacher
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Fernando N. Amitrano
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Clinical Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Kyla Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States
| | - Travis J. Henry
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Large Animal Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sabrina H. Brounts
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Large Animal Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Carolyn E. Arnold
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Lee S, Lee EB, Park KW, Jeong H, Shin KY, Kweon YP, Seo JP. Computed tomographic features of the temporomandibular joint in 10 Jeju horses. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e44. [PMID: 35466600 PMCID: PMC9149492 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Lee
- Department of Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Eun-Bee Lee
- Department of Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Park
- Department of Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Hyohoon Jeong
- Department of Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Kwang-Yun Shin
- Institute for Livestock Promotion, Jeju-Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju 63078, Korea
| | - Young-Park Kweon
- Institute for Livestock Promotion, Jeju-Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju 63078, Korea
| | - Jong-Pil Seo
- Department of Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
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Lean NE, Young A, Ahern BJ. Fusobacterium necrophorum
septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint in an Australian Stockhorse mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. E. Lean
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - A. Young
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - B. J. Ahern
- School of Veterinary Science University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
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5
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Pimentel KL, Carmalt JL. The Frequency of Communication Between the Synovial Compartments of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint: A Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Assessment. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:753983. [PMID: 34760960 PMCID: PMC8573115 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.753983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is conflicting evidence regarding communication between the two compartments of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Understanding the inter-relationship between TMJ compartments is critical for diagnostic and clinical management purposes. Objective: To determine the frequency of communication between the discotemporal joint (DTJ) and the discomandibular joint (DMJ) of the equine TMJ in horses free of overt disease. Study Design: A randomized, blinded, controlled cadaveric study. Methods: Equine cadaver heads (n = 20), with no reported history of potential TMJ disease, were collected and stored frozen until use. Horses were randomized to the treatment group, such that Group A horses (n = 10) underwent arthrocentesis of the left DTJ and the right DMJ compartments, while Group B (n = 10) underwent arthrocentesis of the left DMJ and the right DTJ compartments of the TMJ, for a total of 40 joints. Computed tomography (CT) imaging was performed before, and after, intra-articular injection of contrast media in each head. Two observers, blinded to the treatment group, independently interpreted CT images. Results: Communication between synovial compartments occurred in the left TMJ of two horses. Arthroscopic evaluation revealed that both horses had a perforation of the intra-articular disc in the region of the caudomedial fibrous expansion. Mild anterior displacement of the abnormal disc in the joint of one horse was demonstrated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Main Limitations: Sample size, the use of owner provided animals' history, and frozen specimens. Conclusions: No physiological communication was present between the DTJ and the DMJ in the equine TMJ of the cases studied, regardless of which compartment underwent arthrocentesis. Two joints had pathological communications. These results suggest that diagnostic, and medical, treatment of intra-articular disease may be most effective when both joint compartments are injected. Furthermore, this study illustrates the value of contrast enhancement while imaging the equine TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Norvall A, Cota JG, Pusterla N, Cissell D. Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint in healthy adult horses is equivalent to blind arthrocentesis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:346-352. [PMID: 31896164 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases are increasingly recognized as a problem for the well-being and performance of horses. Diagnosis is confounded by overlap of clinical signs associated with pathology of the oral cavity, poll, and cervical vertebrae. Arthrocentesis for intra-articular analgesia, sampling of synovial fluid, and medication is needed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Ultrasound features of the normal TMJ and a blind arthrocentesis technique have been described, but a systematic approach to ultrasound-guided (USG) arthrocentesis has not been reported. Ultrasound guidance allows visualization of the TMJ that may prove beneficial in cases when pathology, abnormal anatomy, or clinician inexperience make blind arthrocentesis difficult. We hypothesized that USG arthrocentesis would result in fewer needle repositions than blind arthrocentesis. We also aimed to assess synovial fluid parameters for normal equine TMJs. A prospective randomized method comparison with crossover experimental design compared the number of needle positionings required for accurate injection of the TMJ using each technique. Arthrocentesis technique and operator experience were tested using cadavers and two operators. Injection success was confirmed using CT. The radiologist then applied both techniques in normal live horses. No statistically significant difference was noted between arthrocentesis techniques or operators (P > .05). No complications were observed in live horses following either technique. Synovial fluid parameters were largely within the normal range expected for other synovial joints. Either blind or USG arthrocentesis of the equine TMJ can be performed with minimal prior operator experience. Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis is an alternative method and can be considered in cases with altered anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Norvall
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jose Guerrero Cota
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Derek Cissell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Latorre R, de Jong K, Sora MC, López-Albors O, Baptista C. E12 technique: Conventional epoxy resin sheet plastination. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:557-563. [PMID: 31617253 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy plastination techniques were developed to obtain thin transparent body slices with high anatomical detail. This is facilitated because the plastinated tissue is transparent and the topography of the anatomical structures well preserved. For this reason, thin epoxy slices are currently used for research purposes in both macroscopic and microscopic studies. The protocol for the conventional epoxy technique (E12) follows the main steps of plastination-specimen preparation, dehydration, impregnation and curing/casting. Preparation begins with selection of the specimen, followed by freezing and slicing. Either fresh or fixed (embalmed) tissue is suitable for epoxy plastination, while slice thickness is kept between 1.5 and 3 mm. Impregnation mixture is made of epoxy E12 resin plus E1 hardener (100 ppw; 28 ppw). This mixture is reactive and temperature sensitive, and for this reason, total impregnation time under vacuum at room laboratory temperature should not last for more than 20-24 hr. Casting of impregnated slices is done in either flat chambers or by the so-called sandwich method in either fresh mixture or the one used for impregnation. Curing is completed at 40°C to allow a complete polymerization of the epoxy-mixture. After curing, slices can be photographed, scanned or used for anatomical study under screen negatoscope, magnification glass or fluorescent microscope. Based on epoxy sheet plastination, many anatomical papers have recent observations of and/or clarification of anatomical concepts in different areas of medical expertice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Latorre
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kees de Jong
- Center for Morphology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mircea-Constantin Sora
- Centre for Anatomy and Molecular Medicine, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Octavio López-Albors
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos Baptista
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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8
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Manso‐Díaz G, Taeymans O, García‐López JM, Weller R. Application and indications of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the equine head. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Manso‐Díaz
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
- The Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | | | - J. M. García‐López
- Department of Clinical Sciences Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine Tufts University North Grafton Massachusetts USA
| | - R. Weller
- The Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
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9
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Frietman SK, van Proosdij ER, Veraa S, de Heer N, Ter Braake F. A minimally invasive partial condylectomy and temporal bone resection for the treatment of a suspected chronic synovial sepsis of the temporomandibular joint in a 3.5-year-old paint horse gelding. Vet Q 2019; 38:118-124. [PMID: 30773124 PMCID: PMC6830993 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2018.1535216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S K Frietman
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
| | - E R van Proosdij
- b Equine Department , DAP VUG , Evertsenlaan 18 , Voorthuizen 3781 TB , the Netherlands
| | - S Veraa
- c Division of Diagnostic Imaging , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 108 , Utrecht 3584 CM , the Netherlands
| | - N de Heer
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
| | - F Ter Braake
- a Equine Department , Equine Veterinary Clinic Emmeloord , Espelerlaan 77 , Emmeloord 8302 DC , the Netherlands
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10
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Aging does not change the compressive stiffness of mandibular condylar cartilage in horses. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1744-1752. [PMID: 30145230 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aging can cause an increase in the stiffness of hyaline cartilage as a consequence of increased protein crosslinks. By induction of crosslinking, a reduction in the diffusion of solutions into the hyaline cartilage has been observed. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the effects of aging on the biophysical and biochemical properties of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cartilage. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the biophysical properties (thickness, stiffness, and diffusion) of the TMJ condylar cartilage of horses of different ages and their correlation with biochemical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured the compressive stiffness of the condyles, after which the diffusion of two contrast agents into cartilage was measured using Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography technique. Furthermore, the content of water, collagen, GAG, and pentosidine was analyzed. RESULTS Contrary to our expectations, the stiffness of the cartilage did not change with age (modulus remained around 0.7 MPa). The diffusion of the negatively charged contrast agent (Hexabrix) also did not alter. However, the diffusion of the uncharged contrast agent (Visipaque) decreased with aging. The flux was negatively correlated with the amount of collagen and crosslink level which increased with aging. Pentosidine, collagen, and GAG were positively correlated with age whereas thickness and water content showed negative correlations. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that aging was not necessarily reflected in the biophysical properties of TMJ condylar cartilage. The combination of the changes happening due to aging resulted in different diffusive properties, depending on the nature of the solution.
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11
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Pease A, Marr CM. How to publish diagnostic imaging studies: Common mistakes and recommendations. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:7-10. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Pease
- Equine Veterinary Journal; Fordham, Ely Cambridgeshire UK
| | - Celia M. Marr
- Equine Veterinary Journal; Fordham, Ely Cambridgeshire UK
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12
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Adams K, Schulz-Kornas E, Arzi B, Failing K, Vogelsberg J, Staszyk C. Functional anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint: Histological characteristics of the articular surfaces and underlining tissues. Vet J 2018; 239:35-41. [PMID: 30197107 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It has been assumed that dental conditions cause disorders of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ), due to biomechanical overload or aberrant loading. However, the incidence of published TMJ disorders in horses is low and this leads to the question whether the equine TMJ is adapted well to its biomechanical requirements or is able to remodel its articular surfaces in response to modified loading conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the histological characteristics of healthy equine TMJs. The tissue components of the articular surfaces of 10 TMJs obtained from horses without any clinical history of dental or TMJ disorders were analysed. Apart from the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, the osseous aspects of the TMJ exhibited a uniform zoning pattern. The articular surfaces were composed of three tissue layers: (1) a superficial cell-rich dense connective tissue layer; (2) a middle fibrocartilage layer; and (3) a deep hyaline-like cartilage layer. The articular disc was composed of an inner core of fibrocartilage and hyaline-like cartilage meshwork covered with both cell-rich dense connective tissue and fibrocartilage at its dorsal and ventral aspects. In contrast, the mandibular fossa was only covered by a dense connective tissue, frequently supplemented by a synovial membrane, suggesting low biomechanical stress. Glycosaminoglycans, which are indicative of compressive loads, were predominantly present within the rostral part of the articular tubercle and the retroarticular process, the dorsal part of articular disc and the entire mandibular head, but were absent within the mandibular fossa. The results of this study suggest the presence of different biomechanical demands in the dorsal and ventral compartment of the equine TMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adams
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - E Schulz-Kornas
- Max Planck Weizmann Centre for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - K Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - J Vogelsberg
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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Adams K, Schulz-Kornas E, Arzi B, Failing K, Vogelsberg J, Staszyk C. Functional anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint: Collagen fiber texture of the articular surfaces. Vet J 2016; 217:58-64. [PMID: 27810212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the equine masticatory apparatus has received much attention. Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the functional process of mastication. However, ultrastructural and histological data providing a basis for biomechanical and histopathological considerations are not available. The aim of the present study was to analyze the architecture of the collagen fiber apparatus in the articular surfaces of the equine TMJ to reveal typical morphological features indicating biomechanical adaptions. Therefore, the collagen fiber alignment was visualized using the split-line technique in 16 adult warmblood horses without any history of TMJ disorders. Within the central two-thirds of the articular surfaces of the articular tubercle, the articular disc and the mandibular head, split-lines ran in a correspondent rostrocaudal direction. In the lateral and medial aspects of these articular surfaces, the split-line pattern varied, displaying curved arrangements in the articular disc and punctual split-lines in the bony components. Mediolateral orientated split-lines were found in the rostral and caudal border of the articular disc and in the mandibular fossa. The complex movements during the equine chewing cycle are likely assigned to different areas of the TMJ. The split-line pattern of the equine TMJ is indicative of a relative movement of the joint components in a preferential rostrocaudal direction which is consigned to the central aspects of the TMJ. The lateral and medial aspects of the articular surfaces provide split-line patterns that indicate movements particularly around a dorsoventral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adams
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - E Schulz-Kornas
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - K Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 95, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - J Vogelsberg
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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14
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Borges NC, Weissengruber GE, Huber J, Kofler J. Ultrasonographic imaging of the temporomandibular joint in healthy cattle and pathological findings in one clinical case. N Z Vet J 2016; 64:330-6. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1207575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NC Borges
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - GE Weissengruber
- Department of Pathobiology, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna A-1210, Austria
| | - J Huber
- Teaching and Research Farm Kremesberg, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - J Kofler
- Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
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15
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Carmalt JL, Kneissl S, Rawlinson JE, Zwick T, Zekas L, Ohlerth S, Bienert-Zeit A. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT IN 1018 ASYMPTOMATIC HORSES: A MULTI-INSTITUTION STUDY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:237-45. [PMID: 26773281 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Published descriptions of nonseptic arthritis of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are rare and large studies investigating variations in the TMJ for asymptomatic horses are lacking. The objectives of this cross-sectional, retrospective, multi-institutional study were to describe anatomical variations in the TMJ detected using computed tomography (CT) in an equid population asymptomatic for TMJ disease and determine whether these variations were associated with patient signalment, reason for CT examination, or CT slice width. Medical records at eight hospitals were searched for horses that had head/neck CT scans and no clinical signs of TMJ disease. Age, breed, sex, clinical presentation, and CT slice width data were recorded. Alterations in CT contour and density of the mandibular condyles, mandibular fossae, and TMJ intra-articular discs were described for each horse. Generalized logistic regression was used to test associations between anatomical variations and horse age. A total of 1018 horses were sampled. Anatomical variations were found in TMJ CT images for 40% of horses and 29% of joints. These were dichotomous with regard to age. Horses <1 year old commonly had alterations in the shape and density of the mandibular condyle. Older horses commonly had spherical hypodensities within the mandibular condyles consistent with bone cysts; and hyperdense regions of the intra-articular disc consistent with dystrophic mineralization. Findings indicated that TMJ anatomic variations were common in CT images of younger and older horses asymptomatic for TMJ disease. Future studies are needed to more definitively characterize these CT variations using gross pathology and histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Sibylle Kneissl
- Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer E Rawlinson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Timo Zwick
- Tierärztliche Klinik, Grasweg 2, 86459, Gessertshausen, Germany
| | - Lisa Zekas
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stefanie Ohlerth
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, 285c, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Smyth T, Allen AL, Carmalt JL. Clinically significant, nontraumatic, degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joints in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Smyth
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - A. L. Allen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - J. L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
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Smyth TT, Carmalt JL, Treen TT, Lanovaz JL. The effect of acute unilateral inflammation of the equine temporomandibular joint on the kinematics of mastication. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:523-7. [PMID: 25891835 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Diseases of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are well reported in man and some domestic animals other than the horse. The pathophysiology of equine TMJ disease and the effects of disease on the kinematics of mastication are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine whether transient unilateral inflammation of the equine TMJ results in alterations in the masticatory cycle. STUDY DESIGN An experimental controlled study utilising 6 horses of various ages with normal dentition. METHODS Each horse was equipped with an optical motion tracking (kinematic) system. Horses were observed chewing grass hay over 3 min intervals. Regardless of the initial side of the power stroke in the masticatory cycle, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected in the left TMJ in each horse and the horses were reassessed after 6 h. RESULTS Four horses developed effusion of the injected TMJs; 2 of these also began quidding. All horses injected on the original side of the power stroke switched sides while the 2 injected on the contralateral side did not. All horses developed reduced vertical pitch (vertical opening) of the mandible. Overall, rostrocaudal movement of the mandible did not change; however, the timing of this movement relative to the phase of the masticatory cycle did. Injection with LPS did not affect the amount of lateral movement of the mandible. CONCLUSIONS Injection of LPS into the TMJ significantly altered the masticatory cycle compared with baseline values representing avoidance behaviour due to inflammation of the joint, despite which the horses continued to eat using the contralateral mandible. Lipopolysaccharide administration also led to quidding and a loss of feed efficiency (in some individuals).
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Smyth
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - J L Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - T T Treen
- College of Kinesthesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - J L Lanovaz
- College of Kinesthesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Witte
- Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
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Jørgensen E, Christophersen MT, Kristoffersen M, Puchalski S, Verwilghen D. Does temporomandibular joint pathology affect performance in an equine athlete? EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Jørgensen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Tåstrup Denmark
| | | | - M. Kristoffersen
- Helsingborg Regional Animal Hospital - Evidensia; Helsingborg Sweden
| | - S. Puchalski
- Helsingborg Regional Animal Hospital - Evidensia; Helsingborg Sweden
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
| | - D. Verwilghen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Tåstrup Denmark
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Kyllar M, Štembírek J, Putnová I, Stehlík L, Odehnalová S, Buchtová M. Radiography, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Craniofacial Structures in Pig. Anat Histol Embryol 2013; 43:435-52. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kyllar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno Czech Republic
| | - J. Štembírek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; v.v.i.; Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic; Veveri 97 602 00 Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; University Hospital Ostrava; 17. listopadu 1790 708 52 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
| | - I. Putnová
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno Czech Republic
| | - L. Stehlík
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging; Small Animal Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackeho 1/3 612 42 Brno Czech Republic
| | - S. Odehnalová
- Sevaron s.r.o.; Palackeho 163a 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - M. Buchtová
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackeho 1/3, 612 42 Brno Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; v.v.i.; Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic; Veveri 97 602 00 Brno Czech Republic
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Henry TJ, Arzi B. Diagnostic imaging in veterinary dental practice. Septic arthritis with Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection of the mandibular head. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:337-9. [PMID: 23865874 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.3.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Henry
- Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Dental and sinus disorders are relatively common and of major clinical importance in equine medicine. Advanced diagnostic imaging has become an integral part of equine veterinary medicine. Advanced imaging has progressed the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of dental- and sinus-related diseases. As a clinician, it is important to realize the value of advanced diagnostic imaging. Although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are both significantly more expensive compared with other diagnostic tools, the financial cost of inaccurate diagnosis and treatment can often result in higher overall costs.
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Barnett TP, Powell SE, Head MJ, Marr CM, Steven WN, Payne RJ. Partial mandibular condylectomy and temporal bone resection for chronic, destructive, septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. P. Barnett
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
| | - S. E. Powell
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
| | - M. J. Head
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
| | - C. M. Marr
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
| | - W. N. Steven
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
| | - R. J. Payne
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket UK
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Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging features of the temporomandibular joint in two normal camels. ANATOMY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2012:242065. [PMID: 22567308 PMCID: PMC3335628 DOI: 10.1155/2012/242065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) image features of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures in two mature dromedary camels were obtained with a third-generation equipment CT and a superconducting magnet RM at 1.5 Tesla. Images were acquired in sagittal and transverse planes. Medical imaging processing with imaging software was applied to obtain postprocessing CT and MR images. Relevant anatomic structures were identified and labelled. The resulting images provided excellent anatomic detail of the TMJ and associated structures. Annotated CT and MR images from this study are intended as an anatomical reference useful in the interpretation for clinical CT and MR imaging studies of the TMJ of the dromedary camels.
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Konar M, Lang J. Pros and cons of low-field magnetic resonance imaging in veterinary practice. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:S5-S14. [PMID: 21392156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-field (LF) (0.2-0.4T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging predominates in veterinary practice. Advantages of LF MR include reduced costs, better patient access, and greater safety. High quality examinations can be achieved using appropriate protocols and investing more scanning time than with high-field (HF) systems. The main disadvantage of LF MR is the reduced signal to noise ratio compared with HF systems. LF MR protocols for small animal brain and spine imaging are described.
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