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Lin ST, Bolas NM, Peter VG, Pokora R, Patrick H, Foote AK, Sargan DR, Murray RC. Comparison of cone-beam and fan-beam computed tomography and low-field magnetic resonance imaging for detection of palmar/plantar osteochondral disease in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:999-1007. [PMID: 37931621 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmar/plantar osteochondral disease (POD) of the metacarpal/tarsal condyles is a common pathological finding in racehorses. OBJECTIVE To compare diagnoses, imaging details, and measurements of POD lesions between cone-beam computed tomography CT (CBCT), fan-beam CT (FBCT), and low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using macroscopic pathology as a gold standard. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Thirty-five cadaver limbs from 10 horses underwent CBCT, FBCT, MRI, and macroscopic examination. CT and MR images were examined for presence of POD, imaging details of POD, and measurements of POD dimensions and areas. Imaging diagnoses, details, and measurements were compared with macroscopic examination and between modalities. RESULTS Forty-eight POD lesions were seen over 70 condyles. Compared with macroscopic examination the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis were 95.8% (CI95 = 88%-99%) and 63.6% (CI95 = 43%-81%) for FBCT, 85.4% (CI95 = 74%-94%) and 81.8% (CI95 = 63%-94%) for CBCT, and 69.0% (CI95 = 54%-82%) and 71.4% (CI95 = 46%-90%) for MRI. Inter-modality agreement on diagnosis was moderate between CBCT and FBCT (κ = 0.56, p < 0.001). POD was identified on CT as hypoattenuating lesions with surrounding hyperattenuation and on MRI as either T1W, T2*W, T2W, and STIR hyperintense lesions or T1W and T2*W heterogeneous hypointense lesions with surrounding hypointensity. Agreement on imaging details between CBCT and FBCT was substantial for subchondral irregularity (κ = 0.61, p < 0.001). Macroscopic POD width strongly correlated with MRI (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) and CBCT (r = 0.79, p < 0.001) and moderately correlated with FBCT (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). Macroscopic POD width was greater than all imaging modality (p < 0.001). MAIN LIMITATIONS Effect of motion artefact in live horse imaging could not be assessed. CONCLUSIONS All imaging modalities were able to detect POD lesions, but underestimated lesion size. The CT systems were more sensitive, but the differing patterns of signal intensity may suggest that MRI can detect changes associated with POD pathological status or severity. The image features observed by CBCT and FBCT were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ting Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Vanessa G Peter
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
| | - Rachel Pokora
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
| | | | | | - David R Sargan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel C Murray
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
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Schiavo S, Beccati F, Pokora R, Lin ST, Milmine RC, Bak L, Peter VG, Murray RC. Lesion Distribution in the Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Region of 341 Horses Using Standing Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1866. [PMID: 38997978 PMCID: PMC11240673 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pain localised to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) region represents a frequent cause of lameness in sport horses, and standing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of these regions is increasingly being acquired. This multicentre retrospective study describes the ranges of abnormalities identified on standing MRI of the MCP/MTP region and compares patterns of abnormalities between forelimbs, hindlimbs and different sports disciplines. In total, 341 MRI reports were reviewed. Subchondral bone plate irregularities, condylar and proximal phalanx pathologies were frequently identified with subchondral bone defect, sclerosis and increased intensity on STIR images often described. Medial pathology was frequently identified in the forelimbs, and more lateral pathology was reported in the hindlimbs, which could potentially reflect differences in the loading patterns. Significant differences in MRI findings were found between different sports activities, with MCP/MTP bone pathology occurring more frequently in MRI reports from race and endurance horses and MCP/MTP soft tissue injuries being reported more frequently in dressage and show-jumping horses, particularly in the suspensory apparatus, including the distal sesamoidean ligaments. The findings of this study identify patterns of MCP/MTP abnormalities detected using standing MRI, with differences seen between forelimbs and hindlimbs and between different sports disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Schiavo
- Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons, Cotton End Rd, Exning, Newmarket CB8 7NN, UK
| | - Francesca Beccati
- Sports Horse Research Centre, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rachel Pokora
- Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons, Cotton End Rd, Exning, Newmarket CB8 7NN, UK
| | - Szu Ting Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | | | - Lars Bak
- Høejgård Equine Hospital, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark
| | - Vanessa G Peter
- Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons, Cotton End Rd, Exning, Newmarket CB8 7NN, UK
| | - Rachel C Murray
- Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons, Cotton End Rd, Exning, Newmarket CB8 7NN, UK
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Faulkner JE, Joostens Z, Broeckx BJG, Hauspie S, Mariën T, Vanderperren K. Auxiliary osseous findings in fetlocks of non-racing sports horses with sagittal groove disease of the proximal phalanx on low-field magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38840437 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sagittal groove disease of the proximal phalanx in equine athletes is commonly considered a bone stress injury. Repetitive hyperextension of the fetlock under high load is thought to contribute to its development. Concurrent changes are often reported in the dorsal sagittal ridge of the third metacarpus/metatarsus (MC3/MT3). OBJECTIVES To describe the spectrum of associated osseous abnormalities that are present in the fetlock in a large group of horses diagnosed with sagittal groove disease on low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional. METHODS MRI images of horses diagnosed with sagittal groove disease at Equitom Equine Clinic between March 2014 and March 2023 were evaluated using semi-quantitative grading schemes and a sagittal groove disease MRI classification system. RESULTS MRIs of 132 limbs were evaluated, predominantly from warmbloods used for showjumping (n = 83) and dressage (n = 18). Osseous densification and bone oedema-like signal grades were higher in the dorsal sagittal ridge than palmarly/plantarly (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Grades of both osseous densification and bone oedema-like signal in the dorsal sagittal ridge did not significantly differ between the different sagittal groove disease MRI classifications (both p > 0.05). MAIN LIMITATIONS Inclusion based on original MRI reports, absence of control group, small numbers within some grading groups hindering statistical analyses. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the aetiological theories of chronic bone-stress due to loaded fetlock hyperextension however the severity of osseous changes of the dorsal sagittal ridge does not appear to be associated with the severity of sagittal groove disease classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine E Faulkner
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Zoë Joostens
- Equine Diagnostic Centre, Equitom Equine Clinic, Lummen, Belgium
| | - Bart J G Broeckx
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stijn Hauspie
- Equine Diagnostic Centre, Equitom Equine Clinic, Lummen, Belgium
| | - Tom Mariën
- Equine Diagnostic Centre, Equitom Equine Clinic, Lummen, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Nagy A, Dyson S. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomographic and Radiographic Findings in the Metacarpophalangeal Joints of 31 Warmblood Showjumpers in Full Work and Competing Regularly. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1417. [PMID: 38791635 PMCID: PMC11117305 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a limited description of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and no information on computed tomographic (CT) findings in the fetlock of non-lame, non-racing sports horses. This study aimed to document comparative CT, MRI and radiographic findings in the metacarpophalangeal joints of showjumpers in full work. Clinical and gait assessments, low-field MRI, fan-beam CT and radiographic examinations of both metacarpophalangeal joints were performed on 31 showjumpers. Images were analysed descriptively. In most limbs (53/62, 85.5%), there were CT and MRI changes consistent with densification in the sagittal ridge and/or condyles of the third metacarpal bone (McIII). Hypoattenuation (subchondral bone resorption) was seen in CT reconstructions in the metacarpal condyle dorsoproximally (n = 2) and dorsodistally (n = 1), in the sagittal groove (n = 2) and medial fovea (n = 1) of the proximal phalanx. The McIII resorptive lesions were detected on MR images but not the proximal phalanx lesions. None were identified on radiographs. In conclusion, MRI and CT abnormalities previously associated with lameness were seen in the front fetlocks of showjumpers without relevant lameness. Densification in the sagittal ridge and the metacarpal condyles likely reflects an adaptive change to exercise. Subchondral bone resorption may indicate an early stage of disease; follow-up information is needed to establish its clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Nagy
- Department and Clinic of Equine Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Dóra Major, 2225 Üllő, Hungary
| | - Sue Dyson
- The Cottage, Church Road, Market Weston, Diss IP22 2NX, UK;
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Wright I, Minshall G, Young N, Riggs C. Fractures in Thoroughbred racing and the potential for pre-race identification of horses at risk. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:424-436. [PMID: 38200406 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Risk rates for and predisposing factors to fractures occurring in Thoroughbred racing that have been published in peer reviewed journals are documented. The potential for currently available techniques to identify horses at increased risk for fracture is discussed on the bases of principles, practicalities, advantages, disadvantages and current data. All are reviewed in light of justifiable decision making and importance of fractures to horseracing's social license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Wright
- Newmarket Equine Referrals, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Riggs
- Equine Welfare Research Foundation, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Lin ST, Bolas NM, Sargan DR, Restif O, Peter VG, Pokora R, Patrick H, Foote AK, Murray RC. Comparison of cone-beam and fan-beam computed tomography and low-field magnetic resonance imaging for detection of proximal phalanx dorsoproximal osteochondral defects. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:484-493. [PMID: 37488678 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dorsoproximal osteochondral defects commonly affect the proximal phalanx, but information about diagnosis on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is limited. OBJECTIVES To assess CT and MRI diagnoses of osteochondral defects, describe the lesions and compare sensitivity and specificity of the modalities using macroscopic pathology as gold standard. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Thirty-five equine cadaver limbs underwent standing cone-beam CT (CBCT), fan-beam CT (FBCT), low-field MRI and pathological examination. CT and MR images were examined for proximal phalanx dorsomedial and dorsolateral eminence osteochondral defects. Defect dimensions were measured. Imaging diagnoses and measurements were compared with macroscopic examination. RESULTS Fifty-six defects were seen over 70 potential locations. On CBCT and FBCT, osteochondral defects appeared as subchondral irregularity/saucer-shaped defects. On MRI, osteochondral defects were a combination of articular cartilage defect on dorsal images and subchondral flattening/irregularity on sagittal images. Subchondral thickening and osseous short tau inversion recovery hyperintensity were found concurrent with osteochondral defects. Compared with pathological examination, the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis were 86% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 75%-93%) and 64% (95% CI 38%-85%) for FBCT; 64% (95% CI 51%-76%) and 71% (95% CI 46%-90%) for CBCT; and 52% (95% CI 39%-65%) and 71% (95% CI 46%-90%) for MRI. Sensitivity of all modalities increased with defect size. Macroscopic defect dimensions were strongly correlated with CBCT (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) and moderately correlated with FBCT and MRI (r = 0.65, p < 0.001). Macroscopic measurements were significantly greater than all imaging modality dimensions (p < 0.001), potentially because macroscopy included articular cartilage pathology. MAIN LIMITATIONS Influence of motion artefact could not be assessed. CONCLUSIONS Osteochondral defects could be visualised using both CT and MRI with sensitivity increasing with defect size. Diagnostic performance was best using FBCT, followed by CBCT then MRI, but CBCT-measured defect size best correlated with macroscopic examination. MRI provided useful information on fluid signal associated with defects, which could represent active pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ting Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David R Sargan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivier Restif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vanessa G Peter
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
| | - Rachel Pokora
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
| | | | | | - Rachel C Murray
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Suffolk, UK
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Faulkner JE, Joostens Z, Broeckx BJG, Hauspie S, Mariën T, Vanderperren K. Low-field magnetic resonance imaging of sagittal groove disease of the proximal phalanx in non-racing sport horses. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38566459 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries of the sagittal groove of the proximal phalanx (P1) in equine athletes are considered to predominantly occur due to chronic bone stress overload. OBJECTIVES To describe the range of abnormalities that is present in the sagittal groove in a large group of horses diagnosed with sagittal groove disease (SGD) on low-field MRI. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional. METHODS Medical records were searched to identify initial MRI images of horses diagnosed with SGD and these were blindly evaluated using a semi-quantitative grading scheme and novel SGD MRI classification system reflecting potential pathways of pathological progression and severity of stress injury. RESULTS A total of 132 limbs from 111 horses were included in the study; predominantly warmbloods competing in showjumping (n = 83) and dressage (n = 18). SGD MRI classifications were: 0 (normal, n = 0), 1 (small subchondral defect, n = 2), 2 (osseous densification, n = 28), 3 (subchondral microfissure with osseous densification, n = 7), 4 (bone oedema-like signal within the subchondral ± trabecular bone and ± subchondral microfissure or demineralisation, n = 72), 5 (incomplete macrofissure/fracture, n = 23) and 6 (complete fracture, n = 0). Classification 4c (bone oedema-like signal with demineralisation) and 5 had higher proportions in the plantar third of hindlimbs (3% and 10%, respectively) compared with forelimbs (0% and 0%, respectively). SGD classification and extent of bone oedema-like signal were not significantly different between lame (n = 116) and non-lame limbs (n = 16) (both p > 0.05). Periosteal new bone and oedema-like signal were identified (either confidently or suspected) at the dorsoproximal aspect of P1 in 25% and 39% of limbs, respectively. MAIN LIMITATIONS Inclusion via diagnoses in original MRI reports, variable clinical history, small size of some classification groups. CONCLUSIONS The presence or absence of lameness is not a dependable measure of the severity of SGD. The periosteal oedema-like signal of P1 has not previously been described in MRI of SGD and further supports the concept of bone stress injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine E Faulkner
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Bart J G Broeckx
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Auth AK, Hinnigan GJ, Smith MA, Owen KR. Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of the Fetlock Region of Nonracehorses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 132:104938. [PMID: 37832699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-field, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an advanced imaging modality widely used to diagnose distal limb pathology in horses, but there are limited data regarding lesion distribution within the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint (MCP/MTPJ) region in lame nonracehorses. The aim of this study was to describe the low-field MRI findings and lesion distribution in nonracehorses with MCP/MTPJ region pain. Clinical records from horses undergoing MRI of the MCP/MTPJ region between July 2016 and March 2023 were reviewed. Horses were included if pain causing lameness was localized to this region and conventional imaging failed to provide a definitive diagnosis. Eighty-four horses met the inclusion criteria. Soft tissues were affected in 76 (90.5%) horses, with suspensory ligament branch injuries being the most frequent (60.7%) soft tissue pathology identified. Osseous pathology was diagnosed in 51 horses. The subchondral bone (SCB) of the distal third metacarpal/metatarsal bone (MC3/MT3) was the osseous structure most frequently affected (40.5%), with 79.4% of these horses having lesions on the dorsal aspect of the bone. Osteoarthritis was present in 48 (57.1%) horses. The main limitations of the study were the lack of a standardized diagnostic analgesia pattern due to varying veterinary surgeon involvement, and the absence of bilateral magnetic resonance (MR) sequences in all limbs. MRI is a useful diagnostic tool to assess soft tissue structures in the MCP/MTP region, especially in horses with thick skin, which may make ultrasonographic imaging unreliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel K Auth
- Oakhill Veterinary Centre, Goosnargh, Preston, UK.
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Bergstrom TC, Spriet M, O'Brion J, Carpenter R. Positron emission tomography assessment of metacarpal/metatarsal condylar fractures post surgical repair: Prospective study in 14 racehorses. Vet Surg 2024; 53:131-142. [PMID: 37732635 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) positron emission tomography (PET) findings associated with metacarpal/metatarsal condylar fractures at the time of fracture repair and through healing. STUDY DESIGN Prospective descriptive study. ANIMALS Fourteen Thoroughbred racehorses. METHODS 18F-NaF PET was performed within 4 days of surgical metacarpal/metatarsal condylar fracture repair, on both the injured and contralateral limb. Follow-up PET scans were offered at 3- and 5-months post fracture repair. Areas of abnormal uptake were assessed using a previously validated grading system. RESULTS Eight fractures were located in the parasagittal groove (PSG) (six lateral and two medial) and six fractures were located abaxial to the PSG (non-PSG) through the palmar/plantar condyle (all lateral). All horses in the latter group had uptake in the lateral palmar condyle of the contralateral limb suggestive of stress remodeling. Three horses with PSG fractures had uptake in a similar location in the contralateral limb. Horses with lateral condylar fracture only presented minimal or mild uptake in the medial condyle, which is considered atypical in the front limbs for horses in full training. Four horses developed periarticular uptake in the postoperative period suggestive of degenerative joint disease, three of these horses had persistent uptake at the fracture site. These four horses did not return to racing successfully. CONCLUSION The findings of this study provide evidence of pre-existing lesions and specific uptake patterns in racehorses suffering from metacarpal/metatarsal condylar fractures. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE PET has a possible role in the prevention, diagnosis, and postoperative monitoring of metacarpal/metatarsal condylar fractures in racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Bergstrom
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Julie O'Brion
- Southern California Equine Foundation, Arcadia, California, USA
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Faulkner JE, Joostens Z, Broeckx BJG, Hauspie S, Mariën T, Vanderperren K. Follow-Up Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sagittal Groove Disease of the Equine Proximal Phalanx Using a Classification System in 29 Non-Racing Sports Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:34. [PMID: 38200766 PMCID: PMC10778323 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Evolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in horses with sagittal groove disease (SGD) of the proximal phalanx is relatively sparsely described. This retrospective, descriptive, longitudinal study describes the findings of sequential low-field MRI fetlock examinations in horses with SGD of the proximal phalanx using a classification system. Twenty-nine horses were included, predominantly warmbloods used for show jumping (79%). For 29 limbs re-examined during the initial rehabilitation period, classification remained constant (n = 18), increased (n = 2), decreased (n = 7), and fluctuated (n = 2). Notably, two limbs with initial classification 4b (bone oedema-like signal with subchondral microfissure) and one with 4c (bone oedema-like signal with subchondral demineralisation) progressed to classification 5 (incomplete macrofissure/fracture), highlighting their potential as prodromal or imminent fissure pathology. Following conservative (n = 28) and surgical (n = 1) treatment, 86% of the horses re-entered full training and competition with a mean ± sd recovery time of 9.4 ± 4.4 months. In total, 20% of horses in the study subsequently presented for repeat MRI due to recurrent lameness after resuming full work, with classification that was the same (n = 2), increased (n = 2), or decreased (n = 2) compared with the last scan. This study underscores the variability in progression of SGD MRI findings, emphasising the need for further larger-scale research into patterns of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine E. Faulkner
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Zoë Joostens
- Equitom Equine Clinic, Paalstraat 8, 3560 Lummen, Belgium
| | - Bart J. G. Broeckx
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stijn Hauspie
- Equitom Equine Clinic, Paalstraat 8, 3560 Lummen, Belgium
| | - Tom Mariën
- Equitom Equine Clinic, Paalstraat 8, 3560 Lummen, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation, and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Lin ST, Foote AK, Bolas NM, Peter VG, Pokora R, Patrick H, Sargan DR, Murray RC. Three-Dimensional Imaging and Histopathological Features of Third Metacarpal/Tarsal Parasagittal Groove and Proximal Phalanx Sagittal Groove Fissures in Thoroughbred Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2912. [PMID: 37760312 PMCID: PMC10525482 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fissure in the third metacarpal/tarsal parasagittal groove and proximal phalanx sagittal groove is a potential prodromal pathology of fracture; therefore, early identification and characterisation of fissures using non-invasive imaging could be of clinical value. Thirty-three equine cadaver limbs underwent standing cone-beam (CB) computed tomography (CT), fan-beam (FB) CT, low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and macro/histo-pathological examination. Imaging diagnoses of fissures were compared to microscopic examination. Imaging features of fissures were described. Histopathological findings were scored and compared between locations with and without fissures on CT. Microscopic examination identified 114/291 locations with fissures. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 88.5% and 61.3% for CBCT, 84.1% and 72.3% for FBCT, and 43.6% and 85.2% for MRI. Four types of imaging features of fissures were characterised on CT: (1) CBCT/FBCT hypoattenuating linear defects, (2) CBCT/FBCT striated hypoattenuated lines, (3) CBCT/FBCT subchondral irregularity, and (4) CBCT striated hypoattenuating lines and FBCT subchondral irregularity. Fissures on MRI appeared as subchondral bone hypo-/hyperintense defects. Microscopic scores of subchondral bone sclerosis, microcracks, and collapse were significantly higher in locations with CT-identified fissures. All imaging modalities were able to identify fissures. Fissures identified on CT were associated with histopathology of fatigue injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ting Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK;
| | - Alastair K. Foote
- Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons, Cotton End Rd., Exning, Newmarket CB8 7NN, UK; (A.K.F.); (V.G.P.); (R.P.); (R.C.M.)
| | - Nicholas M. Bolas
- Hallmarq Veterinary Imaging, Unit 5 Bridge Park, Merrow Lane, Guildford GU4 7BF, UK;
| | - Vanessa G. Peter
- Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons, Cotton End Rd., Exning, Newmarket CB8 7NN, UK; (A.K.F.); (V.G.P.); (R.P.); (R.C.M.)
| | - Rachel Pokora
- Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons, Cotton End Rd., Exning, Newmarket CB8 7NN, UK; (A.K.F.); (V.G.P.); (R.P.); (R.C.M.)
| | - Hayley Patrick
- Swayne and Partners Veterinary Surgeons, Western Way, Bury St Edmunds IP33 3SP, UK;
| | - David R. Sargan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK;
| | - Rachel C. Murray
- Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons, Cotton End Rd., Exning, Newmarket CB8 7NN, UK; (A.K.F.); (V.G.P.); (R.P.); (R.C.M.)
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12
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Stewart HL, Easley JT, Selberg KT, Puttlitz CM, Nakamura LK, Johnson JW, Kawcak CE. Experimental models of bone marrow lesions in ovine femoral condyles. Vet Surg 2023; 52:284-298. [PMID: 36523261 PMCID: PMC10108275 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an in vivo experimental model for bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in ovine femorotibial joints. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, prospective experimental study. ANIMALS Eighteen healthy, skeletally-mature Dorper cross ewes. METHODS One medial femoral condyle was penetrated with a 1.1 mm pin, and the contralateral medial femoral condyle was treated with transcutaneous extracorporeal shockwave (ESW) at 0.39 ± 0.04 mJ/mm2 . Clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and histopathological analyses were used to detect and characterize the development and progression of BMLs in the medial femoral condyle at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-surgery. RESULTS Pin penetration induced a BML detected on MRI within 2 weeks and lasted at least 12 weeks. BMLs were not observed in ESW-treated condyles. Histologically, BMLs were characterized by hemorrhage and inflammatory cellular infiltrate, and progressed to more dense fibrous tissue over time. Pathological changes were not observed in the articular cartilage overlying the region of BMLs. CONCLUSIONS Direct, focal trauma to all layers of the osteochondral unit was sufficient to create an experimentally-induced BML which persisted for at least 90 days. The protocol used for ESW in this study did not induce BMLs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Experimental induction of BMLs is possible and mimicked naturally occurring disease states. Volumetric imaging is a sensitive method for characterization of the dynamic nature of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Stewart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeremiah T Easley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kurt T Selberg
- Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christian M Puttlitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lucas K Nakamura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jimmy W Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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13
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Spriet M, Arndt S, Pige C, Pye J, O'Brion J, Carpenter R, Blea J, Dowd JP. Comparison of skeletal scintigraphy and standing 18 F-NaF positron emission tomography for imaging of the fetlock in 33 Thoroughbred racehorses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:123-130. [PMID: 36250620 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective, methods comparison study aimed to compare skeletal scintigraphy and 18 F-NaF positron emission tomography (PET) for the detection of abnormalities in the fetlocks of Thoroughbred racehorses. Thirty-three horses (72 limbs) imaged with both scintigraphy and 18 F-NaF PET, for investigation of lameness or poor performance related to the fetlock, were included. Seven observers, including experienced racetrack practitioners, surgery and imaging residents, and a board-certified veterinary radiologist, independently reviewed all data for evidence of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in 10 different regions of interest. The interobserver agreement was higher for PET (Kappa-weighted (K-w) 0.73 (0.51-0.84)) (median (range)) than for scintigraphy (0.61 (0.40-0.77)) (P < 0.0001). When scintigraphy and PET were compared, the agreement was fair (K-w 0.29). More sites of increased uptake were identified using PET compared with scintigraphy. Agreement between the two modalities was higher for the palmar/plantar metacarpal/metatarsal condylar regions (K-w 0.59) than for the proximal sesamoid bones (K-w 0.25). Increased radiopharmaceutical uptake was detected in the medial proximal sesamoid bone in 6.9% and 22.2% of limbs with scintigraphy and PET, respectively. The high interobserver agreement for PET, despite the recent introduction of this technique, demonstrates the ease of clinical interpretation of PET scans. The higher number of lesions detected with PET compared with scintigraphy can be explained by the higher spatial resolution and cross-sectional nature of this modality. Study findings supported using PET in a clinical population of racehorses, in particular for the assessment of the proximal sesamoid bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Spriet
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stefanie Arndt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Charlene Pige
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jannah Pye
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Julie O'Brion
- Southern California Equine Foundation, Arcadia, California, USA
| | - Ryan Carpenter
- Southern California Equine Foundation, Arcadia, California, USA
| | - Jeff Blea
- Southern California Equine Foundation, Arcadia, California, USA
| | - Joseph P Dowd
- Southern California Equine Foundation, Arcadia, California, USA
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14
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Fairburn AJ, Sherlock CE, Mair TS. Palmar/plantar oblique projections improve radiographic detection of fractures of the palmar/plantar processes of the equine distal phalanx. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:681-690. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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15
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Brounts SH, Lund JR, Whitton RC, Ergun DL, Muir P. Use of a novel helical fan beam imaging system for computed tomography of the distal limb in sedated standing horses: 167 cases (2019–2020). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1351-1360. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.10.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of a novel helical fan beam CT system used for imaging of horses with a range of clinical distal limb problems.
ANIMALS
167 horses.
PROCEDURES
Medical records were reviewed of horses presented for CT of the distal limb at 2 university-based veterinary hospitals. The following data were recorded: age, sex, breed, presenting complaint, sedation used for imaging, scanning time, procedure time, other diagnostic imaging methods performed, imaging diagnosis, clinical diagnosis, and complications during imaging.
RESULTS
Most horses were Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses. Procedure times ranged from 15 to 40 minutes, with scanning completed in 15 to 45 seconds for each region of interest. The foot or pastern region was commonly scanned (88/167 [53%] horses), with navicular bone disease diagnosed in 42 of 88 (48%) horses. The fetlock region was also commonly scanned (42/167 [40%] horses), with palmar or plantar osteochondral disease diagnosed in 17 of 42 (40%) horses. Horses were compliant during scanning, and no complications with sedation or damage to the scanner occurred. A specific imaging diagnosis for the lameness was achieved more frequently with CT imaging (166/167 [99%]) than with planar digital radiography (26/58 [45%]).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The helical fan beam CT system could be used safely to scan sedated standing horses from the carpal or tarsal region distally. Subjectively, the machine was easy to operate, allowing CT to be incorporated into lameness investigations. CT imaging was very likely to result in a clinical diagnosis in horses with distal limb lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina H. Brounts
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Jane R. Lund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - R. Chris Whitton
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | - David L. Ergun
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Asto CT Inc, Middleton, WI
| | - Peter Muir
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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16
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Malek G, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Laverty S. An in vitro model for discovery of osteoclast specific biomarkers towards identification of racehorses at risk for catastrophic fractures. Equine Vet J 2022; 55:534-550. [PMID: 35616632 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal bone microcracks with osteoclast recruitment and bone lysis, may reduce fracture resistance in racehorses. As current imaging does not detect all horses at risk for fracture, the discovery of novel serum biomarkers of bone resorption or osteoclast activity could potentially address this unmet clinical need. The biology of equine osteoclasts on their natural substrate, equine bone, has never been studied in vitro and may permit identification of specific biomarkers of their activity. OBJECTIVES 1) Establish osteoclast cultures on equine bone, 2) Measure biomarkers (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRACP-5b) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I)) in vitro and 3) Study the effects of inflammation. STUDY DESIGN In vitro experiments. METHODS Haematopoietic stem cells, from 5 equine sternal bone marrow aspirates, were differentiated into osteoclasts and cultured either alone or on equine bone slices, with or without pro-inflammatory stimulus (IL-1β or LPS). CTX-I and TRACP-5b were immunoassayed in the media. Osteoclast numbers and bone resorption area were assessed. RESULTS TRACP-5b increased over time without bone (p < 0.0001) and correlated with osteoclast number (r = 0.63, p < 0.001). CTX-I and TRACP-5b increased with time for cultures with bone (p = 0.002; p = 0.02 respectively), correlated with each other (r = 0.64, p < 0.002) and correlated with bone resorption (r = 0.85, p < 0.001; r = 0.82, p < 0.001 respectively). Inflammation had no measurable effects. MAIN LIMITATIONS Specimen numbers limited. CONCLUSIONS Equine osteoclasts were successfully cultured on equine bone slices and their bone resorption quantified. TRACP-5b was shown to be a biomarker of equine osteoclast number and bone resorption for the first time; CTX-I was also confirmed to be a biomarker of equine bone resorption in vitro. This robust equine specific in vitro assay will help the study of osteoclast biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwladys Malek
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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17
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Garrett KS. When radiography and ultrasonography are not enough: the use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for equine lameness cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1113-1123. [PMID: 35544423 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.03.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MRI and CT have enhanced our diagnostic abilities for equine lameness beyond what is available using radiography and ultrasonography. This has allowed veterinarians to better prognosticate and treat lameness conditions, improving patient outcomes. This article discusses the basic principles behind MRI and CT, their advantages and disadvantages, the different types of equipment available for clinical use in horses, the typical diagnostic workup prior to pursuing advanced imaging, and common regions where MRI and CT are used clinically. The companion Currents in One Health by Spriet, AJVR, July 2022, discusses even more advanced equine imaging in the form of positron emission tomography. Combined, these future directions of MRI, CT, and positron emission tomography may include improved ability to image standing horses or screen for injury prevention.
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18
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Lesca H, Fairburn A, Sherlock C, Mair T. The use of advanced vs. conventional imaging modalities for the diagnosis of subchondral bone injuries. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Lesca
- CVS Group plc Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Maidstone Kent UK
| | - A. Fairburn
- CVS Group plc Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Maidstone Kent UK
| | - C. Sherlock
- CVS Group plc Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Maidstone Kent UK
| | - T. Mair
- CVS Group plc Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Maidstone Kent UK
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19
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Imaging and Gross Pathological Appearance of Changes in the Parasagittal Grooves of Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123366. [PMID: 34944142 PMCID: PMC8697963 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Early detection of racehorses at risk of stress fracture is key to reducing the number of horses with catastrophic fractures while racing. Bone changes are often visible in the limbs of Thoroughbred racehorses in work, particularly in the fetlock region. However, it is currently unknown whether some of these changes indicate an impending fracture or are a healthy adaptation to high-speed exercise. This study looks at imaging and gross changes in a specific area (parasagittal grooves (PSGs) of the cannon bone) and the utility of X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect the changes. All fetlock joints were assessed from twenty horses that died during racing or training, including horses with and without fetlock fracture. Overall, X-ray was poor for detecting PSG changes. Some PSG changes on CT and MRI were common in Thoroughbred racehorses and possibly represent normal bone adaptation when seen in clinical cases. However, certain CT and MRI findings were more prevalent in horses with a fracture, possibly indicating microdamage accumulation and increased risk of fracture. Bilateral advanced imaging is recommended in clinical cases of suspected fetlock pathology. Abstract (1) Background: Parasagittal groove (PSG) changes are often present on advanced imaging of racing Thoroughbred fetlocks and have been suggested to indicate increased fracture risk. Currently, there is limited evidence differentiating the imaging appearance of prodromal changes in horses at risk of fracture from horses with normal adaptive modelling in response to galloping. This study aims to investigate imaging and gross PSG findings in racing Thoroughbreds and the comparative utility of different imaging modalities to detect PSG changes. (2) Methods: Cadaver limbs were collected from twenty deceased racing/training Thoroughbreds. All fetlocks of each horse were examined with radiography, low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), contrast arthrography and gross pathology. (3) Results: Horses with fetlock fracture were more likely to have lateromedial PSG sclerosis asymmetry and/or lateral PSG lysis. PSG lysis was not readily detected using MRI. PSG subchondral bone defects were difficult to differentiate from cartilage defects on MRI and were not associated with fractures. The clinical relevance of PSG STIR hyperintensity remains unclear. Overall, radiography was poor for detecting PSG changes. (4) Conclusions: Some PSG changes in Thoroughbred racehorses are common; however, certain findings are more prevalent in horses with fractures, possibly indicating microdamage accumulation. Bilateral advanced imaging is recommended in racehorses with suspected fetlock pathology.
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20
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Wulster K, Ortved K, Curtiss A, Richardson D. Response to Letter to the Editor: Validation of standing cone beam computed tomography for diagnosing subchondral fetlock pathology in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:630-631. [PMID: 33834535 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wulster
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Kyla Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra Curtiss
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Dean Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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21
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Singer E. Should arthroscopy still be considered the gold standard technique for the evaluation of joint disease in the horse? EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Singer
- Ashbrook Equine Hospital Knutsford, Cheshire UK
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22
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Ramzan PHL. Mind the gaps: The science of POD and the racehorse fetlock. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:217-220. [PMID: 33210760 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Ellington-Lawrence RD, Delco ML, Codina LR, Johnson PJ. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 255:1227-1230. [PMID: 31730432 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.11.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Bertoni L, Jacquet-Guibon S, Branly T, Legendre F, Desancé M, Mespoulhes C, Melin M, Hartmann DJ, Schmutz A, Denoix JM, Galéra P, Demoor M, Audigié F. An experimentally induced osteoarthritis model in horses performed on both metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints: Technical, clinical, imaging, biochemical, macroscopic and microscopic characterization. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235251. [PMID: 32584901 PMCID: PMC7316256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common cause of pain and economic loss in both humans and horses. The horse is recognized as a suitable model for human osteoarthritis, because the thickness, structure, and mechanical properties of equine articular cartilage are highly comparable to those of humans. Although a number of equine experimental osteoarthritis models have been described in the literature, these cases generally involve the induction of osteoarthritis in just one joint of each animal. This approach necessitates the involvement of large numbers of horses to obtain reliable data and thus limits the use of this animal model, for both economic and ethical reasons. This study adapts an established equine model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis to induce osteoarthritis-associated lesions in all 4 fetlock joints of the same horse in order to reduce the number of animals involved and avoid individual variability, thus obtaining a more reliable method to evaluate treatment efficacy in future studies. The objectives are to assess the feasibility of the procedure, evaluate variability of the lesions according to interindividual and operated-limb position and describe the spontaneous evolution of osteoarthritis-associated pathological changes over a twelve-week period. The procedure was well tolerated by all 8 experimental horses and successfully induced mild osteoarthritis-associated changes in the four fetlock joints of each horse. Observations were carried out using clinical, radiographic, ultrasonographic, and magnetic resonance imaging methods as well as biochemical analyses of synovial fluid and postmortem microscopic and macroscopic evaluations of the joints. No significant differences were found in the progression of osteoarthritis-associated changes between horses or between the different limbs, with the exception of higher synovial effusion in hind fetlocks compared to front fetlocks and higher radiographic scores for left fetlocks compared to the right. This model thus appears to be a reliable means to evaluate the efficacy of new treatments in horses, and may be of interest for translational studies in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lélia Bertoni
- CIRALE, USC 957, BPLC, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Céline Mespoulhes
- Clinique Equine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Amandine Schmutz
- CWD-VetLab, USC 957, BPLC, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Marie Denoix
- CIRALE, USC 957, BPLC, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Audigié
- CIRALE, USC 957, BPLC, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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25
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vom Braucke AFG, Lysemose Frederiksen N, Berg LC, Aarsvold S, Müller FC, Ploug Boesen M, Lindegaard C. Identification and Quantification of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in Equine Articular Tissue. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030506. [PMID: 32197454 PMCID: PMC7143842 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint pain and osteoarthritis (OA) are some of the most common causes of lameness in horses, and most of the available treatments focus on symptomatic relief without a disease-modifying effect. TRPV1 is a potential target for treating joint diseases, including OA, and the present study aims to investigate if the TRPV1 receptor is present in equine articular tissue and determine whether the number of receptors is upregulated in joint inflammation. Metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joints from 15 horses euthanised for reasons unrelated to this study were included. Based on synovial fluid analysis, macroscopic evaluation, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), joints were divided into two groups: healthy joints and joints with pathology. ELISA analysis was performed on synovial tissue harvested from all joints. TPRV1 was found in all joints. The mean concentration of TRPV1 compared to total protein in healthy joints (8.4 × 10-7 ng/mL) and joints with pathology (12.9 × 10-7 ng/mL) differed significantly (p = 0.01, t-test with Welch correction). Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR analysis was performed on RNA isolates from synovial tissue from all joints. TRPV1 mRNA expression ratio normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in healthy joints (0.16 (SD: 0.19)) and joints with pathology (0.24 (SD: 0.14)) did not differ significantly (p = 0.43, t-test with Welch correction). mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) was very low for both groups. In conclusion, TRPV1 was detected both on mRNA and the protein level, with a higher expression of TRPV1 in samples from joints with pathology. Future studies will determine the clinical potential of equine TRPV1 as a target in the management of joint pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Frank Gallagher vom Braucke
- Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (A.F.G.v.B.); (N.L.F.); (L.C.B.)
| | - Nanna Lysemose Frederiksen
- Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (A.F.G.v.B.); (N.L.F.); (L.C.B.)
| | - Lise Charlotte Berg
- Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (A.F.G.v.B.); (N.L.F.); (L.C.B.)
| | | | | | - Mikael Ploug Boesen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Casper Lindegaard
- Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (A.F.G.v.B.); (N.L.F.); (L.C.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-93509135
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26
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Graham RJTY, Anderson JR, Phelan MM, Cillan-Garcia E, Bladon BM, Taylor SE. Metabolomic analysis of synovial fluid from Thoroughbred racehorses diagnosed with palmar osteochondral disease using magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:384-390. [PMID: 31657070 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmar osteochondral disease (POD) is a common cause of lameness in competition horses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive diagnostic modality currently available, however it may not be financially or logistically practical for routine screening of POD. There is increasing interest in the use of metabolomics for diagnosis prior to progression to irreversible damage. OBJECTIVES To determine metabolite levels in synovial fluid (SF) of horses with a clinical diagnosis of POD based on diagnostic analgesia and MRI, with the hypothesis that metabolomic profiles differ between diseased and healthy joints. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. METHODS Synovial fluid was collected from metacarpo/tarsophalangeal joints (MC/TPJ) of 29 horses (n = 51 joints), including 14 controls (n = 26) and 15 cases (n = 25), the latter with lameness localised to the MC/TPJ and MR changes consistent with POD (n = 23). Spectra were produced using 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and analysed. RESULTS Twenty-five metabolites were recognised associated with various biosynthetic and degradation pathways. The metabolite abundances within the controls demonstrated increased variability compared with the clinical group. The low level of variance between the spectra of the two groups was explained by five principal components. Cross-validation of the cohort demonstrated modest separation of predictive power (R2 = 0.67; Q2 = 0.34). Although statistical significance was not achieved, the most influential metabolites were glucose and lactate. MAIN LIMITATIONS The modest sample size and variation in signalment, background and presenting condition of the controls may have impacted the discriminative power of the constructed models. The lack of matched controls, differences in time of fluid collection and freezing times may have also reduced accuracy when representing metabolite profiles. CONCLUSIONS This study identified and quantified metabolites present in MC/TPJ SF of clinical cases with POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J T Y Graham
- Equine Hospital, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - J R Anderson
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M M Phelan
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,HLS Technology Directorate, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E Cillan-Garcia
- Equine Hospital, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - B M Bladon
- Donnington Grove Veterinary Group, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
| | - S E Taylor
- Equine Hospital, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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27
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Ramzan PHL, Wylie CE. Nonsurgical and surgical management of metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint dorsal chip fracture in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:399-403. [PMID: 31515837 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthroscopy is considered the treatment of choice for dorsal osteochondral chip fractures of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joints in the racehorse; however, there is no published research on non-surgical management of this injury. OBJECTIVES To compare clinical features, intra-articular medication use and return to racing in Thoroughbred racehorses with non-surgically (non-SX) or surgically (SX) managed MCP/MTP dorsal chip fracture. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational study conducted between 2006 and 2014. METHODS Radiographs of Thoroughbred racehorses were reviewed to identify MCP/MTP dorsal osteochondral chip fractures. Clinical and intra-articular medication data were obtained from veterinary records, and return to racing data from a public online resource. RESULTS A total of 98 MCP/MTP horses with dorsal chip fractures were identified (70 non-SX, 28 SX). Median age was 2 years (range 2-7 years). Osteochondral chip fractures predominantly involved the forelimbs (n = 92, 93.9%) and the majority were considered by the treating clinician to be clinically active (n = 85, 86.7%). Significantly more SX horses had a reported ongoing problem associated with the affected joint than non-SX horses (P = 0.002), however there was no significant difference between non-SX and SX horses in the number of intra-articular medications of affected joint per month of follow-up (P = 0.22). The proportion of horses racing post-diagnosis was not significantly different between non-SX (55/70; 78.6%, 95% CI 69.0, 88.2%) and SX horses (24/28; 85.7%, 95% CI 72.8, 98.73%) (P = 0.57). Median time to first start following diagnosis for non-SX (106 days, range 1-326) was significantly shorter than for SX horses (203 days, range 9-559) (P = 0.002). MAIN LIMITATIONS Management technique was not randomised or blinded, with few surgically managed horses. CONCLUSIONS The results contribute to the current evidence base used to guide management of osteochondral chip fractures of the MCP/MTP joints in the racehorse, and indicate that non-surgical management may be a valid treatment option for some injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H L Ramzan
- Rossdales LLP, Beaufort Cottage Stables, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - C E Wylie
- Rossdales LLP, Beaufort Cottage Stables, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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28
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Genton M, Vila T, Olive J, Rossignol F. Standing MRI for surgical planning of equine fracture repair. Vet Surg 2019; 48:1372-1381. [PMID: 31270830 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the feasibility of standing MRI (sMRI) and document the value of sMRI in surgical planning for surgical repair of limb fractures in the horse. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Thirty-one horses with preoperative sMRI. METHODS Medical records were reviewed for fracture type, application of a polyester cast, sMRI sequences performed, technical variables, and image quality. Fracture geometry and concomitant lesions were compared between sMRI and radiography. The relative value of sMRI with regard to surgical planning was classified as minor (sMRI did not provide additional findings), intermediate (additional lesions found or slight modification to surgical plan), or major (sMRI led to significant alternations in surgical plan). RESULTS Standing MRI provided good studies in all horses. Standing MRI was classified as having major relevance in 12 of 31 horses, intermediate relevance in 14 of 31 horses, and minor relevance in 5 of 31 horses. CONCLUSION Preoperative sMRI produced good studies in all horses and influenced the surgical planning in the majority of fractures in this study. Application of a polyester cast seemed to improve comfort without appreciable loss of image quality. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Standing MRI can be considered as an adjunct to plan the repair of equine fractures, and a polyester cast does not impair image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Genton
- Clinique vétérinaire de Grosbois, Boissy-St-Léger, France.,Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Clinique Equine, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thibault Vila
- Clinique vétérinaire equine de Chantilly, Chantilly, France
| | - Julien Olive
- Clinique vétérinaire equine de Chantilly, Chantilly, France.,Vet-CT Specialists, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Rossignol
- Clinique vétérinaire de Grosbois, Boissy-St-Léger, France.,Clinique vétérinaire equine de Chantilly, Chantilly, France
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29
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Peloso JG, Cohen ND, Vogler JB, Marquis PA, Hilt L. Association of catastrophic condylar fracture with bony changes of the third metacarpal bone identified by use of standing magnetic resonance imaging in forelimbs from cadavers of Thoroughbred racehorses in the United States. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:178-188. [PMID: 30681352 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.2.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare bony changes of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) of Thoroughbred racehorse cadavers with (cases) or without (controls) catastrophic condylar fracture by use of standing MRI. SAMPLE 140 forelimbs from 26 case horses (both forelimbs) and 88 control horses (single forelimb). PROCEDURES Bone marrow lesions (BMLs), identified as a decrease in T1-weighted (T1W) signal and increases in T2*-weighted (T2*W) and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) signals, and dense bone volume percentage (DBVP), identified as decreases in T1W, T2*W, and STIR signals, in the distopalmar aspect of MC3 were recorded. Logistic regression was used to compare fractured and nonfractured limbs of cases and fractured limbs of cases with randomly selected limbs of controls. RESULTS Among cases, fractured limbs were significantly more likely to have BMLs (26/26 [100%]) than were nonfractured limbs (7/26 [27%]). Fractured limbs of cases were significantly more likely to have BMLs (26/26 [100%]) than were limbs of controls (6/88 [7%]). Among cases, there was no significant difference in DBVP between fractured and nonfractured limbs in lateral (26% vs 21%, respectively) or medial (25% vs 20%, respectively) condyles. However, DBVP was significantly greater in fractured limbs of cases than in limbs of controls for lateral (26% vs 16%, respectively) and medial (25% vs 18%, respectively) condyles. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Standing MRI revealed a significantly greater degree of bone change in racehorses with condylar fracture when comparing fractured and nonfractured limbs of case horses and fractured limbs of case horses with randomly selected limbs of control horses.
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30
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Mizobe F, Nomura M, Ueno T, Yamada K. Bone marrow oedema-type signal in the proximal phalanx of Thoroughbred racehorses. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:593-597. [PMID: 30828037 PMCID: PMC6483912 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on 8 Thoroughbred racehorses showing bone marrow oedema-type signal in
the proximal sagittal groove of the proximal phalanx, with the aim of understanding its
clinical significance. Standing magnetic resonance imaging played an important role in
assessing osseous abnormalities that were not radiographically identifiable. Further, a
histopathological result from one of the cases showed there was oedema surrounding adipose
tissues with increase in density of trabecular scaffolding. This may indicate presence of
osseous injury within the area of decreased elasticity due to subchondral bone modeling.
This study suggests that detection of osseous abnormality based on bone marrow oedema-type
signal, and application of appropriate care following injury would contribute to prevent
deterioration of stress-related fractures of the proximal phalanx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Mizobe
- Racehorse Hospital, Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
| | - Motoi Nomura
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Takanori Ueno
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Yamada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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31
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BROWN HR, PELOSO JG, WERNER WCLAY, MECHOLSKY JJ, COHEN ND, VOGLER JB. A Thoroughbred racehorse with a unicortical palmar lateral condylar fracture returned to training 14 days after surgery: a hypothesis on the role of a single bone screw on crack propagation. J Equine Sci 2019; 30:7-12. [PMID: 30944541 PMCID: PMC6445752 DOI: 10.1294/jes.30.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorse had LF lameness that began post high-speed exercise and persisted for two days before the horse once again became sound. Diagnostic analgesia localized the lameness to the LF distal metacarpus, and a standing MRI identified a unicortical condylar fracture. A single 5.5 mm cortical screw was placed in lag fashion. The horse began hand walking at 14 days, racetrack jogging at 30 days, and racing at 5 months after the day of surgery. Placement of a single lag screw ahead of the tip of the crack in unicortical condylar fracture may be useful for reducing the recovery period for horses returning to training and racing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John J. MECHOLSKY
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, FL
32611, U.S.A.
| | - Noah D. COHEN
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TX 77801,
U.S.A.
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32
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Enhanced ultrasonographic imaging of the equine distal limb using saline injection of the digital flexor tendon sheath: A cadaver study. Vet J 2019; 247:26-31. [PMID: 30971347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to the structures within the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) can lead to lameness with a variable degree of effusion in horses. In some cases, effusion is absent or minimal, and this may be related to the chronicity and type of injury, or veterinary interventions. The purpose of this study was to determine if saline injection into the DFTS would improve ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging of the distal limb without introducing artifact. Nine normal equine cadaver forelimbs were collected. Non-weight-bearing ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of each limb was performed pre- and immediately post-injection of the DFTS. The presence of fluid in the DFTS significantly improved the delineation of the deep digital flexor tendon, manica flexoria, and straight distal sesamoidean ligament visualised using both ultrasonography and MRI (P<0.05). Significant improvement in visualisation of the margins of the superficial digital flexor tendon was noted only with MRI (P<0.05). Saline distension did not alter the size/shape of the intra- and extrathecal structures. The findings of this study support further evaluation of this imaging technique in clinical cases with minimal DFTS effusion.
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33
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De Guio C, Ségard-Weisse E, Thomas-Cancian A, Schramme M. Bone marrow lesions of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal bone are common and not always related to lameness in sports and pleasure horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 60:167-175. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile De Guio
- Diagnostic imaging, Department of Clinical science; VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus, University of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Emilie Ségard-Weisse
- Diagnostic imaging, Department of Clinical science; VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus, University of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Aurélie Thomas-Cancian
- Diagnostic imaging, Department of Clinical science; VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus, University of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Michael Schramme
- Diagnostic imaging, Department of Clinical science; VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus, University of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
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34
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Lipreri G, Bladon BM, Giorio ME, Singer ER. Conservative versus surgical treatment of 21 sports horses with osseous trauma in the proximal phalangeal sagittal groove diagnosed by low-field MRI. Vet Surg 2018; 47:908-915. [PMID: 30216476 PMCID: PMC6690071 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the outcome following conservative vs surgical management of sports horses with a diagnosis of subchondral bone trauma of the proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx (PP) by low-field MRI. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS Twenty-one mature sports horses with evidence of high water signal within the proximal sagittal groove of the PP according to low-field MRI of the fetlock, with no definitive radiographic evidence of fracture. METHODS Medical records (2010-2017) of horses admitted to 2 referral hospitals were reviewed. Historical, clinical, radiographic, and MRI findings and treatment choice were recorded. Conservative management consisted of confinement to a stall followed by gradual reintroduction to exercise. Surgical management consisted of cortical screw fixation across the proximal aspect of the PP. Long-term outcome was determined by telephone questionnaire or by clinical records review. Fisher's exact test was used to compare outcome between the 2 treatment groups. RESULTS Follow-up was available in 17 of 21 horses in the study, including 8 horses treated conservatively and 9 treated surgically. No difference in outcome was detected in this study; 4 of 8 horses were sound after conservative management, and 5 of 9 horses were sound after surgery (P > .99). CONCLUSION Approximately half of the horses that had a diagnosis of osseous trauma within the proximal aspect of PP returned to athletic activity, regardless of conservative or surgical management. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The prognosis for return to athletic functions in horses with osseous trauma within the proximal aspect of the PP is guarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lipreri
- Leahurst Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce M Bladon
- Donnington Grove Veterinary Group, Newbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ellen R Singer
- Institute of Chronic and Ageing Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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35
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Wulster KB. Diagnosis of Skeletal Injury in the Sport Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018; 34:193-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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36
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Kieffer PJ, Aceto H, Stefanovski D, Parente EJ. Using quarterly earnings to assess racing performance in 66 thoroughbreds after transendoscopic laser surgery for treatment of epiglottic entrapment. Vet Surg 2018; 47:605-613. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Kieffer
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine New Bolton Center; Kennett Square Pennsylvania
| | - Helen Aceto
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine New Bolton Center; Kennett Square Pennsylvania
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine New Bolton Center; Kennett Square Pennsylvania
| | - Eric J. Parente
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine New Bolton Center; Kennett Square Pennsylvania
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37
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Does Diagnostic Analgesia in the Distal Aspect of the Limb of Horses Performed in a Clinical Situation Less Than 12 or 36 Hours Before Magnetic Resonance Imaging Result in Artifacts? J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, Little CB, Clegg PD, Peffers MJ, Karsdal MA, Ekman S, Laverty S, Slayden RA, Sandell LJ, Lohmander LS, Kraus VB. Biomarkers for equine joint injury and osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:823-831. [PMID: 28921609 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a symposium aimed at identifying validated biomarkers that can be used to complement clinical observations for diagnosis and prognosis of joint injury leading to equine osteoarthritis (OA). Biomarkers might also predict pre-fracture change that could lead to catastrophic bone failure in equine athletes. The workshop was attended by leading scientists in the fields of equine and human musculoskeletal biomarkers to enable cross-disciplinary exchange and improve knowledge in both. Detailed proceedings with strategic planning was written, added to, edited and referenced to develop this manuscript. The most recent information from work in equine and human osteoarthritic biomarkers was accumulated, including the use of personalized healthcare to stratify OA phenotypes, transcriptome analysis of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscal injuries in the human knee. The spectrum of "wet" biomarker assays that are antibody based that have achieved usefulness in both humans and horses, imaging biomarkers and the role they can play in equine and human OA was discussed. Prediction of musculoskeletal injury in the horse remains a challenge, and the potential usefulness of spectroscopy, metabolomics, proteomics, and development of biobanks to classify biomarkers in different stages of equine and human OA were reviewed. The participants concluded that new information and studies in equine musculoskeletal biomarkers have potential translational value for humans and vice versa. OA is equally important in humans and horses, and the welfare issues associated with catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in horses add further emphasis to the need for good validated biomarkers in the horse. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:823-831, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Barbara Cox Anthony University Chair in Orthopaedics, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Christopher E Kawcak
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Barbara Cox Anthony University Chair in Orthopaedics, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - David D Frisbie
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Barbara Cox Anthony University Chair in Orthopaedics, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Labs, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter D Clegg
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mandy J Peffers
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Stina Ekman
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard A Slayden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Linda J Sandell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - L S Lohmander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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39
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Nelson BB, Kawcak CE, Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR. Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:564-579. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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40
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Hitchens PL, Pivonka P, Malekipour F, Whitton RC. Mathematical modelling of bone adaptation of the metacarpal subchondral bone in racehorses. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:877-890. [PMID: 29344755 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In Thoroughbred racehorses, fractures of the distal limb are commonly catastrophic. Most of these fractures occur due to the accumulation of fatigue damage from repetitive loading, as evidenced by microdamage at the predilection sites for fracture. Adaptation of the bone in response to training loads is important for fatigue resistance. In order to better understand the mechanism of subchondral bone adaptation to its loading environment, we utilised a square root function defining the relationship between bone volume fraction [Formula: see text] and specific surface [Formula: see text] of the subchondral bone of the lateral condyles of the third metacarpal bone (MCIII) of the racehorse, and using this equation, developed a mathematical model of subchondral bone that adapts to loading conditions observed in vivo. The model is expressed as an ordinary differential equation incorporating a formation rate that is dependent on strain energy density. The loading conditions applied to a selected subchondral region, i.e. volume of interest, were estimated based on joint contact forces sustained by racehorses in training. For each of the initial conditions of [Formula: see text] we found no difference between subsequent homoeostatic [Formula: see text] at any given loading condition, but the time to reach equilibrium differed by initial [Formula: see text] and loading condition. We found that the observed values for [Formula: see text] from the mathematical model output were a good approximation to the existing data for racehorses in training or at rest. This model provides the basis for understanding the effect of changes to training strategies that may reduce the risk of racehorse injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta L Hitchens
- Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
| | - Peter Pivonka
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Malekipour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - R Chris Whitton
- Equine Centre, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
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41
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Janes JG, Kennedy LA, Garrett KS, Engiles JB. Common lesions of the distal end of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone in racehorse catastrophic breakdown injuries. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:431-436. [PMID: 28681688 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717717948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine catastrophic skeletal breakdown injury is a serious issue within the racing industry, given the impact on equine and human health. The metacarpo- and metatarso-phalangeal (fetlock) joints are common sites of catastrophic injury. However, lesions involving articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovium are commonly identified within the fetlock of the contralateral limb; hence, it is imperative that lesions in both limbs are evaluated and characterized during postmortem examination. Bone and articular cartilage changes typically occur in specific locations, related to cyclic fetlock load and overextension during high-speed exercise. Associations between preexisting degenerative fetlock lesions and catastrophic injury are a focus of continued research. These lesions often occur because of adaptive failure related to cumulative damage. Further investigation of these lesions is imperative to determine their impact on equine performance or injury. Ultimately, consistent documentation of catastrophic versus non-catastrophic osteochondral lesions provided by pathologists, in the context of training history, diagnostic imaging, and the presence or absence of catastrophic injury, will contribute to further understanding of skeletal responses associated with catastrophic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Janes
- Departments of Veterinary Science and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy).,Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY (Garrett).,Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles)
| | - Laura A Kennedy
- Departments of Veterinary Science and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy).,Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY (Garrett).,Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles)
| | - Katherine S Garrett
- Departments of Veterinary Science and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy).,Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY (Garrett).,Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles)
| | - Julie B Engiles
- Departments of Veterinary Science and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy).,Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY (Garrett).,Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles)
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42
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Crevier-Denoix N, Audigié F, Emond AL, Dupays AG, Pourcelot P, Desquilbet L, Chateau H, Denoix JM. Effect of track surface firmness on the development of musculoskeletal injuries in French Trotters during four months of harness race training. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1293-1304. [PMID: 29076363 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.11.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of track surface firmness on the development of musculoskeletal injuries in French Trotters during 4 months of race training. ANIMALS 12 healthy 3-year-old French Trotters. PROCEDURES Horses were paired on the basis of sex and body mass. Horses within each pair were randomly assigned to either a hard-track or soft-track group. The counterclockwise training protocol was the same for both groups. Surface firmness of each track was monitored throughout the training period. Radiography, ultrasonography, MRI, and scintigraphy were performed on all 4 limbs of each horse before and after 2 and 4 months of training. Lesions were described, and lesion severity was classified with a 5-point system, where 0 = no lesions and 4 = severe lesion. RESULTS 86 lesions were identified, of which 46 (53.5%) were classified as potentially clinically relevant (grade, ≥ 2). Of the 18 moderate and severe lesions, 15 were identified in horses of the hard-track group, and 10 of those were in forelimbs. Moderate to severe tendinopathy of the superficial digital flexor tendon of the forelimb developed in 3 of the 6 horses of the hard-track group but none of the horses of the soft-track group. Metatarsal condyle injuries were more frequent in horses of the hard-track group than horses of the soft-track group. Severe lesions were identified only in left limbs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that track surface firmness is a risk factor for musculoskeletal injuries in horses trained for harness racing.
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Pinilla M, Tranquille C, Blunden A, Chang Y, Parkin T, Murray R. Histological Features of the Distal Third Metacarpal Bone in Thoroughbred Racehorses, With and Without Lateral Condylar Fractures. J Comp Pathol 2017; 157:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Olive J, Serraud N, Vila T, Germain JP. Metacarpophalangeal joint injury patterns on magnetic resonance imaging: A comparison in racing Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:588-597. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Olive
- Vet-CT Specialists; St. John's Innovation Park; Milton Cambridge CB40WS UK
| | | | - Thibault Vila
- Clinique Vétérinaire Equine de Chantilly; 60500 Chantilly France
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Gold SJ, Werpy NM, Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD. INJURIES OF THE SAGITTAL GROOVE OF THE PROXIMAL PHALANX IN WARMBLOOD HORSES DETECTED WITH LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: 19 CASES (2007-2016). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:344-353. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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46
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Davis AM, Fan X, Shen L, Robinson P, Riggs CM. Improved radiological diagnosis of palmar osteochondral disease in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:454-460. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Davis
- Veterinary Clinical Services; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Hong Kong
| | - X. Fan
- Department of Statistics; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Sha Tin Hong Kong
| | - L. Shen
- Department of Information Engineering; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Sha Tin Hong Kong
| | - P. Robinson
- Veterinary Clinical Services; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Hong Kong
| | - C. M. Riggs
- Veterinary Clinical Services; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Hong Kong
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Smith AD, Morton AJ, Winter MD, Colahan PT, Ghivizzani S, Brown MP, Hernandez JA, Nickerson DM. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SCORING OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF POST-TRAUMATIC OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE EQUINE CARPUS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:502-14. [PMID: 27198611 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive imaging modality to detect the early changes of osteoarthritis. Currently, there is no quantifiable method to tract these pathological changes over time in the horse. The objective of this experimental study was to characterize the progression of MRI changes in an equine model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis using a semiquantitative scoring system for whole-organ evaluation of the middle carpal joint. On day 0, an osteochondral fragment was created in one middle carpal joint (OCI) and the contralateral joint (CON) was sham-operated in 10 horses. On day 14, study horses resumed exercise on a high-speed treadmill until the completion of the study (day 98). High-field MRI examinations were performed on days 0 (preosteochondral fragmentation), 14, and 98 and scored by three blinded observers using consensus agreement. Images were scored based on 15 independent articular features, and scores were compared between and within-groups. On days 14 and 98, OCI joints had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher whole-organ median scores (29.0 and 31.5, respectively), compared to CON joints (21.5 and 20.0, respectively). On day 14, OCI joints showed significant increases in high-signal bone lesion scores, and osteochondral fragment number and size. On day 98, high-signal bone lesion, low-signal bone lesion, osteophyte formation, cartilage signal abnormality, subchondral bone irregularity, joint effusion, and synovial thickening scores were significantly increased in OCI joints. Study results suggest that the MRI whole-organ scoring system reported here may be used to identify onset and progression of pathological changes following osteochondral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Smith
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Alison J Morton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608.
| | - Matthew D Winter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Patrick T Colahan
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Steve Ghivizzani
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Univeristy of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Murray P Brown
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Jorge A Hernandez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - David M Nickerson
- Department of Statistics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816
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Mair TS, Sherlock CE, Blunden A. Clinical and low field magnetic resonance imaging features of osseous cyst-like lesions of the proximal sesamoid bones in seven horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic; Maidstone Kent UK
| | | | - A. Blunden
- Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park; Kentford Suffolk UK
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Brünisholz HP, Hagen R, Fürst AE, Kuemmerle JM. Radiographic and Computed Tomographic Configuration of Incomplete Proximal Fractures of the Proximal Phalanx in Horses Not Used for Racing. Vet Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé P. Brünisholz
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Regine Hagen
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anton E. Fürst
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jan M. Kuemmerle
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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McIlwraith CW, Clegg PD. Science in brief: Report on the Havemeyer Foundation workshop on equine musculoskeletal biomarkers--current knowledge and future needs. Equine Vet J 2015; 46:651-3. [PMID: 25319159 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C W McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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