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Colgate VA, Robinson N, Barnett TP, Bathe AP, Coleridge MOD, Smith LCR, Payne RJ. Outcome and racing performance following standing fracture repair in 245 horses. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:914-923. [PMID: 37803880 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repair of sagittal proximal phalanx (P1) and parasagittal metacarpal/metatarsal III (MC/MTIII) fractures has evolved over recent decades from a procedure carried out solely under general anaesthesia, to one commonly performed under standing sedation. To date, standing fracture repair has not been evaluated for large cohorts. OBJECTIVES To determine short-term (survival to discharge) and long-term (return to racing) outcomes of horses undergoing standing repair of MC/MTIII and P1 fractures, and to compare pre-surgical and post-surgical racing performance. STUDY DESIGN Single-centre retrospective cohort study. METHODS Retrospective clinical record review of 245 cases undergoing standing repair of MC/MTIII or P1 fractures, 1 January 2007-30 June 2021. Data on signalment, fracture configuration and complications were collected and full race records were retrieved from the Racing Post Database (wwww.racingpost.com). Chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine any difference in variables between horses that raced after surgery compared to those that did not. McNemar change and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare pre- and post-surgical racing performance, p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Ninety-eight percent [95% confidence interval (CI): 96.2%-99.7%] of horses survived hospital discharge, and 75.1% (95% CI: 68.9%-81.4%) raced after surgery, a median of 241 days later. Horses that raced post-surgery were significantly less likely to have suffered from complications during hospitalisation than those that did not race again [17.3% (95% CI: 11%-24%) vs. 36.5% (95% CI: 23%-50%), p = 0.005]. Comparing pre- and post-operative racing performance, there was no significant difference in earnings per start [median £628.00, interquartile range (IQR) 115.90-1934.80 vs. £653.20, 51.00-1886.40, p = 0.7] or proportion of horses winning [51% (95% CI: 41%-61%) vs. 54% (95% CI: 44%-64%), p = 0.8] or being placed first-third [77% (95% CI: 68%-85%) vs. 71% (95% CI: 62%-80%, p = 0.5] in at least one race. MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective nature of study with reliance on clinical records and public databases, limiting data available for analysis. CONCLUSIONS Standing fracture repair is a viable treatment option for MC/MTIII or P1 fractures that returns horses to the racetrack within an acceptable time frame and is capable of restoring pre-surgical athletic ability.
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Irandoust S, O'Neil LM, Stevenson CM, Franseen FM, Ramzan PHL, Powell SE, Brounts SH, Loeber SJ, Ergun DL, Whitton RC, Henak CR, Muir P. Comparison of radiography and computed tomography for identification of third metacarpal structural change and associated assessment of condylar stress fracture risk in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 39143731 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catastrophic injury has a low incidence but leads to the death of many Thoroughbred racehorses. OBJECTIVES To determine sensitivity, specificity, and reliability for third metacarpal condylar stress fracture risk assessment from digital radiographs (DR) and standing computed tomography (sCT). STUDY DESIGN Controlled ex vivo experiment. METHODS A blinded set of metacarpophalangeal joint DR and sCT images were prepared from 31 Thoroughbreds. Four observers evaluated the condyles and parasagittal grooves (PSG) of the third metacarpal bone for the extent of dense bone and lucency/fissure and assigned a risk assessment grade for condylar stress fracture based on imaging features. Sensitivity and specificity for detection of subchondral structural changes in the condyles and PSG, and for risk assessment for condylar stress fracture were determined by comparison with a reference assessment based on sCT and joint surface examination. Agreement between observers and the reference assessment and reliability between observers were determined. Intra-observer repeatability was also assessed. RESULTS Sensitivity for detection of structural change was lower than specificity for both imaging methods and all observers. For agreement with the reference assessment of structural change, correlation coefficients were generally below 0.5 for DR and 0.49-0.82 for sCT. For horses categorised as normal risk on reference assessment, observer assessment often agreed with the reference. Sensitivity for risk assessment was lower than specificity for all observers. For horses with a reference assessment of high risk of injury, observers generally underestimated risk. Diagnostic sensitivity of risk assessment was improved with sCT imaging, particularly for horses categorised as having elevated risk of injury from the reference assessment. Assessment repeatability and reliability was better with sCT than DR. MAIN LIMITATIONS The ex vivo study design influenced DR image sets. CONCLUSIONS Risk assessment through screening with diagnostic imaging is a promising approach to improve injury prevention in racing Thoroughbreds. Knowledge of sensitivity and specificity of fetlock lesion detection provides the critical guidance needed to improve racehorse screening programs. We found improved detection of MC3 subchondral structural change and risk assessment for condylar stress fracture with sCT ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Irandoust
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Linnea M O'Neil
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christina M Stevenson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Faith M Franseen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Sabrina H Brounts
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Samantha J Loeber
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David L Ergun
- Asto CT, 7921 UW Health Ct., Middleton, Wisconsin, USA
| | - R Chris Whitton
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Corinne R Henak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peter Muir
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Bergstrom TC, Spriet M, Carpenter RS, Jacques KL, Stover SM. Condylar fracture location is correlated to exercise history in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2024. [PMID: 38584321 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Condylar fractures are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Thoroughbred racehorses. Condylar fractures have a variety of fracture configurations that suggest there may be differences in aetiopathogenesis. OBJECTIVE To determine if exercise history differs with condylar fracture location in a population of Thoroughbred racehorses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of clinical and exercise data. METHODS Exercise history of Thoroughbred racehorses that had condylar fracture repair between 1 January 2018 and 28 February 2021 was compared between racehorses that had fractures located radiographically either within the parasagittal groove (PSG) or abaxial to the PSG (non-PSG). Age, sex, and last event (race, timed work) matched control groups were compared between the PSG and non-PSG groups. Additionally, exercise history variables of both groups were each compared with a group-specific control population, each consisting of three control racehorses of equivalent age and sex matched to each affected racehorse by last event (race or official timed work) before fracture. RESULTS Eighty-two horses with 84 fractures (45 PSG, 39 non-PSG) met inclusion criteria. Age was not different between groups (PSG: 3.4 ± 1.3 years [mean ± SD], non-PSG: 3.7 ± 1.3, p = 0.3). Number of races (PSG: 5.3 ± 7.1, non-PSG: 11.4 ± 8.9, p < 0.001), total race furlongs (PSG: 38.2 ± 54.7, non-PSG: 79.2 ± 64, p = 0.003), and number of active days (PSG: 304 ± 224, non-PSG: 488 ± 314, p = 0.003) before fracture were greater; while mean number of layups was fewer (PSG: 1.0 ± 1.2, non-PSG: 0.5 ± 0.7, p = 0.02) in horses with non-PSG fracture. Horses with non-PSG fracture had more differences compared with their respective control group than horses with PSG fractures. Outcomes following fracture repair were not different between groups. MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective study, one regional racehorse population, two-dimensional imaging and potential inherent bias for fracture localisation, low statistical power for return to performance analysis. CONCLUSIONS Thoroughbred racehorses with non-PSG condylar fractures have a more extensive exercise history than horses with PSG condylar fractures, suggesting differences in fracture aetiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Bergstrom
- William R. Prichard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Kevin L Jacques
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Susan M Stover
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Bergstrom TC, Spriet M, O'Brion J, Carpenter R. Positron emission tomography assessment of metacarpal/metatarsal condylar fractures post surgical repair: Prospective study in 14 racehorses. Vet Surg 2024; 53:131-142. [PMID: 37732635 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) positron emission tomography (PET) findings associated with metacarpal/metatarsal condylar fractures at the time of fracture repair and through healing. STUDY DESIGN Prospective descriptive study. ANIMALS Fourteen Thoroughbred racehorses. METHODS 18F-NaF PET was performed within 4 days of surgical metacarpal/metatarsal condylar fracture repair, on both the injured and contralateral limb. Follow-up PET scans were offered at 3- and 5-months post fracture repair. Areas of abnormal uptake were assessed using a previously validated grading system. RESULTS Eight fractures were located in the parasagittal groove (PSG) (six lateral and two medial) and six fractures were located abaxial to the PSG (non-PSG) through the palmar/plantar condyle (all lateral). All horses in the latter group had uptake in the lateral palmar condyle of the contralateral limb suggestive of stress remodeling. Three horses with PSG fractures had uptake in a similar location in the contralateral limb. Horses with lateral condylar fracture only presented minimal or mild uptake in the medial condyle, which is considered atypical in the front limbs for horses in full training. Four horses developed periarticular uptake in the postoperative period suggestive of degenerative joint disease, three of these horses had persistent uptake at the fracture site. These four horses did not return to racing successfully. CONCLUSION The findings of this study provide evidence of pre-existing lesions and specific uptake patterns in racehorses suffering from metacarpal/metatarsal condylar fractures. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE PET has a possible role in the prevention, diagnosis, and postoperative monitoring of metacarpal/metatarsal condylar fractures in racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Bergstrom
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Julie O'Brion
- Southern California Equine Foundation, Arcadia, California, USA
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Young N, Corletto F, Wright I. Predicting return to racing after repair of fractures of the metacarpal/metatarsal condyles in Thoroughbred racehorses. Vet Surg 2022; 51:753-762. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cianci JM, Wulster KB, Richardson DW, Stefanovski D, Ortved KF. Computed tomographic assessment of fracture characteristics and subchondral bone injury in Thoroughbred racehorses with lateral condylar fractures and their relationship to outcome. Vet Surg 2022; 51:426-437. [PMID: 35165910 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of fracture characteristics and concurrent subchondral bone pathology identified with computed tomography (CT) on the racing performance of Thoroughbred racehorses with fractures of the MC3/MT3 lateral condyle. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SAMPLE POPULATION Thoroughbred racehorses (n = 50) with a fracture of the MC3/MT3 lateral condyle, which had preoperative CT and internal fixation performed. METHODS Medical records were reviewed for age, sex, limb, and surgical treatment. Computed tomography scans were evaluated to determine fracture characteristics including length, whether the fracture was incomplete or complete, and displacement. The presence of subchondral bone injury (SBI), sesamoid bone fracture, articular comminution, and fragmentation in the joint was noted. Racing data was obtained from an online database. Univariable and multivariable analyses determined associations between independent variables and outcomes. RESULTS Thirty-three (66%) horses raced after surgery. Horses with sesamoid bone fractures (P = .021), MC3/MT3 comminution (P = .016) and intra-articular fragmentation (P = .015) were less likely to race postoperatively. Concurrent SBI did not affect outcome. In the final multivariable model, sex (P = .015) and whether a fracture was incomplete or complete (P = .007) were the most significant predictors of racing postoperatively with females and horses with complete fractures being less likely to race. CONCLUSION The prognosis for racing after a lateral condylar fracture is favorable but is decreased in horses with complete fractures and certain concurrent joint pathology. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Horses presenting with lateral condylar fractures commonly have concurrent joint pathology. Computed tomography can aid in preoperative evaluation and prognostication by enabling more complete fracture assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Cianci
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kathryn B Wulster
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Dean W Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kyla F Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Imaging and Gross Pathological Appearance of Changes in the Parasagittal Grooves of Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123366. [PMID: 34944142 PMCID: PMC8697963 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Early detection of racehorses at risk of stress fracture is key to reducing the number of horses with catastrophic fractures while racing. Bone changes are often visible in the limbs of Thoroughbred racehorses in work, particularly in the fetlock region. However, it is currently unknown whether some of these changes indicate an impending fracture or are a healthy adaptation to high-speed exercise. This study looks at imaging and gross changes in a specific area (parasagittal grooves (PSGs) of the cannon bone) and the utility of X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect the changes. All fetlock joints were assessed from twenty horses that died during racing or training, including horses with and without fetlock fracture. Overall, X-ray was poor for detecting PSG changes. Some PSG changes on CT and MRI were common in Thoroughbred racehorses and possibly represent normal bone adaptation when seen in clinical cases. However, certain CT and MRI findings were more prevalent in horses with a fracture, possibly indicating microdamage accumulation and increased risk of fracture. Bilateral advanced imaging is recommended in clinical cases of suspected fetlock pathology. Abstract (1) Background: Parasagittal groove (PSG) changes are often present on advanced imaging of racing Thoroughbred fetlocks and have been suggested to indicate increased fracture risk. Currently, there is limited evidence differentiating the imaging appearance of prodromal changes in horses at risk of fracture from horses with normal adaptive modelling in response to galloping. This study aims to investigate imaging and gross PSG findings in racing Thoroughbreds and the comparative utility of different imaging modalities to detect PSG changes. (2) Methods: Cadaver limbs were collected from twenty deceased racing/training Thoroughbreds. All fetlocks of each horse were examined with radiography, low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), contrast arthrography and gross pathology. (3) Results: Horses with fetlock fracture were more likely to have lateromedial PSG sclerosis asymmetry and/or lateral PSG lysis. PSG lysis was not readily detected using MRI. PSG subchondral bone defects were difficult to differentiate from cartilage defects on MRI and were not associated with fractures. The clinical relevance of PSG STIR hyperintensity remains unclear. Overall, radiography was poor for detecting PSG changes. (4) Conclusions: Some PSG changes in Thoroughbred racehorses are common; however, certain findings are more prevalent in horses with fractures, possibly indicating microdamage accumulation. Bilateral advanced imaging is recommended in racehorses with suspected fetlock pathology.
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Lewandowski K, Kaczmarczyk Ł, Athanasiadis I, Marshall JF, Pearce CJ. A computational framework for crack propagation in spatially heterogeneous materials. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200291. [PMID: 34148414 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical formulation and numerical modelling framework for brittle crack propagation in heterogeneous elastic solids. Such materials are present in both natural and engineered scenarios. The formulation is developed in the framework of configurational mechanics and solved numerically using the finite-element method. We show the methodology previously established for homogeneous materials without the need for any further assumptions. The proposed model is based on the assumption of maximal dissipation of energy and uses the Griffith criterion; we show that this is sufficient to predict crack propagation in brittle heterogeneous materials, with spatially varying Young's modulus and fracture energy. Furthermore, we show that the crack path trajectory orientates itself such that it is always subject to Mode-I. The configurational forces and fracture energy release rate are both expressed exclusively in terms of nodal quantities, avoiding the need for post-processing and enabling a fully implicit formulation for modelling the evolving crack front and creation of new crack surfaces. The proposed formulation is verified and validated by comparing numerical results with both analytical solutions and experimental results. Both the predicted crack path and load-displacement response show very good agreement with experiments where the crack path was independent of material heterogeneity for those cases. Finally, the model is successfully used to consider the real and challenging scenario of fracture of an equine bone, with spatially varying material properties obtained from CT scanning. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Lewandowski
- Glasgow Computational Engineering Centre, The James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarczyk
- Glasgow Computational Engineering Centre, The James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ignatios Athanasiadis
- Glasgow Computational Engineering Centre, The James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John F Marshall
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Chris J Pearce
- Glasgow Computational Engineering Centre, The James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Singer E, Garcia T, Stover S. How does bone strain vary between the third metacarpal and the proximal phalangeal bones of the equine distal limb? J Biomech 2021; 123:110455. [PMID: 34004392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Strain parameters at injury prone sites of the equine third metacarpal (MC3) and proximal phalangeal (P1) bones were investigated with the aim of improving understanding of injury pathogenesis. We hypothesized that dorsal principal and shear strain patterns, magnitudes and directions would differ from proximal-to-distal; and would be similar from medial-to-lateral across each bone. Unilateral limbs from nine equine cadavers were instrumented with rosette strain gauges during limb loading to 10,500 N. Gauges were attached at seven dorsal sites: middle MC3, distal MC3 (medial, middle, lateral) and proximal P1 (medial, middle, lateral). Outcome measures were analysed with repeated measures analysis of variance. Distal MC3 had the greatest, and proximal P1 the smallest magnitude of minimum principal and shear strains. Directions of maximum and minimum principal strain were similar at the middle and distal MC3 sites with a 20-40° direction difference compared to proximal P1. The patterns of strain magnitude and direction were similar from medial-to-lateral on distal MC3 but varied in pattern and magnitude among the P1 sites. Overall, as load reached maximum, direction of minimum principal strain became more axial in orientation, converging from opposite directions between bones, potentially maximising stability of the distal limb. The difference in strain parameters and strain ratio for adjacent anatomic sites on distal MC3 and proximal P1 was not anticipated, in light of the anatomic congruity of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Based on the predominance of shear strain across proximal P1, shear forces are likely the predominant biomechanical contributor to sagittal fractures of P1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Singer
- E Singer Equine Orthopaedics and Surgery, 14 Brooklands Rd, Parkgate, Neston, Cheshire, CH646SW, UK.
| | - Tanya Garcia
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Susan Stover
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
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Cillán‐García E, Reardon RJM, Schiavo S, Fordham T, Elce YA. Standing repair of a proximal, incomplete, articular fracture of the third metatarsal bone. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Cillán‐García
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Easter Bush Veterinary Centre University of Edinburgh Roslin Midlothian UK
| | - R. J. M. Reardon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Easter Bush Veterinary Centre University of Edinburgh Roslin Midlothian UK
| | - S. Schiavo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Easter Bush Veterinary Centre University of Edinburgh Roslin Midlothian UK
| | - T. Fordham
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Easter Bush Veterinary Centre University of Edinburgh Roslin Midlothian UK
| | - Y. A. Elce
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Easter Bush Veterinary Centre University of Edinburgh Roslin Midlothian UK
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Boorman S, Richardson DW, Hogan PM, Stefanovski D, Levine DG. Racing performance after surgical repair of medial condylar fracture of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone in thoroughbred racehorses. Vet Surg 2020; 49:648-658. [PMID: 32133662 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the performance of thoroughbred racehorses after surgical repair of a medial condylar fracture of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SAMPLE POPULATION Forty-three horses surgically treated for medial condylar fractures, 30 with previous racing experience, 13 without previous racing experience (nonexperienced). METHODS Medical records (2009-2017) were reviewed for signalment, radiographic fracture characteristics, repair technique, and postoperative morbidity and mortality. Each experienced horse was matched with two horses randomly selected from its most recent race to serve as healthy controls. Racing performance parameters (race rating, competitive level, speed rating, performance index) and career racing statistics were compared with multiple regression models between injured experienced horses and controls. The career racing statistics for nonexperienced horses were evaluated. Reasons for nonreturn to racing were obtained. RESULTS The median duration of follow-up was 6 years (minimum 2, maximum 10). Twenty-one of 43 (49%) horses raced again as well as 18 of 30 (60%) experienced horses and three of 13 (23%) nonexperienced horses. Experienced horses were five times more likely than nonexperienced horses to return to racing (95% confidence interval = 0.07-0.58, P = .003). Higher preoperative racing performance parameters were associated with return to racing. Racing performance parameters were lower after the date of fracture in injured horses compared with controls. CONCLUSION Experienced horses were more likely to return to racing after medial condylar fracture repair, although their performance was generally lower than that of comparably uninjured horses. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Owners should be aware that horses with medial condylar fractures likely will race at a lower level than their uninjured peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Boorman
- Department of Clinical Science, JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Dean W Richardson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - David G Levine
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
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Gilday R, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Fogarty U, Laverty S. Abundant osteoclasts in the subchondral bone of the juvenile Thoroughbred metacarpus suggest an important role in joint maturation. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:733-742. [PMID: 31972056 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The administration of bisphosphonate medications, which target osteoclastic-bone remodelling, to juvenile and adult racehorses is a matter of debate owing to concerns that these molecules remain bound to the bone-mineralised matrix and may interfere with subsequent bone growth, adaptation to exercise and healing of bone microdamage in equine athletes. Osteoclasts participate in endochondral ossification, subchondral bone remodelling and bone repair. There is a knowledge gap on the role of equine osteoclast biology in the growth and maturation of joint surfaces and this information is important to inform judicious bisphosphonate use. OBJECTIVES Measure and compare the osteoclast density in the subchondral bone of Thoroughbred (TB) distal third metacarpi (McIII) at different sites, varying depths from the articular surface and with age (0-84 months). STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo cadaveric study. METHODS McIIIs from foals, yearlings and adults were collected, fixed in formaldehyde and stored at 4°C. Sections were cut from the lateral hemi-metacarpus, stained and scored for cartilage degeneration. Osteoclasts were counted on immunohistochemically (Cathepsin K) stained sections. Osteoclast density was compared in regions of interest (ROIs-the sagittal ridge, axial and abaxial condyle) and also at two depths (0-3 mm and 3-6 mm) into the subchondral bone below the osteochondral junction. RESULTS The osteoclast density was consistently highest in the subchondral cortical bone plate (0-3 mm) when compared with the deeper trabecular bone in all age groups. Furthermore, the osteoclast density was significantly higher in juvenile Thoroughbreds (foals and yearlings) within both sites in the subchondral bone when compared with adults. MAIN LIMITATIONS The number of specimens available for study was restricted. CONCLUSIONS Osteoclasts are important in normal McIII epiphyseal and articular surface maturation and have a propensity to localise at the osteochondral junction and subchondral cortical bone plate zone in juvenile Thoroughbreds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gilday
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Johnston AS, Riggs CM, Cogger N, Benschop J, Rogers CW, Rosanowski SM. Using time-series analysis techniques to enhance the understanding of musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:699-708. [PMID: 31811658 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many racing jurisdictions monitor race-day musculoskeletal injury (MSI) but fail to evaluate injuries occurring during training. Additionally, previous risk factor analyses have failed to explore temporal trends in injury occurrence. OBJECTIVES To use time-series analysis techniques to identify trends, cyclicity and peaks in MSI incidence, in racehorses training and racing at the Hong Kong Jockey Club (HKJC) from July 2010 to June 2018. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective longitudinal study. METHODS The monthly incidence of all MSI, superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injury, suspensory ligament injury and appendicular skeletal fracture occurring in training and racing were collected from veterinary records. The number of horses in training was collated monthly from trainer records. Time-series analysis techniques were used to describe trends and cyclical patterns for injury types. For each injury, incidence risks above the 90th percentile were identified as peaks in incidence. RESULTS A total of 1471 injuries were recorded over eight racing seasons; 605 fractures (41.1%), 550 SDFT injuries (37.4%), and 316 suspensory ligament injuries (21.5%). Evidence of seasonality was detected in fracture incidence risk; increasing from October (median 0.25 per 1000 horses) until May (median 0.71 per 1000 horses), coinciding with the racing season (ending mid-July). Elevated incidence of MSI occurred throughout 2012; however, the greatest incidence risks of SDFT (14.8 per 1000 horses) and fracture (1.3 per 1000 horses) occurred since 2017. MAIN LIMITATIONS Monthly (opposed to daily) incidence risk of injury reduced the resolution of the data. Additionally, fracture was not described according to bone or fracture type, which may have confounded overall trends. CONCLUSIONS Evidence for seasonal variation in the incidence of fracture occurrence has been demonstrated. Based on using time-series techniques, further epidemiological studies, retrospectively targeting periods of high peaks in injury incidence risk could be used to aid identification of risk factors for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Johnston
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Christopher M Riggs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naomi Cogger
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jackie Benschop
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Chris W Rogers
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah M Rosanowski
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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BROWN HR, PELOSO JG, WERNER WCLAY, MECHOLSKY JJ, COHEN ND, VOGLER JB. A Thoroughbred racehorse with a unicortical palmar lateral condylar fracture returned to training 14 days after surgery: a hypothesis on the role of a single bone screw on crack propagation. J Equine Sci 2019; 30:7-12. [PMID: 30944541 PMCID: PMC6445752 DOI: 10.1294/jes.30.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorse had LF lameness that began post high-speed exercise and persisted for two days before the horse once again became sound. Diagnostic analgesia localized the lameness to the LF distal metacarpus, and a standing MRI identified a unicortical condylar fracture. A single 5.5 mm cortical screw was placed in lag fashion. The horse began hand walking at 14 days, racetrack jogging at 30 days, and racing at 5 months after the day of surgery. Placement of a single lag screw ahead of the tip of the crack in unicortical condylar fracture may be useful for reducing the recovery period for horses returning to training and racing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John J. MECHOLSKY
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, FL
32611, U.S.A.
| | - Noah D. COHEN
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TX 77801,
U.S.A.
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15
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Wulster KB. Diagnosis of Skeletal Injury in the Sport Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018; 34:193-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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16
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Anne-Archard N, Martel G, Fogarty U, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Laverty S. Differences in third metacarpal trabecular microarchitecture between the parasagittal groove and condyle at birth and in adult racehorses. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:115-122. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Anne-Archard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory; Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - G. Martel
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory; Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - U. Fogarty
- Irish Equine Centre; Johnstown Co Kildare Ireland
| | - H. Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory; Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - G. Beauchamp
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - S. Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory; Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
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17
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Moulin N, François I, Coté N, Alford C, Cleary O, Desjardins MR. Surgical repair of propagating condylar fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bones with cortical screws placed in lag fashion in 26 racehorses (2007-2015). Equine Vet J 2018; 50:629-635. [PMID: 29350412 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the recommendation of plate fixation for propagating condylar fractures of the third metacarpal (McIII) or third metatarsal bone (MtIII), lag screw fixation can be a viable surgical option. OBJECTIVES To evaluate short-term outcome and long-term racing performance of horses that underwent lag screw fixation of long condylar fractures of the McIII/MtIII. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Medical records, post-surgical racing performance and outcome of 26 horses with propagating fractures of the medial and/or lateral condyle of McIII/MtIII were reviewed. Medical information included were age, breed, sex, physical examination at admission, circumstances of fracture, radiographic evaluation, anaesthesia and recovery records, surgical and post-operative management, as well as complications. Outcome included racing data and information from telephone interviews. RESULTS Twenty-six horses (9 Standardbreds and 17 Thoroughbreds) were admitted with a long condylar fracture of the McIII/MtIII. Fore- and hindlimbs were equally represented with the left hindlimb being more frequently involved. Most of the fractures had a spiralling component (76%) and four (15%) were comminuted. Fifteen (58%) horses raced post-surgery including nine Standardbreds (100%) and six Thoroughbreds (35%). Twelve of them were placed in at least one race and 11 won at least once. One horse sustained a severe complication in recovery. No significant difference was observed in the racing performances before and after surgery. MAIN LIMITATIONS Follow-up method and duration were not standardised and there is a low number of cases with six surgeons. CONCLUSIONS Long condylar fractures can be repaired using lag fashion technique combined with a half-limb or full-limb tight cast for recovery as a good surgical alternative. Similar results to plate fixation can be expected, with a return to racing of more than 50%, and the prognosis being even better for pacers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Moulin
- Pole Equin, Vetagro Sup, Lyon, France
| | - I François
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - N Coté
- Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Alford
- Turtle Valley Equine Hospital, Delavan, Wisconsin, USA
| | - O Cleary
- Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Janes JG, Kennedy LA, Garrett KS, Engiles JB. Common lesions of the distal end of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone in racehorse catastrophic breakdown injuries. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:431-436. [PMID: 28681688 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717717948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine catastrophic skeletal breakdown injury is a serious issue within the racing industry, given the impact on equine and human health. The metacarpo- and metatarso-phalangeal (fetlock) joints are common sites of catastrophic injury. However, lesions involving articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovium are commonly identified within the fetlock of the contralateral limb; hence, it is imperative that lesions in both limbs are evaluated and characterized during postmortem examination. Bone and articular cartilage changes typically occur in specific locations, related to cyclic fetlock load and overextension during high-speed exercise. Associations between preexisting degenerative fetlock lesions and catastrophic injury are a focus of continued research. These lesions often occur because of adaptive failure related to cumulative damage. Further investigation of these lesions is imperative to determine their impact on equine performance or injury. Ultimately, consistent documentation of catastrophic versus non-catastrophic osteochondral lesions provided by pathologists, in the context of training history, diagnostic imaging, and the presence or absence of catastrophic injury, will contribute to further understanding of skeletal responses associated with catastrophic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Janes
- Departments of Veterinary Science and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy).,Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY (Garrett).,Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles)
| | - Laura A Kennedy
- Departments of Veterinary Science and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy).,Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY (Garrett).,Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles)
| | - Katherine S Garrett
- Departments of Veterinary Science and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy).,Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY (Garrett).,Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles)
| | - Julie B Engiles
- Departments of Veterinary Science and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Janes, Kennedy).,Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY (Garrett).,Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA (Engiles)
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Pinilla M, Tranquille C, Blunden A, Chang Y, Parkin T, Murray R. Histological Features of the Distal Third Metacarpal Bone in Thoroughbred Racehorses, With and Without Lateral Condylar Fractures. J Comp Pathol 2017; 157:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Wright IM. Racecourse fracture management. Part 3: Emergency care of specific fractures. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Loughridge AB, Hess AM, Parkin TD, Kawcak CE. Qualitative assessment of bone density at the distal articulating surface of the third metacarpal in Thoroughbred racehorses with and without condylar fracture. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:172-177. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Loughridge
- Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins USA
| | - A. M. Hess
- Department of Statistics College of Natural Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins USA
| | - T. D. Parkin
- Weipers Equine Centre School of Veterinary Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow UK
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins USA
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Ramzan PHL, Palmer L, Powell SE. Unicortical condylar fracture of the Thoroughbred fetlock: 45 cases (2006-2013). Equine Vet J 2014; 47:680-3. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Palmer
- Rossdales Equine Practice; Newmarket UK
| | - S. E. Powell
- Rossdales Equine Diagnostic Centre; Newmarket UK
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24
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Dubois MS, Morello S, Rayment K, Markel MD, Vanderby R, Kalscheur VL, Hao Z, McCabe RP, Marquis P, Muir P. Computed tomographic imaging of subchondral fatigue cracks in the distal end of the third metacarpal bone in the thoroughbred racehorse can predict crack micromotion in an ex-vivo model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101230. [PMID: 25077477 PMCID: PMC4117462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular stress fracture arising from the distal end of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) is a common serious injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. Currently, there is no method for predicting fracture risk clinically. We describe an ex-vivo biomechanical model in which we measured subchondral crack micromotion under compressive loading that modeled high speed running. Using this model, we determined the relationship between subchondral crack dimensions measured using computed tomography (CT) and crack micromotion. Thoracic limbs from 40 Thoroughbred racehorses that had sustained a catastrophic injury were studied. Limbs were radiographed and examined using CT. Parasagittal subchondral fatigue crack dimensions were measured on CT images using image analysis software. MC3 bones with fatigue cracks were tested using five cycles of compressive loading at -7,500N (38 condyles, 18 horses). Crack motion was recorded using an extensometer. Mechanical testing was validated using bones with 3 mm and 5 mm deep parasagittal subchondral slots that modeled naturally occurring fatigue cracks. After testing, subchondral crack density was determined histologically. Creation of parasagittal subchondral slots induced significant micromotion during loading (p<0.001). In our biomechanical model, we found a significant positive correlation between extensometer micromotion and parasagittal crack area derived from reconstructed CT images (SR = 0.32, p<0.05). Correlations with transverse and frontal plane crack lengths were not significant. Histologic fatigue damage was not significantly correlated with crack dimensions determined by CT or extensometer micromotion. Bones with parasagittal crack area measurements above 30 mm2 may have a high risk of crack propagation and condylar fracture in vivo because of crack micromotion. In conclusion, our results suggest that CT could be used to quantify subchondral fatigue crack dimensions in racing Thoroughbred horses in-vivo to assess risk of condylar fracture. Horses with parasagittal crack arrays that exceed 30 mm2 may have a high risk for development of condylar fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Soleil Dubois
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Samantha Morello
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Rayment
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Markel
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ray Vanderby
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vicki L. Kalscheur
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zhengling Hao
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ronald P. McCabe
- Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Patricia Marquis
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Gulfstream Park, Hallandale Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Welsh CE, Lewis TW, Blott SC, Mellor DJ, Stirk AJ, Parkin TDH. Estimates of genetic parameters of distal limb fracture and superficial digital flexor tendon injury in UK Thoroughbred racehorses. Vet J 2014; 200:253-6. [PMID: 24679457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective cohort study of distal limb fracture and superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injury in Thoroughbred racehorses was conducted using health records generated by the British Horseracing Authority (BHA) between 2000 and 2010. After excluding records of horses that had both flat and jump racing starts, repeated records were reduced to a single binary record per horse (n = 66,507, 2982 sires), and the heritability of each condition was estimated using residual maximum likelihood (REML) with animal logistic regression models. Similarly, the heritability of each condition was estimated for the flat racing and jump racing populations separately. Bivariate mixed models were used to generate estimates of genetic correlations between SDFT injury and distal limb fracture. The heritability of distal limb fracture ranged from 0.21 to 0.37. The heritability of SDFT injury ranged from 0.31 to 0.34. SDFT injury and distal limb fracture were positively genetically correlated. These findings suggest that reductions in the risk of the conditions studied could be attempted using targeted breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Welsh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Thomas W Lewis
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Sarah C Blott
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket CB8 7UU, UK
| | - Dominic J Mellor
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Anthony J Stirk
- Equine Science and Welfare Department, British Horseracing Authority, London, WC1V 6LS, UK
| | - Timothy D H Parkin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Welsh CE, Lewis TW, Blott SC, Mellor DJ, Lam KH, Stewart BD, Parkin TDH. Preliminary genetic analyses of important musculoskeletal conditions of Thoroughbred racehorses in Hong Kong. Vet J 2013; 198:611-5. [PMID: 23746478 PMCID: PMC3899015 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective cohort study of important musculoskeletal conditions of Thoroughbred racehorses was conducted using health records generated over a 15 year period (n=5062, 1296 sires). The prevalence of each condition in the study population was: fracture, 13%; osteoarthritis, 10%; suspensory ligament injury, 10%; and tendon injury, 19%. Linear and logistic sire and animal regression models were built to describe the binary occurrence of these musculoskeletal conditions, and to evaluate the significance of possible environmental risk factors. The heritability of each condition was estimated using residual maximum likelihood (REML). Bivariate mixed models were used to generate estimates of genetic correlations between each pair of conditions. Heritability estimates of fracture, osteoarthritis, suspensory ligament and tendon injury were small to moderate (range: 0.01-0.20). Fracture was found to be positively genetically correlated with both osteoarthritis and suspensory ligament injury. These results suggest that there is a significant genetic component involved in the risk of the studied conditions. Due to positive genetic correlations, a reduction in prevalence of one of the correlated conditions may effect a reduction in risk of the other condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Welsh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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