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Guan D, Sun W, Gao M, Chen Z, Ma X. Immunologic insights in recurrent spontaneous abortion: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117082. [PMID: 38972152 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Recurrent spontaneous abortion refers to the occurrence of two or more spontaneous abortions before or during the early stages of pregnancy. The immune system plays a crucial role in the maintenance of pregnancy and embryo implantation. Various immune cells, cytokines, and immune regulatory pathways are involved in the complex immune balance required for a stable pregnancy. Studies suggest that immune abnormalities may be associated with some recurrent spontaneous abortion cases, particularly those involving the dysregulation of immune cell function, autoimmune responses, and placental immunity. In terms of treatment, interventions targeting immune mechanisms are crucial. Various therapeutic approaches, including immunomodulatory drugs, immunoadsorption therapies, and immunocellular therapies, are continually being researched and developed. These approaches aim to restore the immune balance, enhance the success rate of pregnancies, and provide more effective treatment options for patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Guan
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingxia Gao
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryology, Lanzhou, China.
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Kiang JG, Blakely WF. Combined radiation injury and its impacts on radiation countermeasures and biodosimetry. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1055-1065. [PMID: 36947602 PMCID: PMC10947598 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2188933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preparedness for medical responses to major radiation accidents and the increasing threat of nuclear warfare worldwide necessitates an understanding of the complexity of combined radiation injury (CI) and identifying drugs to treat CI is inevitably critical. The vital sign and survival after CI were presented. The molecular mechanisms, such as microRNA pathways, NF-κB-iNOS-IL-18 pathway, C3 production, the AKT-MAPK cross-talk, and TLR/MMP increases, underlying CI in relation to organ injury and mortality were analyzed. At present, no FDA-approved drug to protect, mitigate, or treat CI is available. The development of CI-specific medical countermeasures was reviewed. Because of the worsened acute radiation syndrome resulting from CI, diagnostic triage can be problematic. Therefore, biodosimetry and CI are bundled together with the need to establish effective triage methods with CI. CONCLUSIONS CI mouse model studies at AFRRI are reviewed addressing molecular responses, findings from medical countermeasures, and a proposed plasma proteomic biodosimetry approach based on a panel of radiation-responsive biomarkers (i.e., CD27, Flt-3L, GM-CSF, CD45, IL-12, TPO) negligibly influenced by wounding in an algorithm used for dose predictions is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann G. Kiang
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William F. Blakely
- Biodosimetry Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Wu CH, Lee TH, Yang SF, Tsao HM, Chang YJ, Chou CH, Lee MS. Interleukin-3 Polymorphism is Associated with Miscarriage of Fresh in Vitro Fertilization Cycles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16060995. [PMID: 30893922 PMCID: PMC6466610 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the association between interleukin (IL) genes polymorphisms and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome. A prospective cohort analysis was performed at a Women’s Hospital IVF centre of 1015 female patients undergoing fresh non-donor IVF cycles. The effects of the following six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five IL genes on IVF outcomes were explored: IL-1α (rs1800587 C/T), IL-3 (rs40401 C/T), IL-6 (rs1800795 C/G), IL-15 (rs3806798 A/T), IL-18 (rs187238 C/G) and IL-18 (rs1946518 G/T). The main outcome measures included clinical pregnancy, embryo implantation, abortion and live birth rates. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical pregnancy, embryo implantation and live birth rates in the analysis of 1015 patients attempting their first cycle of IVF. Infertile women with IL-3 homozygous major genotype had a higher abortion rate than those with heterozygous and homozygous minor genotype (16.5% vs. 7.9%, P = 0.025). In conclusion, our results indicated that the IL-3 rs40401 polymorphism is associated with increased risk of abortion of IVF patients. Future studies with inclusion of other ethnic populations must be conducted to confirm the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsuan Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Women's Health Research Laboratory, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lee
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Mei Tsao
- Division of Infertility Clinic, Lee Womens' Hospital, Taichung 406, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jun Chang
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hsuan Chou
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Maw-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Division of Infertility Clinic, Lee Womens' Hospital, Taichung 406, Taiwan.
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Lim EJ, Yoon YJ, Heo J, Lee TH, Kim YH. Ciprofloxacin Enhances TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cells by Upregulating the Expression and Protein Stability of Death Receptors through CHOP Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103187. [PMID: 30332761 PMCID: PMC6214089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a potent antimicrobial agent with multiple effects on host cells and tissues. Previous studies have highlighted their proapoptotic effect on human cancer cells. The current study showed that subtoxic doses of CIP effectively sensitized multiple cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Although TRAIL alone mediated the partial proteolytic processing of procaspase-3 in lung cancer cells, co-treatment with CIP and TRAIL efficiently restored the complete activation of caspases. We found that treatment of lung cancer with CIP significantly upregulated the expression and protein stability of death receptor (DR) 5. These effects were mediated through the regulation of transcription factor CCAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) since the silencing of these signaling molecules abrogated the effect of CIP. Taken together, these results indicated that the upregulation of death receptor expression and protein stability by CIP contributed to the restoration of TRAIL-sensitivity in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Lim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Korea.
| | - Yu Jeong Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Korea.
| | - Jeonghoon Heo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Korea.
| | - Tae Hwa Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Korea.
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Korea.
- Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Korea.
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Veglia M, D'Ippolito S, Marana R, Di Nicuolo F, Castellani R, Bruno V, Fiorelli A, Ria F, Maulucci G, De Spirito M, Migliara G, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Human IgG Antinuclear Antibodies Induce Pregnancy Loss in Mice by Increasing Immune Complex Deposition in Placental Tissue: In Vivo Study. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:542-52. [PMID: 26388133 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM A threefold higher prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) has been reported in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Nevertheless, the role of ANA in reproductive failure is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ANA during early pregnancy in vivo. METHOD OF STUDY We used pregnant mice treated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) obtained from normal healthy subjects (NHS); ANA(+) sera of patients with RPL; and ANA(+) sera from women with uncomplicated pregnancies (HW). Placental immunohistochemical/immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect complement and immune complex deposition. ELISA was performed to evaluate complement levels. RESULTS ANA(+) IgG from RPL women significantly increased embryo resorption rate, reduced C3, and increased C3a serum levels compared to NHS IgG or ANA(+) -HW IgG. Increased C3 deposition and increased immune complex staining in placental tissues from mice treated with ANA(+) -RPL IgG fraction compared to NHS- and ANA(+) -HW-IgG-treated mice were found. CONCLUSION ANA(+) IgG injection in mice is able to induce fetal resorption and complement activation. The presence on placental tissues of immune complexes and complement fragments suggests the complement activation as a possible mechanism of placental damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Veglia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Ippolito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,International Scientific Institute Paolo VI, ISI, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Di Nicuolo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Castellani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bruno
- Section of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Università di Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Fiorelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ria
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Migliara
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Di Simone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Kalyuzhin OV, Artem’eva KA, Boltovskaya MN, Bunyatyan KA, Inviyayeva EV, Vinnitskii LI, Karaulov AV. Intraperitoneal Administration of Muramyl Dipeptide β-Heptylglycoside to Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Female Mice Modulates Production of Th1/Th2/Th17/Tr1 Cytokines by Splenocytes Ex Vivo. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:53-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kiang JG, Garrison BR, Smith JT, Fukumoto R. Ciprofloxacin as a potential radio-sensitizer to tumor cells and a radio-protectant for normal cells: differential effects on γ-H2AX formation, p53 phosphorylation, Bcl-2 production, and cell death. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:133-43. [PMID: 24802382 PMCID: PMC4122264 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation increases cell mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Increases in DNA double strand breaks, γ-H2AX, p53 phophorylation, and protein levels of p53 and Bax also occur. We investigated the ability of ciprofloxacin (CIP), a widely prescribed antibiotic, to inhibit DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation. Human tumor TK6, NH32 (p53 (-/-) of TK6) cells, and human normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were exposed to 2-8 Gy (60)Co-γ-photon radiation. γ-H2AX (an indicator of DNA strand breaks), phosphorylated p53 (responsible for cell-cycle arrest), Bcl-2 (an apoptotic protein, and cell death were measured. Ionizing irradiation increased γ-H2AX amounts in TK6 cells (p53(+/+)) within 1 h in a radiation dose-dependent manner. CIP pretreatment and posttreatment effectively inhibited the increase in γ-H2AX. CIP pretreatment reduced Bcl-2 production but promoted p53 phosphorylation, caspase-3 activation and cell death. In NH32 cells, CIP failed to significantly inhibit the radiation-induced γ-H2AX increase, suggesting that CIP inhibition involves in p53-dependent mechanisms. In normal healthy human PBMCs, CIP failed to block the radiation-induced γ-H2AX increase but effectively increased Bcl-2 production, but blocked the phospho-p53 increase and subsequent cell death. CIP increased Gadd45α, and enhanced p21 protein 24 h postirradiation. Results suggest that CIP exerts its effect in TK6 cells by promoting p53 phosphorylation and inhibiting Bcl-2 production and in PBMCs by inhibiting p53 phosphorylation and increasing Bcl-2 production. Our data are the first to support the view that CIP may be effective to protect normal tissue cells from radiation injury, while enhancing cancer cell death in radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann G Kiang
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20889-5603, USA,
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Fukumoto R, Cary LH, Gorbunov NV, Lombardini ED, Elliott TB, Kiang JG. Ciprofloxacin modulates cytokine/chemokine profile in serum, improves bone marrow repopulation, and limits apoptosis and autophagy in ileum after whole body ionizing irradiation combined with skin-wound trauma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58389. [PMID: 23520506 PMCID: PMC3592826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation combined injury (CI) is a radiation injury (RI) combined with other types of injury, which generally leads to greater mortality than RI alone. A spectrum of specific, time-dependent pathophysiological changes is associated with CI. Of these changes, the massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, severe hematopoietic and gastrointestinal losses and bacterial sepsis are important treatment targets to improve survival. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is known to have immunomodulatory effect besides the antimicrobial activity. The present study reports that CIP ameliorated pathophysiological changes unique to CI that later led to major mortality. B6D2F1/J mice received CI on day 0, by RI followed by wound trauma, and were treated with CIP (90 mg/kg p.o., q.d. within 2 h after CI through day 10). At day 10, CIP treatment not only significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine concentrations, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and KC (i.e., IL-8 in human), but it also enhanced IL-3 production compared to vehicle-treated controls. Mice treated with CIP displayed a greater repopulation of bone marrow cells. CIP also limited CI-induced apoptosis and autophagy in ileal villi, systemic bacterial infection, and IgA production. CIP treatment led to LD0/10 compared to LD20/10 for vehicle-treated group after CI. Given the multiple beneficial activities of CIP shown in our experiments, CIP may prove to be a useful therapeutic drug for CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risaku Fukumoto
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynnette H. Cary
- Radiation Countermeasures Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nikolai V. Gorbunov
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Lombardini
- Veterinary Sciences Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Elliott
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juliann G. Kiang
- Radiation Combined Injury Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Blois S, Alba Soto CD, Olmos S, Chuluyan E, Gentile T, Arck PC, Margni RA. Therapy with dendritic cells influences the spontaneous resorption rate in the CBA/J x DBA/2J mouse model. Am J Reprod Immunol 2004; 51:40-8. [PMID: 14725565 DOI: 10.1046/j.8755-8920.2003.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM DBA/2J-mated CBA/J female mice are prone to a high incidence of fetal abortions. This fetal wastage can be dramatically reduced by immunizing the female mice with BALB/c, but not with DBA/2J spleen cells during early gestation. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Recently, dendritic cells (DC) have been described at the feto-maternal interface in the human uterus. In this work, we studied the effect of adoptive transfer of DC on the maintenance of pregnancy in the CBA/J x DBA/2J model. METHODS Bone marrow-derived DC were generated from virgin female CBA/J mice (6-8 weeks old). CBA/J females were inoculated with DC twice before mating. Four different experimental groups were included: (i) no treatment control, (ii) mice injected with culture medium [granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)], (iii) immunized with DC and (iv) immunized with paternal DBA/2J antigens lisate-pulsed DC, n = 5. RESULTS The control abortion rate was 23.8%, and with GM-CSF alone was 17.6%. Following inoculation of syngeneic DC abortion rates were reduced to 2.2%, but protection was short-lived. Abortion rates with DC pulsed with DBA/2J antigens was 5%. Serum of interleukin (IL)-6 levels were lower in the latter two groups up to the time of abortion. The kinetics of immunoglobulin G asymmetric antibodies synthesis was modified, but there was no correlation between asymmetric antibodies production and the lowering of abortions rates. CONCLUSION Syngeneic DC prevented abortions and this was linked to a decrease in IL-6 levels, but not with levels of asymmetric antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blois
- IDEHU, Institute of Humoral Immunity Studies, National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
We review data on the in-vitro, ex-vivo, in-vivo, and clinical effects of fluoroquinolones on the synthesis of cytokines and their mechanisms of immunomodulation. In general, most fluoroquinolone derivatives superinduce in-vitro interleukin 2 synthesis but inhibit synthesis of interleukin 1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha; furthermore, they enhance significantly the synthesis of colony-stimulating factors (CSF). Fluoroquinolones affect in-vivo cellular and humoral immunity by attenuating cytokine responses. Interleukins 10 and 12 have an important role in the functional differentiation of immunocompetent cells and trigger the initiation of the acquired immune response. In addition, certain fluoroquinolones were seen to enhance haematopoiesis by increasing the concentrations of CSF in the lung as well as in the bone marrow and shaft. Those fluoroquinolones exerting significant effects on haematopoiesis were those with a cyclopropyl moiety at position N1 of their quinolone core structure. Mechanisms that could explain the various immunomodulatory effects of fluoroquinolones include: (1) an effect on intracellular cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate and phosphodiesterases; (2) an effect on transcription factors such as nuclear factor (NF)kappaB, activator protein 1, NF-interleukin-6 and nuclear factor of activated T cells; and (3) a triggering effect on the eukaryotic equivalent of bacterial SOS response with its ensuing intracellular events. Further studies are required, especially in the clinical setting to exploit fully the potential of the immunomodulatory effect of fluoroquinolones during, for example, immunosuppression, chronic airway inflammatory diseases, and sinusitis.
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Abstract
Fluorinated quinolones exert their bactericidal activity by inhibiting bacterial type II topoisomerases. At therapeutic concentrations, quinolones superinduce interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma production by mitogen-activated human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. At the molecular level, a stronger activation of the nuclear factor AP-1 ('activator protein-1') is observed in cells incubated with ciprofloxacin, resulting in enhanced cytokine gene transcription. Several cytokine and immediate early (e.g., c-fos and c-jun) mRNAs are upregulated by ciprofloxacin, possibly reflecting a mammalian stress response. In cultures with murine splenocytes, quinolones enhance IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) synthesis. The stimulation of these hematopoietic growth factors prolongs survival of mice with depressed bone marrow and prevents experimental antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). In contrast, quinolones inhibit both human and mouse monocytic IL-1 and TNF-alpha synthesis, an effect that is beneficial in rat experimental type II collagen induced arthritis and LPS-induced septic chock in mice. The intriguing immunomodulatory activities of fluoroquinolones warrant future investigations with new tailored derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Riesbeck
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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