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Cerón-Bustamante M, Balducci E, Beccari G, Nicholson P, Covarelli L, Benincasa P. Effect of light spectra on cereal fungal pathogens, a review. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Schüller A, Studt-Reinhold L, Strauss J. How to Completely Squeeze a Fungus-Advanced Genome Mining Tools for Novel Bioactive Substances. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1837. [PMID: 36145585 PMCID: PMC9505985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal species have the capability of producing an overwhelming diversity of bioactive substances that can have beneficial but also detrimental effects on human health. These so-called secondary metabolites naturally serve as antimicrobial "weapon systems", signaling molecules or developmental effectors for fungi and hence are produced only under very specific environmental conditions or stages in their life cycle. However, as these complex conditions are difficult or even impossible to mimic in laboratory settings, only a small fraction of the true chemical diversity of fungi is known so far. This also implies that a large space for potentially new pharmaceuticals remains unexplored. We here present an overview on current developments in advanced methods that can be used to explore this chemical space. We focus on genetic and genomic methods, how to detect genes that harbor the blueprints for the production of these compounds (i.e., biosynthetic gene clusters, BGCs), and ways to activate these silent chromosomal regions. We provide an in-depth view of the chromatin-level regulation of BGCs and of the potential to use the CRISPR/Cas technology as an activation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Strauss
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, A-3430 Tulln/Donau, Austria
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3
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Henríquez-Urrutia M, Spanner R, Olivares-Yánez C, Seguel-Avello A, Pérez-Lara R, Guillén-Alonso H, Winkler R, Herrera-Estrella AH, Canessa P, Larrondo LF. Circadian oscillations in Trichoderma atroviride and the role of core clock components in secondary metabolism, development, and mycoparasitism against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. eLife 2022; 11:71358. [PMID: 35950750 PMCID: PMC9427114 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are important for an individual’s fitness, and recent studies have underlined their role in the outcome of biological interactions. However, the relevance of circadian clocks in fungal–fungal interactions remains largely unexplored. We sought to characterize a functional clock in the biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride to assess its importance in the mycoparasitic interaction against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. Thus, we confirmed the existence of circadian rhythms in T. atroviride, which are temperature-compensated and modulated by environmental cues such as light and temperature. Nevertheless, the presence of such molecular rhythms appears to be highly dependent on the nutritional composition of the media. Complementation of a clock null (Δfrq) Neurospora crassa strain with the T. atroviride-negative clock component (tafrq) restored core clock function, with the same period observed in the latter fungus, confirming the role of tafrq as a bona fide core clock component. Confrontation assays between wild-type and clock mutant strains of T. atroviride and B. cinerea, in constant light or darkness, revealed an inhibitory effect of light on T. atroviride’s mycoparasitic capabilities. Interestingly, when confrontation assays were performed under light/dark cycles, T. atroviride’s overgrowth capacity was enhanced when inoculations were at dawn compared to dusk. Deleting the core clock-negative element FRQ in B. cinerea, but not in T. atroviride, was vital for the daily differential phenotype, suggesting that the B. cinerea clock has a more significant influence on the result of this interaction. Additionally, we observed that T. atroviride clock components largely modulate development and secondary metabolism in this fungus, including the rhythmic production of distinct volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Thus, this study provides evidence on how clock components impact diverse aspects of T. atroviride lifestyle and how daily changes modulate fungal interactions and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Henríquez-Urrutia
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rebecca Spanner
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Olivares-Yánez
- Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Seguel-Avello
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pérez-Lara
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector Guillén-Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Paulo Canessa
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F Larrondo
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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4
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Tiley AMM, Lawless C, Pilo P, Karki SJ, Lu J, Long Z, Gibriel H, Bailey AM, Feechan A. The Zymoseptoria tritici white collar-1 gene, ZtWco-1, is required for development and virulence on wheat. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 161:103715. [PMID: 35709910 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB), which is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat in Europe. There are currently no fully durable methods of control against Z. tritici, so novel strategies are urgently required. One of the ways in which fungi are able to respond to their surrounding environment is through the use of photoreceptor proteins which detect light signals. Although previous evidence suggests that Z. tritici can detect light, no photoreceptor genes have been characterised in this pathogen. This study characterises ZtWco-1, a predicted photoreceptor gene in Z. tritici. The ZtWco-1 gene is a putative homolog to the blue light photoreceptor from Neurospora crassa, wc-1. Z. tritici mutants with deletions in ZtWco-1 have defects in hyphal branching, melanisation and virulence on wheat. In addition, we identify the putative circadian clock gene ZtFrq in Z. tritici. This study provides evidence for the genetic regulation of light detection in Z. tritici and it open avenues for future research into whether this pathogen has a circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M M Tiley
- Agri-Food Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Ln, Belfast BT9 5PX, United Kingdom; School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
| | - Colleen Lawless
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland; School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Paola Pilo
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Sujit J Karki
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jijun Lu
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Zhuowei Long
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Hesham Gibriel
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andy M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Feechan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
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5
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Wong HJ, Mohamad-Fauzi N, Rizman-Idid M, Convey P, Smykla J, Alias SA. UV-B-induced DNA damage and repair pathways in polar Pseudogymnoascus sp. from the Arctic and Antarctic regions and their effects on growth, pigmentation, and coniodiogenesis. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3164-3180. [PMID: 35621047 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solar radiation regulates most biological activities on Earth. Prolonged exposure to solar UV radiation can cause deleterious effects by inducing two major types of DNA damage, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine 6-4 pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PPs). These lesions may be repaired by the photoreactivation (Phr) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways; however, the principal UV-induced DNA repair pathway is not known in the fungal genus Pseudogymnoascus. In this study, we demonstrated that an unweighted UV-B dosage of 1.6 kJ m-2 d-1 significantly reduced fungal growth rates (by between 22 and 35%) and inhibited conidia production in a 10 d exposure. The comparison of two DNA repair conditions, light or dark, which respectively induced photoreactivation (Phr) and nucleotide excision repair (NER), showed that the UV-B induced CPDs were repaired significantly more rapidly in light than in dark conditions. The expression levels of two DNA repair genes, RAD2 and PHR1 (encoding a protein in NER and Phr, respectively) demonstrated that NER rather than Phr was primarily activated for repairing UV-B-induced DNA damage in these Pseudogymnoascus strains. In contrast, Phr was inhibited after exposure to UV-B radiation, suggesting that PHR1 may have other functional roles. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jie Wong
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Nuradilla Mohamad-Fauzi
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,National Antarctic Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Rizman-Idid
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,National Antarctic Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,National Antarctic Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Jerzy Smykla
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, Kraków, Poland
| | - Siti Aisyah Alias
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,National Antarctic Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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6
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Cen Y, Li Y, Zhang P, Liu Z, Huang C, Wang W. The facilitating effect of blue light on the antifungal agent susceptibilities of passaged conidia from the ocular-derived Fusarium solani species complex. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:1651-1665. [PMID: 35094176 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The eye is a light-receiving organ and has anatomical advantages to accept phototherapy. Fungi colonizing on the eyes, which cause ocular mycoses, are affected by daily blue light and could easily accept additional light irritation. Ocular mycoses are recalcitrant and blindness-causing eye diseases, and antifungal agent treatments are insufficient. Our team previously found that blue light could inhibit Fusarium solani hyphal growth but promote conidiation. Here, we investigated the antifungal susceptibilities and biological characteristics of the passaged conidia. Twelve Fusarium solani strains (11 ocular-derived strains and 1 standard laboratory strain) were inoculated under blue light (0.5 mW/cm2) and darkness conditions, respectively, to obtain the passaged conidia of blue light group (n = 12) and darkness group (n = 12). Two groups were tested to determine the growth abilities and in vitro antifungal susceptibilities to five antifungal drugs (voriconazole (VRC), amphotericin B (AMB), terbinafine (TRB), caspofungin (CAS), and 5-flucytosine (5FC)), which were examined by microscopy for morphological observation and spectrophotometry for turbidity analysis. The results showed that blue light group passaged conidia were more sensitive to antifungal drugs (AMB, VRC, TRB, and CAS) compared to darkness group. The MIC50 of VRC significantly decreased after blue light treatment (P < 0.05). The fungal inhibition rate significantly increased for VRC, AMB, and TRB in the low concentration range (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Blue light did not affect germination or hyphal extension of passaged conidia. These results suggested that blue light could facilitate fungal inhibition effect of AMB, VRC, TRB, and CAS and may improve the therapeutic efficiency in VRC and AMB clinical applications. Blue light phototherapy may provide a new adjuvant approach for the treatment of ocular mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Cen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191.
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Mattoo AJ, Nonzom S. Investigating diverse methods for inducing sporulation in endophytic fungi. STUDIES IN FUNGI 2022. [DOI: 10.48130/sif-2022-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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8
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Ge X, Li R, Zhang X, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Xin Q. Transcriptome sequencing and global analysis of blue light-responsive genes provide clues for high carotenoid yields in Blakeslea trispora. Int Microbiol 2021; 25:325-338. [PMID: 34746983 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blakeslea trispora has great potential uses in industrial production because of the excellent capability of producing a large quantity of carotenoids. However, the mechanisms of light-induced carotenoid biosynthesis even the structural and regulatory genes in pathways remain unclear. In this paper, we reported the first transcriptome study in B. trispora in which we have carried out global survey of expression changes of genes participated in blue light response. We verified that the yield of β-carotene increased 3-fold when transferred from darkness to blue light for 24 h and the enhancement of transcription levels of carRA and carB presented a positive correlation with the increase in carotenoid production. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 1124 genes were upregulated and 740 genes were downregulated respectively after blue light exposure. Annotation through GO, KEGG, Swissprot, and COG databases showed 11119 unigenes compared well with known gene sequences, 5514 unigenes were classified into Gene Ontology, and 4675 unigenes were involved in distinct pathways. Among the blue light-responsive genes, 4 genes (carG1, carG3, carRA and carB) identified to function in carotenoid metabolic pathways were dominantly upregulated. We also discovered that 142 TF genes belonging to 45 different superfamilies showed significant differential expression (p≤ 0.05), 62 of which were obviously repressed by blue light. The detailed profile of transcription data will not only allow us to conduct further functional genomics study in B. trispora, but also enhance our understanding of potential metabolic pathway and regulatory network involved in light-regulated carotenoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqing Li
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xin
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Jeong MH, Park CH, Kim JA, Choi ED, Kim S, Hur JS, Park SY. Production and Activity of Cristazarin in the Lichen-Forming Fungus Cladonia metacorallifera. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:601. [PMID: 34436140 PMCID: PMC8397021 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens are a natural source of bioactive compounds. Cladonia metacorallifera var. reagens KoLRI002260 is a rare lichen known to produce phenolic compounds, such as rhodocladonic, thamnolic, and didymic acids. However, these metabolites have not been detected in isolated mycobionts. We investigated the effects of six carbon sources on metabolite biosynthesis in the C. metacorallifera mycobiont. Red pigments appeared only in Lilly and Barnett's media with fructose at 15 °C after 3 weeks of culture and decreased after 6 weeks. We purified these red pigments using preparative-scale high performance liquid chromatography and analyzed them via nuclear magnetic resonance. Results indicated that 1% fructose-induced cristazarin and 6-methylcristazarin production under light conditions. In total, 27 out of 30 putative polyketide synthase genes were differentially expressed after 3 weeks of culture, implying that these genes may be required for cristazarin production in C. metacorallifera. Moreover, the white collar genes Cmwc-1 and Cmwc-2 were highly upregulated at all times under light conditions, indicating a possible correlation between cristazarin production and gene expression. The cancer cell lines AGS, CT26, and B16F1 were sensitive to cristazarin, with IC50 values of 18.2, 26.1, and 30.9 μg/mL, respectively, which highlights the value of cristazarin. Overall, our results suggest that 1% fructose under light conditions is required for cristazarin production by C. metacorallifera mycobionts, and cristazarin could be a good bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hye Jeong
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchoeon 57922, Korea; (M.-H.J.); (C.-H.P.)
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Chan-Ho Park
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchoeon 57922, Korea; (M.-H.J.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Jung A Kim
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.A.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Eu Ddeum Choi
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Soonok Kim
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.A.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchoeon 57922, Korea; (M.-H.J.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
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10
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Rahmawati I, Rahayu G, Ratnadewi D, Achmadi S. Effect of Medium pH and Light on Quinidine Production in Cinchona calisaya Wedd. Endophytic Fungi. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:124-132. [PMID: 33900523 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.35761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Quinidine has pharmaceutical importance as an antimalarial, antiarrhythmia, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, astringent, and bitter flavoring agent. Quinidine is in high demand, yet its production from the bark of the quina tree (Cinchona calisaya) is limited. Quinidine production from quina tree fungal endophytes, namely Aspergillus sydowii, Diaporthe sp., Diaporthe lithicola, Fusarium oxysporum, and F. solani is lower than the quinidine content of the tree bark. This study attempted to increase quinidine production from these fungi. This research aimed to determine the optimum culture conditions for quinidine production from endophytic fungi. Materials and Methods Quinidine was produced by in vitro culturing of the fungal endophytes in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium under different culture conditions, i.e., a combination of an initial medium pH of 6.2 or 6.8, with or without light, in a static condition for 21 days of incubation at room temperature. Production under natural daylight in PDB medium without pH modification was used as the control. At the end of the incubation period, the mycelial mass was separated from the filtrate. The dried biomass and chloroform-extracted filtrate were weighed. Quinidine in the extract was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using high-performance liquid chromatograph. Results Quinidine production was affected by both light and the initial pH of the medium, depending on the fungal strain used. A significant increment in quinidine production, approximately 1.1-9.3-fold relative to its respective control was obtained from all fungi under their optimum conditions. Quinidine production in most of the fungi was significantly correlated with their biomass production but not with their extract production. Of those five fungi, F. solani that was cultured in PDB medium with an initial pH of 6.2 and incubated under continuous light produced the highest concentration of quinidine with low biomass. Conclusion The quinidine production of all fungal endophytes studied was affected by the culture conditions. F. solani is the most promising fungus for use as a quinidine production agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indriana Rahmawati
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Gayuh Rahayu
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Diah Ratnadewi
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Suminar Achmadi
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bogor, Indonesia
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11
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Losi A, Gärtner W. A light life together: photosensing in the plant microbiota. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:451-473. [PMID: 33721277 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi of the plant microbiota can be phytopathogens, parasites or symbionts that establish mutually advantageous relationships with plants. They are often rich in photoreceptors for UVA-Visible light, and in many cases, they exhibit light regulation of growth patterns, infectivity or virulence, reproductive traits, and production of pigments and of metabolites. In addition to the light-driven effects, often demonstrated via the generation of photoreceptor gene knock-outs, microbial photoreceptors can exert effects also in the dark. Interestingly, some fungi switch their attitude towards plants in dependence of illumination or dark conditions in as much as they may be symbiotic or pathogenic. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the roles of light and photoreceptors in plant-associated bacteria and fungi aiming at the identification of common traits and general working ideas. Still, reports on light-driven infection of plants are often restricted to the description of macroscopically observable phenomena, whereas detailed information on the molecular level, e.g., protein-protein interaction during signal transduction or induction mechanisms of infectivity/virulence initiation remains sparse. As it becomes apparent from still only few molecular studies, photoreceptors, often from the red- and the blue light sensitive groups interact and mutually modulate their individual effects. The topic is of great relevance, even in economic terms, referring to plant-pathogen or plant-symbionts interactions, considering the increasing usage of artificial illumination in greenhouses, the possible light-regulation of the synthesis of plant-growth stimulating substances or herbicides by certain symbionts, and the biocontrol of pests by selected fungi and bacteria in a sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aba Losi
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Wolfgang Gärtner
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Pardo-Medina J, Gutiérrez G, Limón MC, Avalos J. Impact of the White Collar Photoreceptor WcoA on the Fusarium fujikuroi Transcriptome. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:619474. [PMID: 33574802 PMCID: PMC7871910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.619474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins of the White Collar 1 family (WC) constitute a major class of flavin photoreceptors, widely distributed in fungi, that work in cooperation with a WC 2 protein forming a regulatory complex. The WC complex was investigated in great detail in Neurospora crassa, a model fungus in photobiology studies, where it controls all its major photoresponses. The fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, a model system in the production of secondary metabolites, contains a single WC-1 gene called wcoA. The best-known light response in this fungus is the photoinduction of the synthesis of carotenoids, terpenoid pigments with antioxidant properties. Loss of WcoA in F. fujikuroi results in a drastic reduction in the mRNA levels of the carotenoid genes, and a diversity of morphological and metabolic changes, including alterations in the synthesis of several secondary metabolites, suggesting a complex regulatory role. To investigate the function of WcoA, the transcriptome of F. fujikuroi was analyzed in the dark and after 15-, 60- or 240-min illumination in a wild strain and in a formerly investigated wcoA insertional mutant. Using a threshold of four-fold change in transcript levels, 298 genes were activated and 160 were repressed in the wild strain under at least one of the light exposures. Different response patterns were observed among them, with genes exhibiting either fast, intermediate, and slow photoinduction, or intermediate or slow repression. All the fast and intermediate photoresponses, and most of the slow ones, were lost in the wcoA mutant. However, the wcoA mutation altered the expression of a much larger number of genes irrespective of illumination, reaching at least 16% of the annotated genes in this fungus. Such genes include many related to secondary metabolism, as well as others related to photobiology and other cellular functions, including the production of hydrophobins. As judged by the massive transcriptomic changes exhibited by the wcoA mutant in the dark, the results point to WcoA as a master regulatory protein in F. fujikuroi, in addition to a central function as the photoreceptor responsible for most of the transcriptional responses to light in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pardo-Medina
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gutiérrez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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McCorison CB, Goodwin SB. The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici senses and responds to different wavelengths of light. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:513. [PMID: 32711450 PMCID: PMC7382159 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ascomycete fungus Zymoseptoria tritici (synonyms: Mycosphaerella graminicola, Septoria tritici) is a major pathogen of wheat that causes the economically important foliar disease Septoria tritici blotch. Despite its importance as a pathogen, little is known about the reaction of this fungus to light. To test for light responses, cultures of Z. tritici were grown in vitro for 16-h days under white, blue or red light, and their transcriptomes were compared with each other and to those obtained from control cultures grown in darkness. Results There were major differences in gene expression with over 3400 genes upregulated in one or more of the light conditions compared to dark, and from 1909 to 2573 genes specifically upregulated in the dark compared to the individual light treatments. Differences between light treatments were lower, ranging from only 79 differentially expressed genes in the red versus blue comparison to 585 between white light and red. Many of the differentially expressed genes had no functional annotations. For those that did, analysis of the Gene Ontology (GO) terms showed that those related to metabolism were enriched in all three light treatments, while those related to growth and communication were more prevalent in the dark. Interestingly, genes for effectors that have been shown previously to be involved in pathogenicity also were upregulated in one or more of the light treatments, suggesting a possible role of light for infection. Conclusions This analysis shows that Z. tritici can sense and respond to light with a huge effect on transcript abundance. High proportions of differentially expressed genes with no functional annotations illuminates the huge gap in our understanding of light responses in this fungus. Differential expression of genes for effectors indicates that light could be important for pathogenicity; unknown effectors may show a similar pattern of transcription. A better understanding of the effects of light on pathogenicity and other biological processes of Z. tritici could help to manage Septoria tritici blotch in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra B McCorison
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, USA
| | - Stephen B Goodwin
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, USA.
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Blakeslea trispora Photoreceptors: Identification and Functional Analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02962-19. [PMID: 32033952 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02962-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blakeslea trispora is an industrial fungal species used for large-scale production of carotenoids. However, B. trispora light-regulated physiological processes, such as carotenoid biosynthesis and phototropism, are not fully understood. In this study, we isolated and characterized three photoreceptor genes, btwc-1a, btwc-1b, and btwc-1c, in B. trispora Bioinformatics analyses of these genes and their protein sequences revealed that the functional domains (PAS/LOV [Per-ARNT-Sim/light-oxygen-voltage] domain and zinc finger structure) of the proteins have significant homology to those of other fungal blue-light regulator proteins expressed by Mucor circinelloides and Neurospora crassa The photoreceptor proteins were synthesized by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli The chromogenic groups consisting of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) were detected to accompany BTWC-1 proteins by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence spectrometry, demonstrating that the proteins may be photosensitive. The absorbance changes of the purified BTWC-1 proteins seen under dark and light conditions indicated that they were light responsive and underwent a characteristic photocycle by light induction. Site-directed mutagenesis of the cysteine residual (Cys) in BTWC-1 did not affect the normal expression of the protein in E. coli but did lead to the loss of photocycle response, indicating that Cys represents a flavin-binding domain for photon detection. We then analyzed the functions of BTWC-1 proteins by complementing btwc-1a, btwc-1b, and btwc-1c into the counterpart knockout strains of M. circinelloides for each mcwc-1 gene. Transformation of the btwc-1a complement into mcwc-1a knockout strains restored the positive phototropism, while the addition of btwc-1c complement remedied the deficiency of carotene biosynthesis in the mcwc-1c knockout strains under conditions of illumination. These results indicate that btwc-1a and btwc-1c are involved in phototropism and light-inducible carotenogenesis. Thus, btwc-1 genes share a conserved flavin-binding domain and act as photoreceptors for control of different light transduction pathways in B. trispora IMPORTANCE Studies have confirmed that light-regulated carotenogenesis is prevalent in filamentous fungi, especially in mucorales. However, few investigations have been done to understand photoinduced synthesis of carotenoids and related mechanisms in B. trispora, a well-known industrial microbial strains. In the present study, three photoreceptor genes in B. trispora were cloned, expressed, and characterized by bioinformatics and photoreception analyses, and then in vivo functional analyses of these genes were constructed in M. circinelloides The results of this study will lead to a better understanding of photoreception and light-regulated carotenoid synthesis and other physiological responses in B. trispora.
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The Photoreceptor Components FaWC1 and FaWC2 of Fusarium asiaticum Cooperatively Regulate Light Responses but Play Independent Roles in Virulence Expression. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030365. [PMID: 32150839 PMCID: PMC7143034 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium asiaticum belongs to one of the phylogenetical subgroups of the F. graminearum species complex and is epidemically predominant in the East Asia area. The life cycle of F. asiaticum is significantly regulated by light. In this study, the fungal blue light receptor white collar complex (WCC), including FaWC1 and FaWC2, were characterized in F. asiaticum. The knockout mutants ΔFawc1 and ΔFawc2 were generated by replacing the target genes via homologous recombination events. The two mutants showed similar defects in light-induced carotenoid biosynthesis, UV-C resistance, sexual fruiting body development, and the expression of the light-responsive marker genes, while in contrast, all these light responses were characteristics in wild-type (WT) and their complementation strains, indicating that FaWC1 and FaWC2 are involved in the light sensing of F. asiaticum. Unexpectedly, however, the functions of Fawc1 and Fawc2 diverged in regulating virulence, as the ΔFawc1 was avirulent to the tested host plant materials, but ΔFawc2 was equivalent to WT in virulence. Moreover, functional analysis of FaWC1 by partial disruption revealed that its light–oxygen–voltage (LOV) domain was required for light sensing but dispensable for virulence, and its Zinc-finger domain was required for virulence expression but not for light signal transduction. Collectively, these results suggest that the conserved fungal blue light receptor WCC not only endows F. asiaticum with light-sensing ability to achieve adaptation to environment, but it also regulates virulence expression by the individual component FaWC1 in a light-independent manner, and the latter function opens a way for investigating the pathogenicity mechanisms of this important crop disease agent.
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Effects of Cultural Conditions in Enhancing the Production of Anti-MRSA Activity of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64, an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Leaf of Ocimum sanctum L. in Submerged Fermentation System. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.4.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Corrochano LM. Light in the Fungal World: From Photoreception to Gene Transcription and Beyond. Annu Rev Genet 2019; 53:149-170. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120417-031415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fungi see light of different colors by using photoreceptors such as the White Collar proteins and cryptochromes for blue light, opsins for green light, and phytochromes for red light. Light regulates fungal development, promotes the accumulation of protective pigments and proteins, and regulates tropic growth. The White Collar complex (WCC) is a photoreceptor and a transcription factor that is responsible for regulating transcription after exposure to blue light. In Neurospora crassa, light promotes the interaction of WCCs and their binding to the promoters to activate transcription. In Aspergillus nidulans, the WCC and the phytochrome interact to coordinate gene transcription and other responses, but the contribution of these photoreceptors to fungal photobiology varies across fungal species. Ultimately, the effect of light on fungal biology is the result of the coordinated transcriptional regulation and activation of signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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18
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Zhang J, Wang F, Yang Y, Wang Y, Dong C. CmVVD is involved in fruiting body development and carotenoid production and the transcriptional linkage among three blue-light receptors in edible fungus Cordyceps militaris. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:466-482. [PMID: 31742850 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fruiting body development and carotenoid production are light-induced in Cordyceps militaris. Our previous studies have shown that two blue-light receptors, CmWC-1 and CmCRY-DASH, regulate fruiting body development and secondary metabolism. However, the photosensory system of C. militaris remains unclear. Here, gene deletion of Cmvvd, coding for another blue-light receptor, resulted in reduced conidiation level and significant promotion of carotenoid content. Cmvvd transcription levels at fruiting body stages were higher than at other stages, and fruiting bodies could not develop normally in ΔCmvvd strains, indicating that Cmvvd might play an important role in fruiting body development. Rhythm loops were not affected in ΔCmvvd strains but were regulated by Cmwc-1, and the expression of the rhythm regulator gene Cmfrq was dependent on CmWC-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that Cmvvd is the direct target of CmWC-1 in this fungus. Our results also revealed interdependent transcriptional relationships between Cmwc-1 and Cmvvd, and between Cmwc-1 and Cmcry-DASH. Cmcry-DASH expression was affected by Cmvvd, and the function-loss of Cmcry-DASH might be compensated by the high transcription of Cmvvd. This is the first report of the transcriptional linkage among the three blue-light receptors in edible fungi and will be helpful for studies of multicellular development in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Fusarium graminearum Colors and Deoxynivalenol Synthesis at Different Water Activity. Foods 2018; 8:foods8010007. [PMID: 30583578 PMCID: PMC6352133 DOI: 10.3390/foods8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a well-known mycotoxin, responsible for outbreaks of gastrointestinal disorders in Japan. Fusarium graminearum, a parasite of cereal crops, produces this toxin and this is one of the reasons why it is important to understand its metabolism. It is possible to predict the mold's color change and the quantity of DON synthesized throughout its lifecycle. Furthermore, aw has been found to affect the amount of DON. This study aimed to analyze the potential of F. graminearum surface color as a predictor of DON concentration at aw = 0.94, 0.97, and 0.99. Thus, 36 specimens were incubated at 25 °C, 12 at each aw. After 4, 8, 12, and 16 days, three specimens from each aw were collected for color analysis and DON quantification. For color analysis, photos were taken and red, green and blue (RGB) channels were measured on ImageJ software. DON was quantified through liquid chromatography (HPLC). Color changes were only observed at aw = 0.99 because at lower aw the molds presented high growth of white mycelium. Yet, DON increased in all cases. It was only possible to relate the colors with DON concentration at aw = 0.99, where they presented inverse proportionality.
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20
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Carvalho SD, Castillo JA. Influence of Light on Plant-Phyllosphere Interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1482. [PMID: 30369938 PMCID: PMC6194327 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-phyllosphere interactions depend on microbial diversity, the plant host and environmental factors. Light is perceived by plants and by microorganisms and is used as a cue for their interaction. Photoreceptors respond to narrow-bandwidth wavelengths and activate specific internal responses. Light-induced plant responses include changes in hormonal levels, production of secondary metabolites, and release of volatile compounds, which ultimately influence plant-phyllosphere interactions. On the other hand, microorganisms contribute making some essential elements (N, P, and Fe) biologically available for plants and producing growth regulators that promote plant growth and fitness. Therefore, light directly or indirectly influences plant-microbe interactions. The usage of light-emitting diodes in plant growth facilities is helping increasing knowledge in the field. This progress will help define light recipes to optimize outputs on plant-phyllosphere communications. This review describes research advancements on light-regulated plant-phyllosphere interactions. The effects of full light spectra and narrow bandwidth-wavelengths from UV to far-red light are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia D. Carvalho
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - José A. Castillo
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
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21
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Comprehensive Description of Fusarium graminearum Pigments and Related Compounds. Foods 2018; 7:foods7100165. [PMID: 30301164 PMCID: PMC6209861 DOI: 10.3390/foods7100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have explored in depth the biochemistry and genetics of the pigments present in Fusarium graminearum, but there is a need to discuss their relationship with the mold's observable surface color pattern variation throughout its lifecycle. Furthermore, they require basic cataloguing, including a description of their major features known so far. Colors are a viable alternative to size measurement in growth studies. When grown on yeast extract agar (YEA) at 25 °C, F. graminearum initially exhibits a whitish mycelium, developing into a yellow-orange mold by the sixth day and then turning into wine-red. The colors are likely due to accumulation of the golden yellow polyketide aurofusarin and the red rubrofusarin, but the carotenoid neurosporaxanthin also possibly plays a major role in the yellow or orange coloration. Torulene might contribute to red tones, but it perhaps ends up being converted into neurosporaxanthin. Culmorin is also present, but it does not contribute to the color, though it was initially isolated in pigment studies. Additionally, there is the 5-deoxybostrycoidin-based melanin, but it mostly occurs in the teleomorph's perithecium. There is still a need to chemically quantify the pigments throughout the lifecycle, and analyze their relationships and how much each impacts F. graminearum's surface color.
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22
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Zhu P, Li Q, Azad SM, Qi Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Xu L. Fungal Gene Mutation Analysis Elucidating Photoselective Enhancement of UV-C Disinfection Efficiency Toward Spoilage Agents on Fruit Surface. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1141. [PMID: 29951038 PMCID: PMC6008522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-wave ultraviolet (UV-C) treatment represents a potent, clean and safe substitute to chemical sanitizers for fresh fruit preservation. However, the dosage requirement for microbial disinfection may have negative effects on fruit quality. In this study, UV-C was found to be more efficient in killing spores of Botrytis cinerea in dark and red light conditions when compared to white and blue light. Loss of the blue light receptor gene Bcwcl1, a homolog of wc-1 in Neurospora crassa, led to hypersensitivity to UV-C in all light conditions tested. The expression of Bcuve1 and Bcphr1, which encode UV-damage endonuclease and photolyase, respectively, were strongly induced by white and blue light in a Bcwcl1-dependent manner. Gene mutation analyses of Bcuve1 and Bcphr1 indicated that they synergistically contribute to survival after UV-C treatment. In vivo assays showed that UV-C (1.0 kJ/m2) abolished decay in drop-inoculated fruit only if the UV-C treatment was followed by a dark period or red light, while in contrast, typical decay appeared on UV-C irradiated fruits exposed to white or blue light. In summary, blue light enhances UV-C resistance in B. cinerea by inducing expression of the UV damage repair-related enzymes, while the efficiency of UV-C application for fruit surface disinfection can be enhanced in dark or red light conditions; these principles seem to be well conserved among postharvest fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinkuan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sepideh M Azad
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qi
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yina Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Xu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Soliman SSM, Raizada MN. Darkness: A Crucial Factor in Fungal Taxol Production. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:353. [PMID: 29552002 PMCID: PMC5840228 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal Taxol acquired lots of attention in the last few decades mainly because of the hope that fungi could be manipulated more easily than yew trees to scale up the production level of this valuable anticancer drug. Several researchers have studied diverse factors to enhance fungal Taxol production. However, up to date fungal Taxol production has never been enhanced to the commercial level. We have hypothesized that optimization of fungal Taxol production may require clear understanding of the fungal habitat in its original host plant. One major feature shared by all fungal endophytes is that they are located in the internal plant tissues where darkness is prominent; hence here the effect of light on fungal Taxol production was tested. Incubation of Taxol-producing endophytic SSM001 fungus in light prior to inoculation in Taxol production culture media showed dramatic loss of Taxol accumulation, significant reduction in Taxol-containing resin bodies and reduction in the expression of genes known to be involved in Taxol biosynthesis. The loss of Taxol production was accompanied by production of dark green pigments. Pigmentation is a fungal protection mechanism which is photoreceptor mediated and induced by light. Opsin, a known photoreceptor involved in light perception and pigment production, was identified in SSM001 by genome sequencing. SSM001 opsin gene expression was induced by white light. The results from this study indicated that the endophytic fungus SSM001 required the dark habitat of its host plant for Taxol production and hence this biosynthetic pathway shows a negative response to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh S M Soliman
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Manish N Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Cohrs KC, Schumacher J. The Two Cryptochrome/Photolyase Family Proteins Fulfill Distinct Roles in DNA Photorepair and Regulation of Conidiation in the Gray Mold Fungus Botrytis cinerea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00812-17. [PMID: 28667107 PMCID: PMC5561282 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00812-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic leotiomycete Botrytis cinerea is known for the strict regulation of its asexual differentiation programs by environmental light conditions. Sclerotia are formed in constant darkness; black/near-UV (NUV) light induces conidiation; and blue light represses both differentiation programs. Sensing of black/NUV light is attributed to proteins of the cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF). To elucidate the molecular basis of the photoinduction of conidiation, we functionally characterized the two CPF proteins encoded in the genome of B. cinerea as putative positive-acting components. B. cinerea CRY1 (BcCRY1), a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase, acts as the major enzyme of light-driven DNA repair (photoreactivation) and has no obvious role in signaling. In contrast, BcCRY2, belonging to the cry-DASH proteins, is dispensable for photorepair but performs regulatory functions by repressing conidiation in white and especially black/NUV light. The transcription of bccry1 and bccry2 is induced by light in a White Collar complex (WCC)-dependent manner, but neither light nor the WCC is essential for the repression of conidiation through BcCRY2 when bccry2 is constitutively expressed. Further, BcCRY2 affects the transcript levels of both WCC-induced and WCC-repressed genes, suggesting a signaling function downstream of the WCC. Since both CPF proteins are dispensable for photoinduction by black/NUV light, the origin of this effect remains elusive and may be connected to a yet unknown UV-light-responsive system.IMPORTANCEBotrytis cinerea is an economically important plant pathogen that causes gray mold diseases in a wide variety of plant species, including high-value crops and ornamental flowers. The spread of disease in the field relies on the formation of conidia, a process that is regulated by different light qualities. While this feature has been known for a long time, we are just starting to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. Conidiation in B. cinerea is induced by black/near-UV light, whose sensing is attributed to the action of cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) proteins. Here we report on the distinct functions of two CPF proteins in the photoresponse of B. cinerea While BcCRY1 acts as the major photolyase in photoprotection, BcCRY2 acts as a cryptochrome with a signaling function in regulating photomorphogenesis (repression of conidiation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim C Cohrs
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), Münster, Germany
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Avalos J, Pardo-Medina J, Parra-Rivero O, Ruger-Herreros M, Rodríguez-Ortiz R, Hornero-Méndez D, Limón MC. Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Fusarium. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E39. [PMID: 29371556 PMCID: PMC5715946 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many fungi of the genus Fusarium stand out for the complexity of their secondary metabolism. Individual species may differ in their metabolic capacities, but they usually share the ability to synthesize carotenoids, a family of hydrophobic terpenoid pigments widely distributed in nature. Early studies on carotenoid biosynthesis in Fusariumaquaeductuum have been recently extended in Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium oxysporum, well-known biotechnological and phytopathogenic models, respectively. The major Fusarium carotenoid is neurosporaxanthin, a carboxylic xanthophyll synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate through the activity of four enzymes, encoded by the genes carRA, carB, carT and carD. These fungi produce also minor amounts of β-carotene, which may be cleaved by the CarX oxygenase to produce retinal, the rhodopsin's chromophore. The genes needed to produce retinal are organized in a gene cluster with a rhodopsin gene, while other carotenoid genes are not linked. In the investigated Fusarium species, the synthesis of carotenoids is induced by light through the transcriptional induction of the structural genes. In some species, deep-pigmented mutants with up-regulated expression of these genes are affected in the regulatory gene carS. The molecular mechanisms underlying the control by light and by the CarS protein are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Avalos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Javier Pardo-Medina
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Obdulia Parra-Rivero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Macarena Ruger-Herreros
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Ortiz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
- Present Address: CONACYT-Instituto de Neurobiología-UNAM, Juriquilla, Querétaro 076230, Mexico.
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Departamento de Fitoquímica de los Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Limón
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Benocci T, Aguilar-Pontes MV, Zhou M, Seiboth B, de Vries RP. Regulators of plant biomass degradation in ascomycetous fungi. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:152. [PMID: 28616076 PMCID: PMC5468973 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungi play a major role in the global carbon cycle because of their ability to utilize plant biomass (polysaccharides, proteins, and lignin) as carbon source. Due to the complexity and heterogenic composition of plant biomass, fungi need to produce a broad range of degrading enzymes, matching the composition of (part of) the prevalent substrate. This process is dependent on a network of regulators that not only control the extracellular enzymes that degrade the biomass, but also the metabolic pathways needed to metabolize the resulting monomers. This review will summarize the current knowledge on regulation of plant biomass utilization in fungi and compare the differences between fungal species, focusing in particular on the presence or absence of the regulators involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Benocci
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Victoria Aguilar-Pontes
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Oh M, Son H, Choi GJ, Lee C, Kim JC, Kim H, Lee YW. Transcription factor ART1 mediates starch hydrolysis and mycotoxin production in Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:755-68. [PMID: 26456718 PMCID: PMC6638531 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying the responses to environmental factors, such as nitrogen, carbon and pH, involve components that regulate the production of secondary metabolites, including mycotoxins. In this study, we identified and characterized a gene in the FGSG_02083 locus, designated as FgArt1, which was predicted to encode a Zn(II)2 Cys6 zinc finger transcription factor. An FgArt1 deletion mutant of Fusarium graminearum exhibited impaired starch hydrolysis as a result of significantly reduced α-amylase gene expression. The deletion strain was unable to produce trichothecenes and exhibited low Tri5 and Tri6 expression levels, whereas the complemented strain showed a similar ability to produce trichothecenes as the wild-type strain. In addition, FgArt1 deletion resulted in impairment of germination in starch liquid medium and reduced pathogenicity on flowering wheat heads. To investigate the roles of the FgArt1 homologue in F. verticillioides, we deleted the FVEG_02083 gene, and the resulting strain showed defects in starch hydrolysis, similar to the FgArt1 deletion strain, and produced no detectable level of fumonisin B1 . Fum1 and Fum12 expression levels were undetectable in the deletion strain. However, when the FvArt1-deleted F. verticillioides strain was complemented with FgArt1, the resulting strain was unable to recover the production of fumonisin B1 , although FgArt1 expression and starch hydrolysis were induced. Thus, our results suggest that there are different regulatory pathways governed by each ART1 transcription factor in trichothecene and fumonisin biosynthesis. Taken together, we suggest that ART1 plays an important role in both trichothecene and fumonisin biosynthesis by the regulation of genes involved in starch hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Oh
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-600, South Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-600, South Korea
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-600, South Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, South Korea
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Pasquali M, Cocco E, Guignard C, Hoffmann L. The effect of agmatine on trichothecene type B and zearalenone production in Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1672. [PMID: 26893962 PMCID: PMC4756729 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agmatine and other putrescines are known for being strong inducers of deoxynivalenol (DON) production in Fusarium graminearum. Other important species produce DON and/or other trichothecene type B toxins (3 acetylated DON, 15 acetylated DON, Fusarenon-X, Nivalenol), such as F. culmorum and F. poae. In order to verify whether the mechanism of the regulation of trichothecene type B induction by agmatine is shared by different species of Fusarium, we tested the hypothesis on 19 strains belonging to 3 Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae) with diverse genetic chemotypes (3ADON, 15ADON, NIV) by measuring trichothecene B toxins such as DON, NIV, Fusarenon-X, 3ADON and 15ADON. Moreover, we tested whether other toxins like zearalenone were also boosted by agmatine. The trichothecene type B boosting effect was observed in the majority of strains (13 out of 19) in all the three species. Representative strains from all three genetic chemotypes were able to boost toxin production after agmatine treatment. We identified the non-responding strains to the agmatine stimulus, which may contribute to deciphering the regulatory mechanisms that link toxin production to agmatine (and, more generally, polyamines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Pasquali
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Emmanuelle Cocco
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Cédric Guignard
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Belvaux , Luxembourg
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30
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Kim H, Kim HK, Lee S, Yun SH. The white collar complex is involved in sexual development of Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120293. [PMID: 25785736 PMCID: PMC4364711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual spores (ascospores) of Fusarium graminearum, a homothallic ascomycetous fungus, are believed to be the primary inocula for epidemics of the diseases caused by this species in cereal crops. Based on the light requirement for the formation of fruiting bodies (perithecia) of F. graminearum under laboratory conditions, we explored whether photoreceptors play an important role in sexual development. Here, we evaluated the roles of three genes encoding putative photoreceptors [a phytochrome gene (FgFph) and two white collar genes (FgWc-1 and FgWc-2)] during sexual development in F. graminearum. For functional analyses, we generated transgenic strains lacking one or two genes from the self-fertile Z3643 strain. Unlike the wild-type (WT) and add-back strains, the single deletion strains (ΔFgWc-1 and ΔFgWc-2) produced fertile perithecia under constant light on complete medium (CM, an unfavorable medium for sexual development) as well as on carrot agar (a perithecial induction condition). The expression of mating-type (MAT) genes increased significantly in the gene deletion strains compared to the WT under both conditions. Deletion of FgFph had no significant effect on sexual development or MAT gene expression. In contrast, all of the deletion strains examined did not show significant changes in other traits such as hyphal growth, mycotoxin production, and virulence. A split luciferase assay confirmed the in vivo protein-protein interactions among three photoreceptors along with FgLaeA, a global regulator of secondary metabolism and fungal development. Introduction of an intact copy of the A. nidulans LreA and LreB genes, which are homologs of FgWc-1 and FgWc-2, into the ΔFgWc-1 and ΔFgWc-2 strains, respectively, failed to repress perithecia formation on CM in the gene deletion strains. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FgWc-1 and FgWc-2, two central components of the blue-light sensing system, negatively regulate sexual development in F. graminearum, which differs from the regulation pattern in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Kim
- Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
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31
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Fuller KK, Loros JJ, Dunlap JC. Fungal photobiology: visible light as a signal for stress, space and time. Curr Genet 2014; 61:275-88. [PMID: 25323429 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Visible light is an important source of energy and information for much of life on this planet. Though fungi are neither photosynthetic nor capable of observing adjacent objects, it is estimated that the majority of fungal species display some form of light response, ranging from developmental decision-making to metabolic reprogramming to pathogenesis. As such, advances in our understanding of fungal photobiology will likely reach the broad fields impacted by these organisms, including agriculture, industry and medicine. In this review, we will first describe the mechanisms by which fungi sense light and then discuss the selective advantages likely imparted by their ability to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA,
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