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Characterization of the Secretome of Pathogenic Candida glabrata and Their Effectiveness against Systemic Candidiasis in BALB/c Mice for Vaccine Development. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14101989. [PMID: 36297425 PMCID: PMC9612021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by non-albicans Candida species have increased drastically in the past few decades. Candida glabrata is one of the most common opportunistic fungal pathogens in immunocompromised individuals, owing to its capability to attach to various human cell types and medical devices and being intrinsically weakly susceptible to azoles. Immunotherapy, including the development of antifungal vaccines, has been recognized as an alternative approach for preventing and treating fungal infections. Secretory proteins play a crucial role in establishing host–pathogen interactions and are also responsible for eliciting an immune response in the host during candidiasis. Therefore, fungal secretomes can provide promising protein candidates for antifungal vaccine development. This study attempts to uncover the presence of immunodominant antigenic proteins in the C. glabrata secretome and delineate their role in various biological processes and their potency in the development of antifungal vaccines. LC–MS/MS results uncovered that C. glabrata secretome consisted of 583 proteins, among which 33 were identified as antigenic proteins. The protection ability of secretory proteins against hematogenously disseminated infection caused by C. glabrata was evaluated in BALB/c mice. After immunization and booster doses, all the animals were challenged with a lethal dose of C. glabrata. All the mice showing signs of distress were sacrificed post-infection, and target organs were collected, followed by histopathology and C. glabrata (CFU/mg) estimation. Our results showed a lower fungal burden in target organs and increased survival in immunized mice compared to the infection control group, thus revealing the immunogenic property of secreted proteins. Thus, identified secretome proteins of C. glabrata have the potential to act as antigenic proteins, which can serve as potential candidates for the development of antifungal vaccines. This study also emphasizes the importance of a mass-spectrometry approach to identifying the antigenic proteins in C. glabrata secretome.
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Challenges in Serologic Diagnostics of Neglected Human Systemic Mycoses: An Overview on Characterization of New Targets. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050569. [PMID: 35631090 PMCID: PMC9143782 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic mycoses have been viewed as neglected diseases and they are responsible for deaths and disabilities around the world. Rapid, low-cost, simple, highly-specific and sensitive diagnostic tests are critical components of patient care, disease control and active surveillance. However, the diagnosis of fungal infections represents a great challenge because of the decline in the expertise needed for identifying fungi, and a reduced number of instruments and assays specific to fungal identification. Unfortunately, time of diagnosis is one of the most important risk factors for mortality rates from many of the systemic mycoses. In addition, phenotypic and biochemical identification methods are often time-consuming, which has created an increasing demand for new methods of fungal identification. In this review, we discuss the current context of the diagnosis of the main systemic mycoses and propose alternative approaches for the identification of new targets for fungal pathogens, which can help in the development of new diagnostic tests.
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Revealing Candida glabrata biofilm matrix proteome: global characterization and pH response. Biochem J 2021; 478:961-974. [PMID: 33555340 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a clinically relevant human pathogen with the ability to form high recalcitrant biofilms that contribute to the establishment and persistence of infection. A defining trait of biofilms is the auto-produced matrix, which is suggested to have structural, virulent and protective roles. Thus, elucidation of matrix components, their function and modulation by the host environment is crucial to disclose their role in C. glabrata pathogenesis. As a major step toward this end, this study aimed to reveal, for the first time, the matrix proteome of C. glabrata biofilms, to characterize it with bioinformatic tools and to study its modulation by the environmental pH (acidic and neutral). The results showed the presence of several pH-specific matrix proteins (51 acidic- and 206 neutral-specific) and also proteins commonly found at both pH conditions (236). Of note, several proteins related to mannan and β-glucan metabolism, which have a potential role in the delivery/organization of carbohydrates in the matrix, were found in both pH conditions but in much higher quantity under the neutral environment. Additionally, several virulence-related proteins, including epithelial adhesins, yapsins and moonlighting enzymes, were found among matrix proteins. Importantly, several proteins seem to have a non-canonical secretion pathway and Pdr1 was found to be a potential regulator of matrix proteome. Overall, this study indicates a relevant impact of environmental cues in the matrix proteome and provides a unique resource for further functional investigation of matrix proteins, contributing to the identification of potential targets for the development of new therapies against C. glabrata biofilms.
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Satala D, Satala G, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Bukowski M, Kluza A, Rapala-Kozik M, Kozik A. Structural Insights into the Interactions of Candidal Enolase with Human Vitronectin, Fibronectin and Plasminogen. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217843. [PMID: 33105833 PMCID: PMC7660097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant amounts of enolase—a cytosolic enzyme involved in the glycolysis pathway—are exposed on the cell surface of Candida yeast. It has been hypothesized that this exposed enolase form contributes to infection-related phenomena such as fungal adhesion to human tissues, and the activation of fibrinolysis and extracellular matrix degradation. The aim of the present study was to characterize, in structural terms, the protein-protein interactions underlying these moonlighting functions of enolase. The tight binding of human vitronectin, fibronectin and plasminogen by purified C. albicans and C. tropicalis enolases was quantitatively analyzed by surface plasmon resonance measurements, and the dissociation constants of the formed complexes were determined to be in the 10−7–10−8 M range. In contrast, the binding of human proteins by the S.cerevisiae enzyme was much weaker. The chemical cross-linking method was used to map the sites on enolase molecules that come into direct contact with human proteins. An internal motif 235DKAGYKGKVGIAMDVASSEFYKDGK259 in C. albicans enolase was suggested to contribute to the binding of all three human proteins tested. Models for these interactions were developed and revealed the sites on the enolase molecule that bind human proteins, extensively overlap for these ligands, and are well-separated from the catalytic activity center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Satala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (A.K.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Michal Bukowski
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Anna Kluza
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (A.K.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (J.K.-K.); (A.K.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Karkowska-Kuleta J, Kulig K, Karnas E, Zuba-Surma E, Woznicka O, Pyza E, Kuleta P, Osyczka A, Rapala-Kozik M, Kozik A. Characteristics of Extracellular Vesicles Released by the Pathogenic Yeast-Like Fungi Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071722. [PMID: 32708393 PMCID: PMC7408413 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. yeast-like fungi are opportunistic pathogens in humans and have been recently found to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are involved in many vital biological processes in fungal cells. These include communication between microorganisms and host–pathogen interactions during infection. The production of EVs and their content have been significantly characterized in the most common candidal species Candida albicans, including the identification of numerous virulence factors and cytoplasmic proteins in the EV cargo. We have here conducted the isolation and proteomic characterization of EVs produced by the clinically important non-albicans Candida species C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. With the use of ultracentrifugation of the cell-free culture supernatant, the candidal EVs were collected and found to be a heterogeneous population of particles for each species with sizes ranging from 60–280 nm. The proteinaceous contents of these vesicles were analyzed using LC-MS/MS, with particular attention paid to surface-expressed proteins that would come into immediate and direct contact with host cells. We thereby identified 42 extracellular and surface-connected proteins from C. glabrata, 33 from C. parapsilosis, and 34 from C. tropicalis, including membrane-associated transporters, glycoproteins and enzymes involved in the organization of the fungal cell wall, as well as several cytoplasmic proteins, including alcohol dehydrogenase, enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase, for which the vesicular transport is a possible mechanism underlying their non-classical secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kamila Kulig
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Elzbieta Karnas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (E.K.); (E.Z.-S.)
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biotechnology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Zuba-Surma
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (E.K.); (E.Z.-S.)
| | - Olga Woznicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (O.W.); (E.P.)
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (O.W.); (E.P.)
| | - Patryk Kuleta
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (P.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Artur Osyczka
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (P.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.)
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Moonlighting Proteins at the Candidal Cell Surface. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071046. [PMID: 32674422 PMCID: PMC7409194 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall in Candida albicans is not only a tight protective envelope but also a point of contact with the human host that provides a dynamic response to the constantly changing environment in infection niches. Particularly important roles are attributed to proteins exposed at the fungal cell surface. These include proteins that are stably and covalently bound to the cell wall or cell membrane and those that are more loosely attached. Interestingly in this regard, numerous loosely attached proteins belong to the class of “moonlighting proteins” that are originally intracellular and that perform essentially different functions in addition to their primary housekeeping roles. These proteins also demonstrate unpredicted interactions with non-canonical partners at an a priori unexpected extracellular location, achieved via non-classical secretion routes. Acting both individually and collectively, the moonlighting proteins contribute to candidal virulence and pathogenicity through their involvement in mechanisms critical for successful host colonization and infection, such as the adhesion to host cells, interactions with plasma homeostatic proteolytic cascades, responses to stress conditions and molecular mimicry. The documented knowledge of the roles of these proteins in C. albicans pathogenicity has utility for assisting the design of new therapeutic, diagnostic and preventive strategies against candidiasis.
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Lee PY, Saraygord-Afshari N, Low TY. The evolution of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis - from proteomics to emerging alternative applications. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1615:460763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Moreira ALE, Oliveira MAP, Silva LOS, Inácio MM, Bailão AM, Parente-Rocha JA, Cruz-Leite VRM, Paccez JD, de Almeida Soares CM, Weber SS, Borges CL. Immunoproteomic Approach of Extracellular Antigens From Paracoccidioides Species Reveals Exclusive B-Cell Epitopes. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2968. [PMID: 32117076 PMCID: PMC7015227 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are the etiological agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis restricted to the countries of Latin America. Currently, the Paracoccidioides complex is represented by Paracoccidioides lutzii, Paracoccidioides americana, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Paracoccidioides restrepiensis, and Paracoccidioides venezuelensis. Even with advances in techniques used for diagnosing fungal diseases, high rates of false-positive results for PCM are still presented. Additionally, there is no efficient antigen that can be used to follow up the efficiency of patient treatment. The immunoproteomic is considered a powerful tool for the identification of antigens. In addition, antigens are molecules recognized by the immune system, which make them excellent targets for diagnostic testing of diseases caused by microorganisms. In this vein, we investigated which antigens are secreted by species representing Paracoccidioides complex to increase the spectrum of molecules that could be used for future diagnostic tests, patient follow-up, or PCM therapy. To identify the profile of antigens secreted by Paracoccidioides spp., immunoproteomic approaches were used combining immunoprecipitation, followed by antigen identification by nanoUPLC-MSE-based proteomics. Consequently, it was possible to verify differences in the exoantigen profiles present among the studied species. Through a mass spectrometry approach, it was possible to identify 79 exoantigens in Paracoccidioides species. Using bioinformatics tools, two unique exoantigens in P. lutzii species were identified, as well as 44 epitopes exclusive to the Paracoccidioides complex and 12 unique antigenic sequences that can differentiate between Paracoccidioides species. Therefore, these results demonstrate that Paracoccidioides species have a range of B-cell epitopes exclusive to the complex as well as specific to each Paracoccidioides species. In addition, these analyses allowed us the identification of excellent biomarker candidates for epidemiology screening, diagnosis, patient follow-up, as well as new candidates for PCM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luís Elias Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Milton Adriano Pelli Oliveira
- Laboratório de Citocinas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lana O'Hara Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Moisés Morais Inácio
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Parente-Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Domiraci Paccez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Laboratório de Biociência, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Karkowska-Kuleta J, Satala D, Bochenska O, Rapala-Kozik M, Kozik A. Moonlighting proteins are variably exposed at the cell surfaces of Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis under certain growth conditions. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:149. [PMID: 31269895 PMCID: PMC6609379 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptability to different environmental conditions is an essential characteristic of pathogenic microorganisms as it facilitates their invasion of host organisms. The most external component of pathogenic yeast-like fungi from the Candida genus is the multilayered cell wall. This structure is composed mainly of complex polysaccharides and proteins that can undergo dynamic changes to adapt to the environmental conditions of colonized niches. RESULTS We utilized cell surface shaving with trypsin and a shotgun proteomic approach to reveal the surface-exposed proteins of three important non-albicans Candida species-C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. These proteinaceous components were identified after the growth of the fungal cells in various culture media, including artificial saliva, artificial urine and vagina-simulative medium under aerobic conditions and anaerobically in rich YPD medium. Several known proteins involved in cell wall maintenance and fungal pathogenesis were identified at the cell surface as were a number of atypical cell wall components-pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc11), enolase (Eno1) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Tdh3) which are so-called 'moonlighting' proteins. Notably, many of these proteins showed significant upregulation at the cell surface in growth media mimicking the conditions of infection compared to defined synthetic medium. CONCLUSIONS Moonlighting proteins are expressed under diverse conditions at the cell walls of the C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis fungal pathogens. This indicates a possible universal surface-associated role of these factors in the physiology of these fungi and in the pathology of the infections they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Dorota Satala
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Oliwia Bochenska
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Liao J, Pan B, Liao G, Zhao Q, Gao Y, Chai X, Zhuo X, Wu Q, Jiao B, Pan W, Guo Z. Synthesis and immunological studies of β-1,2-mannan-peptide conjugates as antifungal vaccines. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:250-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chatrath A, Gangwar R, Kumari P, Prasad R. In Vitro Anti-Biofilm Activities of Citral and Thymol Against Candida Tropicalis. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5010013. [PMID: 30717454 PMCID: PMC6462931 DOI: 10.3390/jof5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is an emerging non-albicans Candida species which is pathogenic to the immune-compromised humans, especially in tropical countries, including India. The acquired resistance of Candida species towards antifungal therapies is of major concern. Moreover, limited efficacy and dosage constraint of synthetic drugs have indicated the prerequisite of finding new and natural drugs for treatment. In the present study, we have compared the influence of citral and thymol on C. tropicalis and its biofilm along with expression levels of certain antifungal tolerance genes. The antifungal and anti-biofilm activities of the both were studied using 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide sodium salt (XTT) reduction assay, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Citral and thymol have damaged the cells with distorted surface and less viability. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed augmented expression of the cell membrane biosynthesis genes including ERG11/CYT450 against citral and the cell wall related tolerance genes involving CNB1 against thymol thus, depicting their differential mode of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Chatrath
- Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Rashmi Gangwar
- Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Ramasare Prasad
- Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand, India.
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Pitarch A, Nombela C, Gil C. Seroprofiling at the Candida albicans protein species level unveils an accurate molecular discriminator for candidemia. J Proteomics 2015; 134:144-162. [PMID: 26485298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Serum antibodies to specific Candida proteins have been reported as potential diagnostic biomarkers for candidemia. However, their diagnostic usefulness at the protein species level has hardly been examined. Using serological proteome analysis, we explored the IgG-antibody responses to Candida albicans protein species in candidemia and control patients. We found that 87 discrete protein species derived from 34 unique proteins were IgG-targets, although only 43 of them were differentially recognized by candidemia and control sera. An increase in the speciation of the immunome, connectivity and modularity of antigenic species co-recognition networks, and heterogeneity of antigenic species recognition patterns was associated with candidemia. IgG antibodies to certain discrete protein species were better predictors of candidemia than those to their corresponding proteins. A molecular discriminator delineated from the combined fingerprints of IgG antibodies to two distinct species of phosphoglycerate kinase and enolase accurately classified candidemia and control patients. These results provide new insight into the anti-Candida IgG-antibody response development in candidemia, and demonstrate that an immunoproteomic signature at the molecular level may be useful for its diagnosis. Our study further highlights the importance of defining pathogen-specific antigens at the chemical and molecular level for their potential application as immunodiagnostic reagents or even vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Pitarch
- Department of Microbiology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid and Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Spain.
| | - César Nombela
- Department of Microbiology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid and Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Spain
| | - Concha Gil
- Department of Microbiology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid and Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Spain
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Kozik A, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Zajac D, Bochenska O, Kedracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, Rapala-Kozik M. Fibronectin-, vitronectin- and laminin-binding proteins at the cell walls of Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis pathogenic yeasts. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:197. [PMID: 26438063 PMCID: PMC4595241 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida parapsilosis and C. tropicalis increasingly compete with C. albicans—the most common fungal pathogen in humans—as causative agents of severe candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. In contrast to C. albicans, the pathogenic mechanisms of these two non-albicans Candida species are poorly understood. Adhesion of Candida yeast to host cells and the extracellular matrix is critical for fungal invasion of hosts. Methods The fungal proteins involved in interactions with extracellular matrix proteins were isolated from mixtures of β-1,3-glucanase– or β-1,6-glucanase–extractable cell wall-associated proteins by use of affinity chromatography and chemical cross-linking methods, and were further identified by liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Results In the present study, we characterized the binding of three major extracellular matrix proteins—fibronectin, vitronectin and laminin—to C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis pseudohyphae. The major individual compounds of the fungal cell wall that bound fibronectin, vitronectin and laminin were found to comprise two groups: (1) true cell wall components similar to C. albicans adhesins from the Als, Hwp and Iff/Hyr families; and (2) atypical (cytoplasm-derived) surface-exposed proteins, including malate synthase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, enolase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, transketolase, transaldolase and elongation factor 2. Discussion The adhesive abilities of two investigated non-albicans Candida species toward extracellular matrix proteins were comparable to those of C. albicans suggesting an important role of this particular virulence attribute in the pathogenesis of infections caused by C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. Conclusions Our results reveal new insight into host–pathogen interactions during infections by two important, recently emerging, fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Dorota Zajac
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Oliwia Bochenska
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Department of Structural Biology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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Whibley N, Gaffen SL. Beyond Candida albicans: Mechanisms of immunity to non-albicans Candida species. Cytokine 2015; 76:42-52. [PMID: 26276374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The fungal genus Candida encompasses numerous species that inhabit a variety of hosts, either as commensal microbes and/or pathogens. Candida species are a major cause of fungal infections, yet to date there are no vaccines against Candida or indeed any other fungal pathogen. Our knowledge of immunity to Candida mainly comes from studies on Candida albicans, the most frequent species associated with disease. However, non-albicans Candida (NAC) species also cause disease and their prevalence is increasing. Although research into immunity to NAC species is still at an early stage, it is becoming apparent that immunity to C. albicans differs in important ways from non-albicans species, with important implications for treatment, therapy and predicted demographic susceptibility. This review will discuss the current understanding of immunity to NAC species in the context of immunity to C. albicans, and highlight as-yet unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Whibley
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, BST S702, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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