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Konkol JE, Becker B, Paulmann D, Steinmann E, Todt D, Meister TL, Evers S, Weide M, Dotzauer A, Brill FHH. A comprehensive approach for evaluating the virucidal performance of domestic laundry detergents under practical conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae052. [PMID: 38439676 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to develop a method to assess the virucidal performance of domestic laundry in a lab-scale washing machine (Rotawash) based on EN 17658. METHODS AND RESULTS For method development, virus recovery was investigated after drying on cotton carriers for three test viruses murine norovirus (MNV), modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), and bovine coronavirus (BCoV), followed by washing simulations in flasks and Rotawash. MNV and MVA demonstrated sufficient recovery from carriers after drying and washing (up to 40°C and 60 min). BCoV exhibited lower recovery, indicating less relevance as a test virus. Rotawash efficacy tests conducted with MNV, a resistant, non-enveloped virus, showed limited efficacy of a bleach-free detergent, aligning with results from a domestic washing machine. Rotawash washes achieved higher reductions in infectious virus titers than suspension tests, indicating the role of washing mechanics in virus removal. CONCLUSIONS This study established a practical method to test the virucidal efficacy of laundry detergents in Rotawash, simulating domestic washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna E Konkol
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
| | - Britta Becker
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
| | - Dajana Paulmann
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Centre (EVBC), 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Toni L Meister
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre, Hamburg 20251, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Hamburg 20359, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Evers
- Henkel AG & Co KGaA, Corporate Microbiology, Henkelstraße 67, Düsseldorf 40191, Germany
| | - Mirko Weide
- Henkel AG & Co KGaA, Microbiology & Hygiene, International R&D Henkel Consumer Brands, Henkelstraße 67, Düsseldorf 40191, Germany
| | - Andreas Dotzauer
- Laboratory for Virus Research, University Bremen/UFT, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Florian H H Brill
- Dr. Brill and Partner GmbH, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Bremen 28259, Germany
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da Silva Estrela Junior A, Solís K, Sobrinho CCDM, Garzón AI, Peñaherrera S, Vera DI, Solís Bonilla JL, Moraes WB, Laranjeira D, Gramacho KP. Viability of Moniliophthora roreri on Cocoa Beans Under Microfermentation and Long-Term Survival on Carrier Materials. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3497-3505. [PMID: 37157116 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2630-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The viability of Moniliophthora roreri inoculum was evaluated during the microfermentation process of diseased and healthy pulp-seed masses and on a range of carrier materials: aluminum, cloth, glass, paper, plastic, raffia, and rubber tire. Fungal survival was assessed before the microfermentation (0 h) and every 24 to 96 h by the growth of colonies in potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) and sporulation in seed shells. Colonies of M. roreri and sporulation on seed shells were observed from seeds not submitted to microfermentation. No growth was recovered from diseased cocoa beans after 48 h under the microfermentation. The viability of M. roreri spores recovered from carrier materials was evaluated at 7, 15, 30, 45, and 100 days after inoculation (DAI) by collecting spores and plating them on Sabouraud dextrose yeast extract agar amended with chloramphenicol (50 mg l1). The viability was determined by counting germinated and ungerminated spores under a light microscope (40×) after incubating in a moist chamber at 26 ± 2°C for 72 h. Spores maintained long-term viability on all tested carrier materials toward the end of the experiment (overall 26%) with significant differences (<0.05) among them. Maximum spore viability occurred at 7 and 15 DAI, with cloth and plastic carrier materials considered at high risk of acting as vehicles for the fungal spread. Mathematical models of spore viability over time were fit to the data using the Bayesian information criterion. Findings confirmed the importance of the fermentation process to hamper M. roreri growth and the potential of carrier materials for fungal dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Solís
- Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Mocache, Los Ríos, Ecuador
| | | | - Arturo Iván Garzón
- Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Mocache, Los Ríos, Ecuador
| | - Sofia Peñaherrera
- Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Mocache, Los Ríos, Ecuador
| | - Danilo I Vera
- Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Mocache, Los Ríos, Ecuador
| | - José Luis Solís Bonilla
- Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa (CERI), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas 30870, México
| | - Willian Bucker Moraes
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Delson Laranjeira
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Ilhéus, BA 45600-970, Brazil
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A New Synergistic Strategy for Virus and Bacteria Eradication: Towards Universal Disinfectants. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122791. [PMID: 36559284 PMCID: PMC9782051 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 and monkeypox outbreaks, we present the development of a universal disinfectant to avoid the spread of infectious viral diseases through contact with contaminated surfaces. The sanitizer, based on didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine (APDA) and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD), shows synergistic effects against non-enveloped viruses (poliovirus type 1 and murine norovirus) according to the EN 14476 standard (≥99.99% reduction of virus titer). When a disinfectant product is effective against them, it can be considered that it will be effective against all types of viruses, including enveloped viruses. Consequently, "general virucidal activity" can be claimed. Moreover, we have extended this synergistic action to bacteria (P. aeruginosa, EN 13727). Based on physicochemical investigations, we have proposed two independent mechanisms of action against bacteria and non-enveloped viruses, operating at sub- and super-micellar concentrations, respectively. This synergistic mixture could then be highly helpful as a universal disinfectant to avoid the spread of infectious viral or bacterial diseases in community settings, including COVID-19 and monkeypox (caused by enveloped viruses).
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Dean K, Mitchell J. Meta-Analysis Addressing the Implications of Model Uncertainty in Understanding the Persistence of Indicators and Pathogens in Natural Surface Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12106-12115. [PMID: 35984692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the impact persistence model selection has on the prediction of persistence values of interest and the identification of influential water quality and environmental factors for microorganisms in natural surface waters. Five persistence models representing first-order decay and nonlinear decay profiles were fit to a comprehensive database of 629 data sets for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), bacteriophages, bacteria, viruses, and protozoa mined from the literature. Initial periods of minimal decay and decay rates tapering off over time were often observed, and a two-parameter model, based on the logistic probability distribution, provided the best fit to the data most frequently. First-order decay kinetics provided the best fit to less than 20% of the analyzed data. Using the best fitting models in this analysis, T90 and T99 metrics were calculated for each data set and used as the dependent variable in a variety of exploratory factor analyses. Random forest methods identified temperature and predation as some of the most important water quality factors influencing persistence, and the protozoa target type differed the most from FIB. This analysis further confirmed the interactions between temperature and predation and suggests that pH and turbidity be more frequently documented in persistence studies to further elucidate their impact on target persistence. The findings from this analysis and the calculated persistence metrics can be used to better inform quantitative microbial risk assessments and may lead to improved predictions of human health risks and water management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Dean
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, 524 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan48824, United States
| | - Jade Mitchell
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, 524 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan48824, United States
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Bonadonna L, Briancesco R, Coccia AM, Meloni P, Rosa GL, Moscato U. Microbial Air Quality in Healthcare Facilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6226. [PMID: 34207509 PMCID: PMC8296088 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that indoor air quality and contaminated surfaces provide an important potential source for transmission of pathogens in hospitals. Airborne hospital microorganisms are apparently harmless to healthy people. Nevertheless, healthcare settings are characterized by different environmental critical conditions and high infective risk, mainly due to the compromised immunologic conditions of the patients that make them more vulnerable to infections. Thus, spread, survival and persistence of microbial communities are important factors in hospital environments affecting health of inpatients as well as of medical and nursing staff. In this paper, airborne and aerosolized microorganisms and their presence in hospital environments are taken into consideration, and the factors that collectively contribute to defining the infection risk in these facilities are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Bonadonna
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Rossella Briancesco
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Anna Maria Coccia
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Pierluigi Meloni
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.M.C.); (P.M.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Umberto Moscato
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Persistence of Pathogens on Inanimate Surfaces: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020343. [PMID: 33572303 PMCID: PMC7916105 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the prevention of infectious diseases, knowledge about transmission routes is essential. In addition to respiratory, fecal-oral, and sexual transmission, the transfer of pathogens via surfaces plays a vital role for human pathogenic infections-especially nosocomial pathogens. Therefore, information about the survival of pathogens on surfaces can have direct implications on clinical measures, including hygiene guidelines and disinfection strategies. In this review, we reviewed the existing literature regarding viral, bacterial, and fungal persistence on inanimate surfaces. In particular, the current knowledge of the survival time and conditions of clinically relevant pathogens is summarized. While many pathogens persist only for hours, common nosocomial pathogens can survive for days to weeks under laboratory conditions and thereby potentially form a continuous source of transmission if no adequate inactivation procedures are performed.
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Rowell CER, Dobrovolny HM. Energy Requirements for Loss of Viral Infectivity. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:281-294. [PMID: 32757142 PMCID: PMC7405386 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Outside the host, viruses will eventually lose their ability to infect cells due to conformational changes that occur to proteins on the viral capsid. In order to undergo a conformational change, these proteins require energy to activate the chemical reaction that leads to the conformational change. In this study, data from the literature is used to calculate the energy required for viral inactivation for a variety of different viruses by means of the Arrhenius equation. We find that some viruses (rhinovirus, poliovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus, and hepatitis A virus) have high inactivation energies, indicative of breaking of a chemical double bond. We also find that several viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, poliovirus, and norovirus) have nonlinear Arrhenius plots, suggesting that there is more than a single pathway for inactivation of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E R Rowell
- Department of Chemistry, Wingate University, Hendersonville, NC, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Kampf G. How long can nosocomial pathogens survive on textiles? A systematic review. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2020; 15:Doc10. [PMID: 32547910 PMCID: PMC7273332 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Healthcare-associated infections linked to contaminated textiles are rare but underline their potential role as a source for transmission. The aim of the review was to summarize the experimental evidence on the survival and persistence of the different types of nosocomial pathogens on textiles. Methods: A literature search was performed on MedLine. Original data on the survival of bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi and persistence of viruses on textiles were evaluated. Results: The survival of bacteria at room temperature was the longest on polyester (up to 206 days), whereas it was up to 90 days for some species on cotton and mixed fibers. Only low inocula of 100 CFU were found on all types of textiles with a short survival time of ≤3 days. Most bacterial species survived better at elevated air humidity. The infectivity of viruses on textiles is lost much faster at room temperature, typically within 2–4 weeks. Conclusions: Contaminated textiles or fabrics may be a source of transmission for weeks. The presence of pathogens on the coats of healthcare workers is associated with the presence of pathogens on their hands, demonstrating the relevance of textile contamination in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Kampf
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
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9
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Zhao P, Li Y. New sequential‐touch method to determine bacterial contact transfer rate from finger to surface. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:605-615. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Y. Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
- School of Public Health The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR China
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