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Akter S, Wos-Oxley ML, Catalano SR, Hassan MM, Li X, Qin JG, Oxley AP. Host Species and Environment Shape the Gut Microbiota of Cohabiting Marine Bivalves. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:1755-1772. [PMID: 36811710 PMCID: PMC10497454 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) are commercially important marine bivalves that frequently coexist and have overlapping feeding ecologies. Like other invertebrates, their gut microbiota is thought to play an important role in supporting their health and nutrition. Yet, little is known regarding the role of the host and environment in driving these communities. Here, bacterial assemblages were surveyed from seawater and gut aspirates of farmed C. gigas and co-occurring wild M. galloprovincialis in summer and winter using Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Unlike seawater, which was dominated by Pseudomonadata, bivalve samples largely consisted of Mycoplasmatota (Mollicutes) and accounted for >50% of the total OTU abundance. Despite large numbers of common (core) bacterial taxa, bivalve-specific species (OTUs) were also evident and predominantly associated with Mycoplasmataceae (notably Mycoplasma). An increase in diversity (though with varied taxonomic evenness) was observed in winter for both bivalves and was associated with changes in the abundance of core and bivalve-specific taxa, including several representing host-associated and environmental (free-living or particle-diet associated) organisms. Our findings highlight the contribution of the environment and the host in defining the composition of the gut microbiota in cohabiting, intergeneric bivalve populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Akter
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Sarah R Catalano
- Aquatic Sciences Centre, South Australian Research and Development Institute, West Beach, SA, Australia
| | - Md Mahbubul Hassan
- Aquaculture Research and Development, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Hillarys, WA, Australia
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Aquatic Sciences Centre, South Australian Research and Development Institute, West Beach, SA, Australia
| | - Jian G Qin
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew Pa Oxley
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Desdouits M, Reynaud Y, Philippe C, Guyader FSL. A Comprehensive Review for the Surveillance of Human Pathogenic Microorganisms in Shellfish. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2218. [PMID: 37764063 PMCID: PMC10537662 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscan shellfish have been consumed for centuries. Being filter feeders, they may bioaccumulate some microorganisms present in coastal water, either naturally or through the discharge of human or animal sewage. Despite regulations set up to avoid microbiological contamination in shellfish, human outbreaks still occur. After providing an overview showing their implication in disease, this review aims to highlight the diversity of the bacteria or enteric viruses detected in shellfish species, including emerging pathogens. After a critical discussion of the available methods and their limitations, we address the interest of technological developments using genomics to anticipate the emergence of pathogens. In the coming years, further research needs to be performed and methods need to be developed in order to design the future of surveillance and to help risk assessment studies, with the ultimate objective of protecting consumers and enhancing the microbial safety of bivalve molluscan shellfish as a healthy food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Françoise S. Le Guyader
- Ifremer, Unité Microbiologie Aliment Santé et Environnement, RBE/LSEM, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.D.); (Y.R.); (C.P.)
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Diner RE, Zimmer-Faust A, Cooksey E, Allard S, Kodera SM, Kunselman E, Garodia Y, Verhougstraete MP, Allen AE, Griffith J, Gilbert JA. Host and Water Microbiota Are Differentially Linked to Potential Human Pathogen Accumulation in Oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0031823. [PMID: 37318344 PMCID: PMC10370324 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00318-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oysters play an important role in coastal ecology and are a globally popular seafood source. However, their filter-feeding lifestyle enables coastal pathogens, toxins, and pollutants to accumulate in their tissues, potentially endangering human health. While pathogen concentrations in coastal waters are often linked to environmental conditions and runoff events, these do not always correlate with pathogen concentrations in oysters. Additional factors related to the microbial ecology of pathogenic bacteria and their relationship with oyster hosts likely play a role in accumulation but are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether microbial communities in water and oysters were linked to accumulation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, or fecal indicator bacteria. Site-specific environmental conditions significantly influenced microbial communities and potential pathogen concentrations in water. Oyster microbial communities, however, exhibited less variability in microbial community diversity and accumulation of target bacteria overall and were less impacted by environmental differences between sites. Instead, changes in specific microbial taxa in oyster and water samples, particularly in oyster digestive glands, were linked to elevated levels of potential pathogens. For example, increased levels of V. parahaemolyticus were associated with higher relative abundances of cyanobacteria, which could represent an environmental vector for Vibrio spp. transport, and with decreased relative abundance of Mycoplasma and other key members of the oyster digestive gland microbiota. These findings suggest that host and microbial factors, in addition to environmental variables, may influence pathogen accumulation in oysters. IMPORTANCE Bacteria in the marine environment cause thousands of human illnesses annually. Bivalves are a popular seafood source and are important in coastal ecology, but their ability to concentrate pathogens from the water can cause human illness, threatening seafood safety and security. To predict and prevent disease, it is critical to understand what causes pathogenic bacteria to accumulate in bivalves. In this study, we examined how environmental factors and host and water microbial communities were linked to potential human pathogen accumulation in oysters. Oyster microbial communities were more stable than water communities, and both contained the highest concentrations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus at sites with warmer temperatures and lower salinities. High oyster V. parahaemolyticus concentrations corresponded with abundant cyanobacteria, a potential vector for transmission, and a decrease in potentially beneficial oyster microbes. Our study suggests that poorly understood factors, including host and water microbiota, likely play a role in pathogen distribution and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Diner
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, La Jolla, California, USA
- University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Amy Zimmer-Faust
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Microbiology Group, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - Emily Cooksey
- Environment, Exposure Science and Risk Assessment Center, University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sarah Allard
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, La Jolla, California, USA
- University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sho M. Kodera
- University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Emily Kunselman
- University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yash Garodia
- University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marc P. Verhougstraete
- Environment, Exposure Science and Risk Assessment Center, University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Andrew E. Allen
- University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Environmental and Microbial Genomics Group, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John Griffith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Microbiology Group, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - Jack A. Gilbert
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, La Jolla, California, USA
- University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA
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4
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DNA Enrichment Methods for Microbial Symbionts in Marine Bivalves. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020393. [PMID: 35208848 PMCID: PMC8878965 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing is a powerful tool used for bivalve symbiosis research, but the largest barrier is the contamination of host DNA. In this work, we assessed the host DNA reduction efficiency, microbial community structure, and microbial diversity of four different sample pre-treatment and DNA extraction methods employed in bivalve gill tissue samples. Metagenomic sequencing showed the average proportions of reads belonging to microorganisms retrieved using PowerSoil DNA extraction kit, pre-treatment with differential centrifugation, pre-treatment with filtration, and HostZERO Microbial DNA kit samples were 2.3 ± 0.6%, 2.5 ± 0.2%, 4.7 ± 1.6%, and 42.6 ± 6.8%, respectively. The microbial DNA was effectively enriched with HostZERO Microbial DNA kit. The microbial communities revealed by amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed the taxonomic biases by using four different pre-treatment and DNA extraction methods. The species diversities of DNA samples extracted with the PowerSoil DNA extraction kit were similar, while lower than DNA samples extracted with HostZERO Microbial DNA kit. The results of this study emphasized the bias of these common methods in bivalve symbionts research and will be helpful to choose a fit-for-purpose microbial enrichment strategy in future research on bivalves or other microbe–invertebrate symbioses.
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Zhang B, Sun W, Ran L, Wang C, Wang J, An R, Liang X. Anti-Interference Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Aquatic Food Based on Target-Cyclized RCA with Dynamic Adapter Followed by LAMP. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030352. [PMID: 35159502 PMCID: PMC8834026 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is considered the most concerning pathogen for seafood. Like other pathogens in food samples, its gene detection suffers from a problem of background interference when isothermal detection methods are used. The sensitivity and specificity greatly decrease due to large amounts of background genome. Here we describe a novel isothermal detection technology based on target-cyclized rolling circle amplification combined with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (tRCA-lamp). By avoiding unexpected ligation, a short dynamic adapter is employed to increase the sensitivity of target cyclization in the presence of the background genome. At the amplification step, highly specific detection is obtained by linear RCA and simplified LAMP (only two primers are used). Furthermore, visual detection is easily realized with hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB). In the oyster samples, the tRCA-lamp approach can detect V. parahaemolyticus with a detection limit of 22 cfu/g with none necessary to enrich the bacteria and remove the host DNA. This method gets rid of the complicated primer design process and can be extended to the detection of other pathogens in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.Z.); (W.S.); (L.R.); (C.W.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Wenhua Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.Z.); (W.S.); (L.R.); (C.W.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Lingling Ran
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.Z.); (W.S.); (L.R.); (C.W.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Chenru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.Z.); (W.S.); (L.R.); (C.W.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.Z.); (W.S.); (L.R.); (C.W.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Ran An
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.Z.); (W.S.); (L.R.); (C.W.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xingguo Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (B.Z.); (W.S.); (L.R.); (C.W.); (J.W.); (X.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
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Pathirana E, Whittington RJ, Hick PM. Impact of seawater temperature on the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) microbiome and susceptibility to disease associated with Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1). ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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King WL, Kaestli M, Siboni N, Padovan A, Christian K, Mills D, Seymour J, Gibb K. Pearl Oyster Bacterial Community Structure Is Governed by Location and Tissue-Type, but Vibrio Species Are Shared Among Oyster Tissues. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:723649. [PMID: 34434182 PMCID: PMC8381468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.723649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of bivalves of aquacultural importance, including the valuable Australian silver-lipped pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima), have been increasing in frequency and severity. The bivalve microbiome is linked to health and disease dynamics, particularly in oysters, with putative pathogens within the Vibrio genus commonly implicated in oyster diseases. Previous studies have been biased toward the Pacific oyster because of its global dominance in oyster aquaculture, while much less is known about the microbiome of P. maxima. We sought to address this knowledge gap by characterizing the P. maxima bacterial community, and we hypothesized that bacterial community composition, and specifically the occurrence of Vibrio, will vary according to the sampled microenvironment. We also predicted that the inside shell swab bacterial composition could represent a source of microbial spillover biofilm into the solid pearl oyster tissues, thus providing a useful predictive sampling environment. We found that there was significant heterogeneity in bacterial composition between different pearl oyster tissues, which is consistent with patterns reported in other bivalve species and supports the hypothesis that each tissue type represents a unique microenvironment for bacterial colonization. We suggest that, based on the strong effect of tissue-type on the pearl oyster bacterial community, future studies should apply caution when attempting to compare microbial patterns from different locations, and when searching for disease agents. The lack of association with water at each farm also supported the unique nature of the microbial communities in oyster tissues. In contrast to the whole bacterial community, there was no significant difference in the Vibrio community among tissue types nor location. These results suggest that Vibrio species are shared among different pearl oyster tissues. In particular, the similarity between the haemolymph, inside shell and solid tissues, suggests that the haemolymph and inside shell environment is a source of microbial spillover into the oyster tissues, and a potentially useful tool for non-destructive routine disease testing and early warning surveillance. These data provide important foundational information for future studies identifying the factors that drive microbial assembly in a valuable aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mirjam Kaestli
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Padovan
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Keith Christian
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - David Mills
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Gibb
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
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Scanes E, Parker LM, Seymour JR, Siboni N, King WL, Danckert NP, Wegner KM, Dove MC, O'Connor WA, Ross PM. Climate change alters the haemolymph microbiome of oysters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:111991. [PMID: 33485019 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The wellbeing of marine organisms is connected to their microbiome. Oysters are a vital food source and provide ecological services, yet little is known about how climate change such as ocean acidification and warming will affect their microbiome. We exposed the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, to orthogonal combinations of temperature (24, 28 °C) and pCO2 (400 and 1000 μatm) for eight weeks and used amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA (V3-V4) gene to characterise the bacterial community in haemolymph. Overall, elevated pCO2 and temperature interacted to alter the microbiome of oysters, with a clear partitioning of treatments in CAP ordinations. Elevated pCO2 was the strongest driver of species diversity and richness and elevated temperature also increased species richness. Climate change, both ocean acidification and warming, will alter the microbiome of S. glomerata which may increase the susceptibility of oysters to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Scanes
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Laura M Parker
- The University of New South Wales, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - William L King
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia; Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nathan P Danckert
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - K Mathias Wegner
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Coastal Ecology, Wadden Sea Station, List, Sylt 25992, Germany
| | - Michael C Dove
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, New South Wales 2316, Australia
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, New South Wales 2316, Australia
| | - Pauline M Ross
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Chevalier FD, Diaz R, McDew-White M, Anderson TJC, Clec’h WL. The hemolymph of Biomphalaria snail vectors of schistosomiasis supports a diverse microbiome. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5450-5466. [PMID: 33169917 PMCID: PMC8023393 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome - the microorganism community that is found on or within an organism's body - is increasingly recognized to shape many aspects of its host biology and is a key determinant of health and disease. Microbiomes modulate the capacity of insect disease vectors (mosquitoes, tsetse flies, sandflies) to transmit parasites and disease. We investigate the diversity and abundance of microorganisms within the hemolymph (i.e. blood) of Biomphalaria snails, the intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial 16S V4 rDNA. We sampled hemolymph from five snails from six different laboratory populations of B. glabrata and one population of B. alexandrina. We observed 279.84 ± 0.79 amplicon sequence variants per snail. There were significant differences in microbiome composition at the level of individual snails, snail populations and species. Snail microbiomes were dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes while water microbiomes from snail tank were dominated by Actinobacteria. We investigated the absolute bacterial load using qPCR: hemolymph samples contained 2784 ± 339 bacteria/μl. We speculate that the microbiome may represent a critical, but unexplored intermediary in the snail-schistosome interaction as hemolymph is in very close contact with the parasite at each step of its development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robbie Diaz
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78258
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78258
| | | | - Winka Le Clec’h
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78258
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Musella M, Wathsala R, Tavella T, Rampelli S, Barone M, Palladino G, Biagi E, Brigidi P, Turroni S, Franzellitti S, Candela M. Tissue-scale microbiota of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and its relationship with the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137209. [PMID: 32084687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we characterize the structural variation of the microbiota of Mytilus galloprovincialis at the tissue scale, also exploring the connection with the microbial ecosystem of the surrounding water. Mussels were sampled within a farm located in the North-Western Adriatic Sea and microbiota composition was analyzed in gills, hemolymph, digestive glands, stomach and foot by Next Generation Sequencing marker gene approach. Mussels showed a distinctive microbiota structure, with specific declinations at the tissue level. Indeed, each tissue is characterized by a distinct pattern of dominant families, reflecting a peculiar adaptation to the respective tissue niche. For instance, the microbiota of the digestive gland is characterized by Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, being shaped to ferment complex polysaccharides of dietary origin into short-chain fatty acids, well matching the general asset of the animal gut microbiota. Conversely, the gill and hemolymph ecosystems are dominated by marine microorganisms with aerobic oxidative metabolism, consistent with the role played by these tissues as an interface with the external environment. Our findings highlight the putative importance of mussel microbiota for different aspects of host physiology, with ultimate repercussions on mussel health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Musella
- HolobioME, Unit of Holobiont Microbiome and Microbiome Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rasika Wathsala
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Teresa Tavella
- HolobioME, Unit of Holobiont Microbiome and Microbiome Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- HolobioME, Unit of Holobiont Microbiome and Microbiome Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Barone
- HolobioME, Unit of Holobiont Microbiome and Microbiome Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Palladino
- HolobioME, Unit of Holobiont Microbiome and Microbiome Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- HolobioME, Unit of Holobiont Microbiome and Microbiome Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- HolobioME, Unit of Holobiont Microbiome and Microbiome Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- HolobioME, Unit of Holobiont Microbiome and Microbiome Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Franzellitti
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Marco Candela
- HolobioME, Unit of Holobiont Microbiome and Microbiome Engineering, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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