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Vilela da Silva CA, Costa Dos Santos CE, de Paula Cortezzi MF, Moura CDSS, Cruz RE, Almeida Lopes CD, Costa K, Souza LTD, Silva PCLD, Neumann E, Nunes ÁC, Gomes MA, Silva Oliveira FM, Caliari MV. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli modulates the virulence and pathogenicity of Entamoeba dispar. Exp Parasitol 2024; 261:108750. [PMID: 38614222 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica, affecting the large intestine of humans and occasionally leading to extra-intestinal lesions. Entamoeba dispar is another amoeba species considered commensal, although it has been identified in patients presenting with dysenteric and nondysenteric colitis, as well as amoebic liver abscess. Amoebic virulence factors are essential for the invasion and development of lesions. There is evidence showing that the association of enterobacteria with trophozoites contributes to increased gene expression of amoebic virulence factors. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is an important bacterium causing diarrhea, with high incidence rates in the world population, allowing it to interact with Entamoeba sp. in the same host. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the influence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli on ACFN and ADO Entamoeba dispar strains by quantifying the gene expression of virulence factors, including galactose/N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-binding lectin, cysteine proteinase 2, and amoebapores A and C. Additionally, the study assesses the progression and morphological aspect of amoebic liver abscess and the profile of inflammatory cells. Our results demonstrated that the interaction between EPEC and ACFN Entamoeba dispar strains was able to increase the gene expression of virulence factors, as well as the lesion area and the activity of the inflammatory infiltrate. However, the association with the ADO strain did not influence the gene expression of virulence factors. Together, our findings indicate that the interaction between EPEC, ACFN, and ADO Entamoeba dispar strains resulted in differences in vitro and in vivo gene expression of Gal/GalNAc-binding lectin and CP2, in enzymatic activities of MPO, NAG, and EPO, and consequently, in the ability to cause lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - César da Silva Santana Moura
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ruth Elizabeth Cruz
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila de Almeida Lopes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karen Costa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Teixeira de Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Costa Lima da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Neumann
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Cantini Nunes
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
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2
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Fusco V, Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Montemurro M, Rizzello CG, Franz CMAP. The Weissella and Periweissella genera: up-to-date taxonomy, ecology, safety, biotechnological, and probiotic potential. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1289937. [PMID: 38169702 PMCID: PMC10758620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1289937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genera Weissella and Periweissella are lactic acid bacteria, which emerged in the last decades for their probiotic and biotechnological potential. In 2015, an article reviewing the scientific literature till that date on the taxonomy, ecology, and biotechnological potential of the Weissella genus was published. Since then, the number of studies on this genus has increased enormously, several novel species have been discovered, the taxonomy of the genus underwent changes and new insights into the safety, and biotechnological and probiotic potential of weissellas and periweissellas could be gained. Here, we provide an updated overview (from 2015 until today) of the taxonomy, ecology, safety, biotechnological, and probiotic potential of these lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Montemurro
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
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3
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Chen YZ, Rong WT, Qin YC, Lu LY, Liu J, Li MJ, Xin L, Li XD, Guan DL. Integrative analysis of microbiota and metabolomics in chromium-exposed silkworm ( Bombyx mori) midguts based on 16S rDNA sequencing and LC/MS metabolomics. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1278271. [PMID: 37954243 PMCID: PMC10635416 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1278271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem integral to host wellbeing, is modulated by environmental triggers, including exposure to heavy metals such as chromium. This study aims to comprehensively explore chromium-induced gut microbiota and metabolomic shifts in the quintessential lepidopteran model organism, the silkworm (Bombyx mori). The research deployed 16S rDNA sequence analysis and LC/MS metabolomics in its experimental design, encompassing a control group alongside low (12 g/kg) and high (24 g/kg) feeding chromium dosing regimens. Considerable heterogeneity in microbial diversity resulted between groups. Weissella emerged as potentially resilient to chromium stress, while elevated Propionibacterium was noted in the high chromium treatment group. Differential analysis tools LEfSe and random forest estimation identified key species like like Cupriavidus and unspecified Myxococcales, offering potential avenues for bioremediation. An examination of gut functionality revealed alterations in the KEGG pathways correlated with biosynthesis and degradation, suggesting an adaptive metabolic response to chromium-mediated stress. Further results indicated consequential fallout in the context of metabolomic alterations. These included an uptick in histidine and dihydropyrimidine levels under moderate-dose exposure and a surge of gentisic acid with high-dose chromium exposure. These are critical players in diverse biological processes ranging from energy metabolism and stress response to immune regulation and antioxidative mechanisms. Correlative analyses between bacterial abundance and metabolites mapped noteworthy relationships between marker bacterial species, such as Weissella and Pelomonas, and specific metabolites, emphasizing their roles in enzyme regulation, synaptic processes, and lipid metabolism. Probiotic bacteria showed robust correlations with metabolites implicated in stress response, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant processes. Our study reaffirms the intricate ties between gut microbiota and metabolite profiles and decodes some systemic adaptations under heavy-metal stress. It provides valuable insights into ecological and toxicological aspects of chromium exposure that can potentially influence silkworm resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhen Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, Hechi University, Hechi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Sericulture and Silk, Hechi University, Hechi, China
| | - Wan-Tao Rong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, Hechi University, Hechi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Sericulture and Silk, Hechi University, Hechi, China
| | - Ying-Can Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, Hechi University, Hechi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Sericulture and Silk, Hechi University, Hechi, China
| | - Lin-Yuan Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, Hechi University, Hechi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Sericulture and Silk, Hechi University, Hechi, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, Hechi University, Hechi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Sericulture and Silk, Hechi University, Hechi, China
| | - Ming-Jie Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, Hechi University, Hechi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Sericulture and Silk, Hechi University, Hechi, China
| | - Lei Xin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, Hechi University, Hechi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Sericulture and Silk, Hechi University, Hechi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, Hechi University, Hechi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Sericulture and Silk, Hechi University, Hechi, China
| | - De-Long Guan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, Hechi University, Hechi, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Sericulture and Silk, Hechi University, Hechi, China
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Kim E, Yang SM, Kim HY. Weissella and the two Janus faces of the genus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1119-1127. [PMID: 36680587 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The genus Weissella belongs to the lactic acid bacteria group. It occurs naturally in foods and is a component of the human microbiome. A few Weissella species are candidate probiotics due to their potential for survival under the harsh conditions present in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Various species have also shown potential for treating and preventing periodontal disease, skin pathologies, and atopic dermatitis; some are used as starters for the fermentation of foods due to their production of exopolysaccharides; and others are used as protective cultures due to their production of weissellicin, a bacteriocin. However, a few Weissella species are opportunistic pathogens, such as W. ceti, which is the etiological agent of weissellosis, a disease in rainbow trout. Additionally, most Weissella species are intrinsically vancomycin-resistant. Thus, the Weissella genus is important from both medical and industrial points of view, and the Janus faces of this genus should be considered in any expected biotechnological applications. In this review, we present an overview of the probiotic potential and pathogenic cases of the Weissella genus reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiseul Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.
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The Weissella Genus: Clinically Treatable Bacteria with Antimicrobial/Probiotic Effects on Inflammation and Cancer. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122427. [PMID: 36557680 PMCID: PMC9788376 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Weissella is a genus earlier considered a member of the family Leuconostocaceae, which was reclassified into the family Lactobacillaceae in 1993. Recently, there have been studies emphasizing the probiotic and anti-inflammatory potential of various species of Weissella, of which W. confusa and W. cibaria are the most representative. Other species within this genus include: W. paramesenteroides, W. viridescens, W. halotolerans, W. minor, W. kandleri, W. soli, W. ghanensis, W. hellenica, W. thailandensis, W. fabalis, W. cryptocerci, W. koreensis, W. beninensis, W. fabaria, W. oryzae, W. ceti, W. uvarum, W. bombi, W. sagaensis, W. kimchi, W. muntiaci, W. jogaejeotgali, W. coleopterorum, W. hanii, W. salipiscis, and W. diestrammenae. Weissella confusa, W. paramesenteroides, W. koreensis, and W. cibaria are among the few species that have been isolated from human samples, although the identification of these and other species is possible using metagenomics, as we have shown for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and healthy controls. We were able to isolate Weissella in gut-associated bacteria (post 24 h food deprivation and laxatives). Other sources of isolation include fermented food, soil, and skin/gut/saliva of insects/animals. With the potential for hospital and industrial applications, there is a concern about possible infections. Herein, we present the current applications of Weissella on its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory mechanistic effects, the predisposing factors (e.g., vancomycin) for pathogenicity in humans, and the antimicrobials used in patients. To address the medical concerns, we examined 28 case reports focused on W. confusa and found that 78.5% of infections were bacteremia (of which 7 were fatal; 1 for lack of treatment), 8 were associated with underlying malignancies, and 8 with gastrointestinal procedures/diseases of which 2 were Crohn’s disease patients. In cases of a successful resolution, commonly administered antibiotics included: cephalosporin, ampicillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and daptomycin. Despite reports of Weissella-related infections, the evolving mechanistic findings suggest that Weissella are clinically treatable bacteria with emerging antimicrobial and probiotic benefits ranging from oral health, skin care, obesity, and inflammatory diseases to cancer.
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Fanelli F, Montemurro M, Chieffi D, Cho GS, Franz CMAP, Dell'Aquila A, Rizzello CG, Fusco V. Novel Insights Into the Phylogeny and Biotechnological Potential of Weissella Species. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:914036. [PMID: 35814678 PMCID: PMC9257631 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.914036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the genomes of the Weissella (W.) beninensis, W. diestrammenae, W. fabalis, W. fabaria, W. ghanensis, and W. uvarum type strains were sequenced and analyzed. Moreover, the ability of these strains to metabolize 95 carbohydrates was investigated, and the genetic determinants of such capability were searched within the sequenced genomes. 16S rRNA gene and genome-based-phylogeny of all the Weissella species described to date allowed a reassessment of the Weissella genus species groups. As a result, six distinct species groups within the genus, namely, W. beninensis, W. kandleri, W. confusa, W. halotolerans, W. oryzae, and W. paramesenteroides species groups, could be described. Phenotypic analyses provided further knowledge about the ability of the W. beninensis, W. ghanensis, W. fabaria, W. fabalis, W. uvarum, and W. diestrammenae type strains to metabolize certain carbohydrates and confirmed the interspecific diversity of the analyzed strains. Moreover, in many cases, the carbohydrate metabolism pathway and phylogenomic species group clustering overlapped. The novel insights provided in our study significantly improved the knowledge about the Weissella genus and allowed us to identify features that define the role of the analyzed type strains in fermentative processes and their biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Montemurro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Anna Dell'Aquila
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzina Fusco
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vincenzina Fusco
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Yuan S, Wang Y, Zhao F, Kang L. Complete Genome Sequence of Weissella confusa LM1 and Comparative Genomic Analysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:749218. [PMID: 34650545 PMCID: PMC8506157 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.749218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Weissella is attracting an increasing amount of attention because of its multiple functions and probiotic potential. In particular, the species Weissella confusa is known to have great potential in industrial applications and exhibits numerous biological functions. However, the knowledge on this bacterium in insects is not investigated. Here, we isolated and identified W. confusa as the dominant lactic acid bacteria in the gut of the migratory locust. We named this strain W. confusa LM1, which is the first genome of an insect-derived W. confusa strain with one complete chromosome and one complete plasmid. Among all W. confusa strains, W. confusa LM1 had the largest genome. Its genome was the closest to that of W. confusa 1001271B_151109_G12, a strain from human feces. Our results provided accurate evolutionary relationships of known Weissella species and W. confusa strains. Based on genomic analysis, the pan-genome of W. confusa is in an open state. Most strains of W. confusa had the unique genes, indicating that these strains can adapt to different ecological niches and organisms. However, the variation of strain-specific genes did represent significant correlations with their hosts and ecological niches. These strains were predicted to have low potential to produce secondary metabolites. Furthermore, no antibiotic resistance genes were identified. At the same time, virulence factors associated with toxin production and secretion system were not found, indicating that W. confusa strains were not sufficient to perform virulence. Our study facilitated the discovery of the functions of W. confusa LM1 in locust biology and their potential application to locust management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yundan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangqing Zhao
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Ankri S. Entamoeba histolytica-Gut Microbiota Interaction: More Than Meets the Eye. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030581. [PMID: 33809056 PMCID: PMC7998739 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is a disease caused by the unicellular parasite Entamoeba histolytica. In most cases, the infection is asymptomatic but when symptomatic, the infection can cause dysentery and invasive extraintestinal complications. In the gut, E. histolytica feeds on bacteria. Increasing evidences support the role of the gut microbiota in the development of the disease. In this review we will discuss the consequences of E. histolytica infection on the gut microbiota. We will also discuss new evidences about the role of gut microbiota in regulating the resistance of the parasite to oxidative stress and its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Sandes S, Figueiredo N, Pedroso S, Sant'Anna F, Acurcio L, Abatemarco Junior M, Barros P, Oliveira F, Cardoso V, Generoso S, Caliari M, Nicoli J, Neumann E, Nunes Á. Weissella paramesenteroides WpK4 plays an immunobiotic role in gut-brain axis, reducing gut permeability, anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors in murine models of colitis and chronic stress. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109741. [PMID: 33233306 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and mood disorders is complex and involves overlapping metabolic pathways, which may determine comorbidity. Several studies have been shown that this comorbidity could worsen IBD clinical course. The treatment of ulcerative colitis is complex, and involves traditional therapy to promote the function of epithelial barrier, reducing exacerbated inflammatory responses. Recently, it has been shown that some probiotic strains could modulate gut-brain axis, reducing depressive and anxiety scores in humans, including IBD patients. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the role of Weissella paramesenteroides WpK4 in murine models of ulcerative colitis and chronic stress. It was observed that bacterium ingestion improved health of colitis mice, reducing intestinal permeability, besides improving colon histopathological appearance. In stressed mice, bacterial consumption was associated with a reduced anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors. In both assays, the beneficial role of W. paramesenteroides WpK4 was related to its immunomodulatory feature. It is possible to state that W. paramesenteroides WpK4 exerted their beneficial roles in gut-brain axis through their immunomodulatory effects with consequences in several metabolic pathways related to intestinal permeability and hippocampal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sávio Sandes
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Brazil.
| | - Naiara Figueiredo
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Pedroso
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Sant'Anna
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Acurcio
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mário Abatemarco Junior
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Barros
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Valbert Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Generoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Caliari
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacques Nicoli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Neumann
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Nunes
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Brazil
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