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Spergser J, Neuhuber T, Haupt H, Kaltenegger G, Wittek T. Agreement between Clinical Assessment and Laboratory Diagnosis of Ringworm in Calves at Auction Markets. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:390. [PMID: 38338033 PMCID: PMC10854766 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To limit the spread of bovine ringworm, control measures such as movement restrictions are highly recommended. In this context, calves at auction markets in Styria, Austria, displaying skin lesions characteristic for bovine ringworm, are excluded from the auctions. To investigate whether these clinical assessments correspond to laboratory diagnosis, a total of 166 samples taken from skin lesions assigned to the three clinical categories 'ringworm very likely (v), likely (l) or unlikely (u)' were mycologically examined using microscopy, culture, and nested PCR followed by amplicon sequencing. Further, the relationships of isolated dermatophytes were determined through multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Overall, a high agreement between clinical assessment and laboratory results were observed with microscopy and nested PCR, providing more consistent results and molecular detection possessing an analytical sensitivity superior to that of cultural isolation (culture 21.7% vs. nested PCR 48.2%). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that most of the isolated dermatophytes belong to a unique Trichophyton verrucosum MLST genotype. In conclusion, clinical assessments were largely confirmed through laboratory diagnosis with nested PCR and sequencing, providing rapid, sensitive, and species-specific detection of dermatophytes in calves at auction markets displaying skin lesions typical for ringworm; this seems to be predominantly caused by a single Trichophyton verrucosum strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thiemo Neuhuber
- University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria (T.W.)
| | - Herfried Haupt
- Bezirkshauptmannschaft Hartberg-Fürstenfeld, Veterinärreferat, Rochusplatz 2, 8230 Hartberg, Austria
| | - Gerd Kaltenegger
- Bezirkshauptmannschaft Leoben, Veterinärreferat, Peter-Tunner-Straße 6, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria (T.W.)
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2
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Tarannum N, Pooja K, Jakhar S, Mavi A. Nanoparticles assisted intra and transdermic delivery of antifungal ointment: an updated review. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:11. [PMID: 38195832 PMCID: PMC10776542 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
This review paper highlights the trans-dermic delivery of nanoparticles (NPs) based antifungal ointments with the help of nanotechnology. It also describes the novel trans-dermal approach utilizing various nanoparticles which enables an efficient delivery to the target site. This current review gives an overview about past research and developments as well as the current nanoparticle-based ointments. This review also presents data regarding types, causes of infection, and different pathogens within their infection site. It also gives information about antifungal ointments with their activity and side effects of antifungal medicines. Additionally, this review also focuses on the future aspects of the topical administration of nanoparticle-based antifungal ointments. These nanoparticles can encapsulate multiple antifungal drugs as a combination therapy targeting different aspects of fungal infection. Nanoparticles can be designed in such a way that they can specifically target fungal cells and do not affect healthy cells. Nanoparticle based antifungal ointments exhibit outstanding potential to treat fungal diseases. As further research and advancements evolve in nanotechnology, we expect more development of nanoparticle-based antifungal formulations shortly. This paper discusses all the past and future applications, recent trends, and developments in the various field and also shows its bright prospective in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Tarannum
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Km Pooja
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivani Jakhar
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anshika Mavi
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Anton A, Plinet M, Peyret T, Cazaudarré T, Pesant S, Rouquet Y, Tricoteaux MA, Bernier M, Bayette J, Fournier R, Marguerettaz M, Rolland P, Bayol T, Abbaoui N, Berry A, Iriart X, Cassaing S, Chauvin P, Bernard E, Fabre R, François JM. Rapid and Accurate Diagnosis of Dermatophyte Infections Using the DendrisCHIP ® Technology. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3430. [PMID: 37998565 PMCID: PMC10670032 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection with an ever-increasing number of patients. Culture-based mycology remains the most commonly used diagnosis, but it takes around four weeks to identify the causative agent. Therefore, routine clinical laboratories need rapid, high throughput, and accurate species-specific analytical methods for diagnosis and therapeutic management. Based on these requirements, we investigated the feasibility of DendrisCHIP® technology as an innovative molecular diagnostic method for the identification of a subset of 13 pathogens potentially responsible for dermatophytosis infections in clinical samples. This technology is based on DNA microarray, which potentially enables the detection and discrimination of several germs in a single sample. A major originality of DendrisCHIP® technology is the use of a decision algorithm for probability presence or absence of pathogens based on machine learning methods. In this study, the diagnosis of dermatophyte infection was carried out on more than 284 isolates by conventional microbial culture and DendrisCHIP®DP, which correspond to the DendrisCHIP® carrying oligoprobes of the targeted pathogens implicated in dermatophytosis. While convergence ranging from 75 to 86% depending on the sampling procedure was obtained with both methods, the DendrisCHIP®DP proved to identify more isolates with pathogens that escaped the culture method. These results were confirmed at 86% by a third method, which was either a specific RT-PCR or genome sequencing. In addition, diagnostic results with DendrisCHIP®DP can be obtained within a day. This faster and more accurate identification of fungal pathogens with DendrisCHIP®DP enables the clinician to quickly and successfully implement appropriate antifungal treatment to prevent the spread and elimination of dermatophyte infection. Taken together, these results demonstrate that this technology is a very promising method for routine diagnosis of dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Anton
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Mathilde Plinet
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Thomas Peyret
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Thomas Cazaudarré
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Stéphanie Pesant
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Yannick Rouquet
- Laboratoire Inovie-CBM, 31000 Toulouse, France; (Y.R.); (M.-A.T.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Matthieu Bernier
- Laboratoire Inovie-CBM, 31000 Toulouse, France; (Y.R.); (M.-A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Jérémy Bayette
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Remi Fournier
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Mélanie Marguerettaz
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Pierre Rolland
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Thibaud Bayol
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Nadia Abbaoui
- Laboratoire Inovie-Labosud, 34070 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (R.F.); (M.M.); (P.R.); (T.B.); (N.A.)
| | - Antoine Berry
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan de Toulouse, Institut Fédératif de biologie (IFB), 31300 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (X.I.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Hôpital Purpan, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Iriart
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan de Toulouse, Institut Fédératif de biologie (IFB), 31300 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (X.I.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Hôpital Purpan, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Cassaing
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan de Toulouse, Institut Fédératif de biologie (IFB), 31300 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (X.I.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Pamela Chauvin
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan de Toulouse, Institut Fédératif de biologie (IFB), 31300 Toulouse, France; (A.B.); (X.I.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Elodie Bernard
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Richard Fabre
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
| | - Jean-Marie François
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, 31670 Labège, France; (M.P.); (T.P.); (T.C.); (S.P.); (E.B.); (R.F.); (J.-M.F.)
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences (INSA), 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Wei LW, Qiao JJ. Mini-Review: The Diagnostic Methods of Tinea Capitis. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:563-569. [PMID: 37067665 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Tinea capitis is a widespread superficial fungal infection that affects children predominately. Microscopic examination and fungal culture are the conventional gold standards for diagnosis, but they are insensitive and time-consuming. In recent years, new diagnostic methods have been developed to facilitate the diagnosis and identification of causative pathogens. Trichoscopy examination showed high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing tinea capitis with the characteristic signs of comma hairs, corkscrew hairs, bar code-like hairs and zigzag hairs. Reflectance confocal microscopy has also been used in the rapid diagnosis of tinea capitis in several studies. Molecular assays such as polymerase chain reaction and matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time to flight mass spectrometry are extensively utilized for rapid and accurate identification of the pathogens. Early diagnosis and treatment can aid in disease control and scarring reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Wei Wei
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.
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5
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Dyląg M, Nowakiewicz A. European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L.) as a Reservoir of Dermatophytes in Poland. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:363-375. [PMID: 34536095 PMCID: PMC9436838 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01866-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus) frequently colonises areas located close to human life in cities, as these are more suitable nest sites offering an abundance of food and allowing avoidance of predators. However, urbanisation has a significant impact on the epidemiology of infectious diseases, including dermatophytoses, the primary source of which are wild animals. In this study, we determined the spectrum of dermatophytes isolated from the European hedgehog and assessed their susceptibility profile to antifungal drugs. Symptomatic and asymptomatic dermatophyte infections were observed in 7.7% and 8% of the 182 examined free-living hedgehogs, respectively. In the pool of the isolated dermatophyte strains, Trichophyton erinacei was dominant (29.9%), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (17.9%), Trichophyton benhamiae (13.4%), Nannizzia gypsea (11.9%), Microsporum canis (10.4%), Nannizzia nana (7.5%), Paraphyton cookei (6.0%), and Nannizzia fulva (3.0%). Susceptibility tests revealed the highest activity of luliconazole and the lowest of activity fluconazole among the azole drugs applied. Although terbinafine generally exhibited high efficacy, two Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates showed resistance to this drug (MIC = 2 µg/ml) resulting from missense mutations in the SQLE gene corresponding to the amino acid substitution Leu393Phe. Summarising, our study has also revealed that such wildlife animals as hedgehogs can be a reservoir of pathogenic human dermatophytes, including harmful strains resistant to commonly used antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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6
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Tinea Gladiatorum: Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects, and Management. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144066. [PMID: 35887830 PMCID: PMC9315553 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinea gladiatorum (TG) is a fungal skin infection that occurs among wrestlers and other contact sport athletes with a varied prevalence rate. The most common causative factor responsible as well for local outbreaks of the infection is an anthropophilic dermatophyte species—Trichophyton tonsurans (T. tonsurans). The purpose of this study was to gather current data about TG, including epidemiology, possible diagnosing methods, clinical features, treatment approaches, and potential prevention techniques. We also performed a systematic review of studies describing TG incidence. The prevalence of the disease varied from 2.4% up to 100%. That wide range of variability forces medical practitioners to update knowledge about TG and points to the fact that it still may be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Spreading awareness among athletes and trainers is one of the most important preventive steps.
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7
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Sarvestani HK, Ramandi A, Getso MI, Razavyoon T, Javidnia J, Golrizi MB, Saboor-Yaraghi AA, Ansari S. Mass spectrometry in research laboratories and clinical diagnostic: a new era in medical mycology. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:689-707. [PMID: 35344203 PMCID: PMC9151960 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis by clinical mycology laboratory plays a critical role in patient care by providing definitive knowledge of the cause of infection and antimicrobial susceptibility data to physicians. Rapid diagnostic methods are likely to improve patient. Aggressive resuscitation bundles, adequate source control, and appropriate antibiotic therapy are cornerstones for success in the treatment of patients. Routine methods for identifying clinical specimen fungal pathogen are based on the cultivation on different media with the subsequent examination of its phenotypic characteristics comprising a combination of microscopic and colony morphologies. As some fungi cannot be readily identified using these methods, molecular diagnostic methods may be required. These methods are fast, but it can cost a lot. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is suitable for high-throughput and rapid diagnostics at low costs. It can be considered an alternative for conventional biochemical and molecular identification systems in a microbiological laboratory. The reliability and accuracy of this method have been scrutinized in many surveys and have been compared with several methods including sequencing and molecular methods. According to these findings, the reliability and accuracy of this method are very high and can be trusted. With all the benefits of this technique, the libraries of MALDI-TOF MS need to be strengthened to enhance its performance. This review provides an overview of the most recent research literature that has investigated the applications and usage of MT-MS to the identification of microorganisms, mycotoxins, antifungal susceptibility examination, and mycobiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasti Kamali Sarvestani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ramandi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim Getso
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, PMB, Kano, 3011, Nigeria
| | - Taraneh Razavyoon
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Miaad Banay Golrizi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saham Ansari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Gupta AK, Friedlander SF, Simkovich AJ. Tinea capitis: An update. Pediatr Dermatol 2022; 39:167-172. [PMID: 35075666 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tinea capitis is an important superficial infection and affects children globally. A literature review was conducted to identify recent findings and the current understanding of this fungal infection. Here, we highlight updates on important aspects of tinea capitis including advances in dermatophyte detection and diagnosis and comparing these new methods to more traditional techniques. Additionally, aspects of treating tinea capitis are discussed, including the importance of mycological confirmation and current means of treatment, and the treatment of asymptomatic carriers are reviewed. This review also examines the subject of laboratory monitoring of patients undergoing treatment with systemic antifungals; we discuss the opinions of prominent researchers and currently accepted guidelines. Lastly, we provide answers to several common questions that practitioners may encounter when treating a child with tinea capitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mediprobe Research Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila Fallon Friedlander
- Department of Dermatology, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, California, USA
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9
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Chen J, Zheng F, Sun X, Gao H, Lin S, Zeng Y. The qualitative accuracy of clinical dermatophytes via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: a meta-analysis. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1174-1180. [PMID: 34415045 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are an important part of superficial fungal infections, and accurate diagnosis is paramount for successful treatment. Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a powerful tool to identify clinical pathogens; its advantages are cost-effectiveness, rapid detection, and high accuracy. However, as the accurate identification of clinical dermatophytes via MALDI-TOF MS has still not been fully evaluated, we performed a meta-analysis for systematic evaluation it. Fifteen eligible studies were involved and showed high accuracy with an identification ratio of 0.96 (95%CI = 0.92─1.01) and 0.91 (95%CI = 0.86─0.96) at the genus and species levels, respectively. The results showed higher accuracy ratio of Vitek MS (91%) than MALDI Biotyper (85%). Dermatophytes such as Trichophyton interdigitale (0.99, 95%CI = 0.97─1.02), T. mentagrophytes var interdigitale (1.00, 95%CI = 0.98─1.02), and Microsporum canis (0.97, 95%CI = 0.89─1.04) showed high accuracy in detected clinical dermatophytes. Moreover, a library with self-built database set up by laboratories showed higher accuracy than commercial database, and 15-day cultivation for dermatophytes showed highest accuracy considering culture time. High heterogeneity was observed and decreased only with the subgroup analysis of species. The subgroup analysis of mass spectrometry, library database, and culture time also exhibited high heterogeneity. In summary, our results showed that MALDI-TOF MS could be used for highly accurate detection of clinically pathogenic dermatophytes, which could be an alternative diagnostic method in addition to morphological and molecular methods. LAY ABSTRACT This meta-analysis comprehensively investigated the qualitative accuracy of clinical dermatophytes through MALDI-TOF MS. Owing to the high accuracy observed at both genus and species levels, this approach could be an alternative diagnostic method in addition to morphological and molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Clinical Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xihuan Sun
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hongzhi Gao
- Clinical Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
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10
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Identification of molds with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: performance of the newly developed MSI-2 application in comparison with the Bruker filamentous fungi database and MSI-1. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0129921. [PMID: 34319807 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01299-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) represents a promising tool for the rapid and efficient identification of molds, but improvements are still necessary to achieve satisfactory results when identifying cryptic species. Here, we aimed to validate a new web application, MSI-2, which replaces MSI-1, an application that was built and deployed online in 2017. For the evaluation, we gathered 633 challenging isolates obtained from daily hospital practice that were first identified with DNA-based methods, and we submitted their corresponding mass spectra to three identification programs (Bruker, MSI-1 and MSI-2). The MSI-2 application had a better identification performance at the species level than MSI-1 and Bruker, reaching 83.25% correct identifications compared with 63.19% (MSI-1), 38.07% (Bruker with 1.7 threshold) and 21.8% (Bruker with 2.0 threshold). The MSI-2 application performed especially well for Aspergillus and Fusarium species, including for many cryptic species, reaching 90% correct identifications for Aspergillus species and 78% for Fusarium species compared to 69% and 43% with MSI-1. Such improvement may have a positive impact on patient management by facilitating the identification of cryptic species potentially associated with a specific antifungal resistance profile.
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11
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Nowicka D, Nawrot U. Tinea pedis-An embarrassing problem for health and beauty-A narrative review. Mycoses 2021; 64:1140-1150. [PMID: 34145648 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections present with a broad spectrum of diseases in humans (from relatively mild superficial infections of the skin and mucous membranes to the invasive or chronic infections of internal organs, which have a high mortality rate). Globally, up to 1.6 million people die each year as a result of various types of mycoses. Currently, many scientific studies focus on the best possible understanding of the aspects of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of invasive mycoses and effective methods to combat them. However, mycoses of the skin and its appendages remain a relatively less explored area. In some communities, superficial mycoses are a frequent problem as they affect nearly 70% of the population, an example of which is the athlete's foot. It involves the nails (onychomycosis) and skin (tinea pedis). It is mainly caused by keratin-decomposing dermatophyte fungi. Less often, infections are caused by non-dermatophyte moulds (Fusarium, Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis) or yeasts. Several factors have been listed as having substantial influence on the development of dermatophytosis, including those related to climate, season, geographical region, as well as to demography, socioeconomic and cultural customs, professions or contact with animals. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge about aetiology, epidemiology, diagnostics and therapy of tinea pedis with a special focus to the role of podologic management in spreading, prevention and therapy of mycoses. The article presents up-to-date knowledge on the management of the patient from the diagnosis, treatment and skincare, to counselling on how to prevent fungal skin infections in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Nowicka
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Urszula Nawrot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Łagowski D, Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Trościańczyk A. Real-Time PCR as an Alternative Technique for Detection of Dermatophytes in Cattle Herds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1662. [PMID: 34199680 PMCID: PMC8229919 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are filamentous fungi with the ability to digest and grow on keratinized substrates. The ongoing improvements in fungal detection techniques give new scope for clinical implementations in laboratories and veterinary clinics, including the monitoring of the disease and carrier status. The technologically advanced methods for dermatophyte detection include molecular methods based on PCR. In this context, the aim of this study was to carry out tests on the occurrence of dermatophytes in cattle herds using qPCR methods and a comparative analysis with conventional methods. Each sample collected from ringworm cases and from asymptomatic cattle was divided into three parts and subjected to the real-time PCR technique, direct light microscopy analysis, and culture-based methods. The use of the real-time PCR technique with pan-dermatophyte primers detected the presence of dermatophytes in the sample with a 10.84% (45% vs. 34.17%) higher efficiency than direct analysis with light microscopy. Moreover, a dermatophyte culture was obtained from all samples with a positive qPCR result. In conclusion, it seems that this method can be used with success to detect dermatophytes and monitor cowsheds in ringworm cases and carriers in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (D.Ł.); (A.N.); (A.T.)
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Pham CVA, Rademacher F, Hinrichs H, Beck-Jendroschek V, Harder M, Brasch J, Gläser R, Harder J. Expression of epidermal antimicrobial peptides is increased in tinea pedis. Mycoses 2021; 64:763-770. [PMID: 33797129 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinea pedis is often chronic or recurrent, but not all individuals are equally susceptible to this infection. Dermatophytes are able to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) in human keratinocytes and certain AMPs can inhibit the growth of dermatophytes. OBJECTIVE The focus of this study was to analyse the secretion of relevant AMPs, especially RNase 7, human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) and the S-100 protein psoriasin (S100A7), in patients with confirmed tinea pedis. METHODS To verify the diagnosis, skin scales were obtained from all patients (n = 13) and the dermatophytes were identified by potassium hydroxide mount, culture and molecular analysis. To determine the AMP concentrations, the lesional skin area of the foot was rinsed with a buffer that was subsequently analysed by ELISA. The corresponding area of the other unaffected foot as well as defined healthy skin areas of the forearm and forehead and samples from age and gender-matched healthy volunteers served as controls. RESULTS In tinea pedis patients the AMP concentrations were higher in lesional skin than in non-lesional skin and in healthy skin of controls. In particular, concentrations of hBD-2 and psoriasin were significantly elevated. CONCLUSIONS The induction of AMPs in tinea pedis might be triggered directly by the dermatophytes; furthermore, attendant inflammation and/or differentiation processes may play a role. Our results indicate that there is no defect in the constitutive expression and induction of the analysed AMPs by dermatophytes in the epidermis of affected patients. However, it is not known why the elevated AMP concentrations fail to efficiently combat dermatophyte growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Van Anh Pham
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Rademacher
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Heilwig Hinrichs
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vera Beck-Jendroschek
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Mycological Laboratory, University Hospitals of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Melanie Harder
- EUROIMMUN Medical Laboratory Diagnostic AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jochen Brasch
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Mycological Laboratory, University Hospitals of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Regine Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Gnat S, Dyląg M, Łagowski D, Zielinski J. Therapeutic efficacy of topically used luliconazole vs. terbinafine 1% creams. Mycoses 2021; 64:967-975. [PMID: 33884673 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dermatomycoses of zoophilic origin, especially those caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, often pose considerable therapeutic problems. This is reflected in the growing number of strains of this species with resistance to terbinafine caused by a mutation in the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene. Therefore, it is reasonable to look for alternative therapies to the commonly used terbinafine. The aim of the present study was to assess the in vivo effectiveness of topical therapy with luliconazole or terbinafine 1% cream. METHODS Therapeutic efficacy was assessed using direct examination in KOH with DMSO, qPCR analysis with pan-dermatophyte primers and culturing. Moreover, in vitro susceptibility tests for luliconazole and terbinafine were performed. RESULTS The results demonstrated significantly higher antifungal activity of luliconazole than terbinafine against dermatomycoses caused by T. mentagrophytes. The geometric mean of the MIC value for luliconazole against all T. mentagrophytes strains was 0.002 μg/ml, while this value for terbinafine was 0.004 μg/ml. In all studied cases, 28-day local therapy with luliconazole contributed to complete eradication of the aetiological agent of infection. CONCLUSIONS Given the increasingly frequent reports of difficult-to-treat dermatophytoses caused by zoophilic terbinafine-resistant strains, the 1% luliconazole cream can be alternative solution in topical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Jessica Zielinski
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, USA
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Dyląg M. A global view on fungal infections in humans and animals: infections caused by dimorphic fungi and dermatophytoses. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2688-2704. [PMID: 33754409 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are still underappreciated and their prevalence is underestimated, which renders them a serious public health problem. Realistic discussions about their distribution, symptoms, and control can improve management and diagnosis and contribute to refinement of preventive actions using currently available tools. This article represents an overview of dermatophytes and endemic fungi that cause infections in humans and animals. In addition, the impact of climate change on the fungal spread is discussed. The endemic fungal infections characterized in this article include coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, lobomycosis, emergomycosis and sporotrichosis. Moreover the geographic distribution of these fungi, which are known to be climate sensitive and/or limited to endemic tropical and subtropical areas, is highlighted. In turn, dermatophytes cause superficial fungal infections of skin, hairs and nails, which are the most prevalent mycoses worldwide with a high economic burden. Therefore, the possibility of causing zoonoses and reverse zoonoses by dermatophytes is highly important. In conclusion, the article illustrates the current issues of the epidemiology and distribution of fungal diseases, emphasizing the lack of public programmes for prevention and control of these types of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Dyląg
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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