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Pilz M, Staats K, Assadian O, Windhager R, Holinka J. Tolerability of N-chlorotaurine in comparison with routinely used antiseptics: an in vitro study on chondrocytes. Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00601-9. [PMID: 38758471 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are frequently used antiseptics in joint infections, but the cytotoxic effects of these solutions are already reported. N-chlorotaurine (NCT) shows a broad-spectrum bactericidal activity and is well tolerated in various tissues, but its effect on human chondrocytes is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the cytotoxic effect of NCT, PVP-I, and H2O2 on human chondrocytes compared to a control group in an in vitro setting to get first indications if NCT might be a promising antiseptic in the treatment of septic joint infections for the future. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chondrocytes extracted from human cartilage were incubated with various concentrations of NCT, PVP-I, and H2O2 for 5 and 30 min respectively. EZ4U cell viability kit was used according to the manufacturer's recommendations determining cell viability. To assess cell viability based on their nuclear morphology, cells were stained with acridine-orange and identified under the fluorescence microscope. RESULTS EZ4U kit showed after 5 and 30 min of incubation a significant decrease in cell viability at NCT 1%, NCT 0.1%, PVP-I, and H2O2, but not for NCT 0.001% and NCT 0.01%. Acridine-orange staining likewise presented a significant decrease in vital cells for all tested solutions except NCT 0.001% and NCT 0.01% after 5 and 30 min of incubation. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that NCT is well tolerated by chondrocytes in vitro at the tested lower NCT concentrations 0.01% and 0.001% in contrast to the higher NCT concentrations 1% and 0.1%, PVP-I (1.1%), and H2O2 (3%), for which a significant decrease in cell viability was detected. Considering that the in vivo tolerability is usually significantly higher, our findings could be an indication that cartilage tissue in vivo would tolerate the already clinically used 1% NCT solution. In combination with the broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, NCT may be a promising antiseptic for the treatment of septic joint infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pilz
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kevin Staats
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ojan Assadian
- Regional Hospital Wiener Neustadt, Corvinusring 3-5, 2700, Wiener Neustadt, Lower Austria, Austria
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Holinka
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Chandra HB, Lalhmangaihzuali L, Shome A, Sahoo R, Irungbam K, Mahawar M. Comparative analysis reveals the trivial role of MsrP in defending oxidative stress and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 213:322-326. [PMID: 38262547 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Sulphur containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine are highly prone to oxidation. Reduction of oxidized methionine (Met-SO) residues to methionine (Met) by methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) enhances the survival of bacterial pathogens under oxidative stress conditions. S. Typhimurium encodes two types (cytoplasmic and periplasmic) of Msrs. Periplasmic proteins, due to their location are highly vulnerable to host-generated oxidants. Therefore, the periplasmic Msr (MsrP) mediated repair (as compared to the cytoplasmic counterpart) might play a more imperative role in defending host-generated oxidants. Contrary to this, we show that in comparison to the ΔmsrP strain, the mutant strains in the cytoplasmic Msrs (ΔmsrA and ΔmsrAC strains) showed many folds more susceptibility to chloramine-T and neutrophils. Further ΔmsrA and ΔmsrAC strains accumulated higher levels of ROS and showed compromised fitness in mice spleen and liver. Our data suggest the pivotal role of cytoplasmic Msrs in oxidative stress survival of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Balaji Chandra
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - L Lalhmangaihzuali
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Arijit Shome
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Raj Sahoo
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Karuna Irungbam
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India
| | - Manish Mahawar
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India.
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Chandra HB, Shome A, Sahoo R, Apoorva S, Bhure SK, Mahawar M. Periplasmic methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrP)-a secondary factor in stress survival and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad063. [PMID: 37403401 PMCID: PMC10653988 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among others, methionine residues are highly susceptible to host-generated oxidants. Repair of oxidized methionine (Met-SO) residues to methionine (Met) by methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) play a chief role in stress survival of bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella Typhimurium. Periplasmic proteins, involved in many important cellular functions, are highly susceptible to host-generated oxidants. According to location in cell, two types of Msrs, cytoplasmic and periplasmic are present in S. Typhimurium. Owing to its localization, periplasmic Msr (MsrP) might play a crucial role in defending the host-generated oxidants. Here, we have assessed the role of MsrP in combating oxidative stress and colonization of S. Typhimurium. ΔmsrP (mutant strain) grew normally in in-vitro media. In comparison to S. Typhimurium (wild type), mutant strain showed mild hypersensitivity to HOCl and chloramine-T (ChT). Following exposure to HOCl, mutant strain showed almost similar protein carbonyl levels (a marker of protein oxidation) as compared to S. Typhimurium strain. Additionally, ΔmsrP strain showed higher susceptibility to neutrophils than the parent strain. Further, the mutant strain showed very mild defects in survival in mice spleen and liver as compared to wild-type strain. In a nutshell, our results indicate that MsrP plays only a secondary role in combating oxidative stress and colonization of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Balaji Chandra
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Arijit Shome
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Raj Sahoo
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - S Apoorva
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Bhure
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Manish Mahawar
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
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Lackner M, Rössler A, Volland A, Stadtmüller MN, Müllauer B, Banki Z, Ströhle J, Luttick A, Fenner J, Sarg B, Kremser L, Tone P, Stoiber H, von Laer D, Wolff T, Schwarz C, Nagl M. N-chlorotaurine is highly active against respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in vitro. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1293-1307. [PMID: 35418279 PMCID: PMC9132425 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2065932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
N-chlorotaurine (NCT) a long-lived oxidant generated by leukocytes, can be synthesized chemically and applied topically as an anti-infective to different body sites, including the lung via inhalation. Here, we demonstrate the activity of NCT against viruses causing acute respiratory tract infections, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Virucidal activity of NCT was tested in plaque assays, confirmed by RT-qPCR assays. Attack on virus proteins was investigated by mass spectrometry. NCT revealed broad virucidal activity against all viruses tested at 37°C and pH 7. A significant reduction in infectious particles of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from early 2020 by 1 log10 was detected after 15 min of incubation in 1% NCT. Proteinaceous material simulating body fluids enhanced this activity by transchlorination mechanisms (1 −2 log10 reduction within 1–10 min). Tested SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (Alpha) und B.1.351 (Beta) showed a similar susceptibility. Influenza virus infectious particles were reduced by 3 log10 (H3N2) to 5 log10 (H1N1pdm), RSV by 4 log10 within a few min. Mass spectrometry of NCT-treated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and 3C-like protease, influenza virus haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and RSV fusion glycoprotein disclosed multiple sites of chlorination and oxidation as the molecular mechanism of action. Application of 1.0% NCT as a prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against acute viral respiratory tract infections deserves comprehensive clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lackner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - André Volland
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Brigitte Müllauer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoltan Banki
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Ströhle
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Bettina Sarg
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Innovative Biomedical Concepts, Inc., Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Paul Tone
- Innovative Biomedical Concepts, Inc., Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Heribert Stoiber
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17-Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Schwarz
- CF Center Westbrandenburg, Division Cystic Fibrosis, Pediatric Clinic Westbrandenburg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Nagl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Comparative Fungicidal Activities of N-Chlorotaurine and Conventional Antiseptics against Candida spp. Isolated from Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070682. [PMID: 35887439 PMCID: PMC9322802 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-chlorotaurine (NCT), the N-chloro derivative of the amino acid taurine, is a long-lived oxidant produced by stimulated human leucocytes. NCT has antimicrobial activities which are generally enhanced in the presence of organic material. The aim of this study was to investigate fungicidal effects of NCT and conventional antiseptics against Candida isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Chlorhexidine (CHX, 1.6%), octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT, 0.08%), povidone iodine (PVP-I, 8%), boric acid (8%), and NCT (0.1% (5.5 mM)) were evaluated against forty-four Candida isolates, according to European Standard methods, at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min and 24 h in the presence of skim milk as an organic material. CHX, OCT, and PVP-I showed rapid fungicidal activity against all Candida isolates with 5–6 log10 reduction of viable counts after 30 min, whereas boric acid and NCT needed 1 h against Candida albicans and 2 h against non-albicans Candida for a significant 3 log10 reduction. NCT showed fungicidal activity (defined as ≥4 log10 reduction) against C. albicans within 90 min and C. non–albicans within 24 h. Based upon all presently available data, including our results, NCT could be used as a new agent for treatment of local fungal infections such as VVC.
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Current Opinion on the Therapeutic Capacity of Taurine-Containing Halogen Derivatives in Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1370:83-98. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93337-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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