Predictors of initial weight loss among women with abdominal obesity: a path model using self-efficacy and health-promoting behaviour

An Explanatory Model of Weight Management Behaviors During Pregnancy: A Cross-sectional Study

PURPOSE

This study aims to create and validate a model explaining gestational weight gain and management behaviors using Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior, assessing the model's fit with actual data and examining the influences of various factors.

METHODS

Employing a correlational research design, data were collected and analyzed from 396 primigravida who were at least 36 weeks and agreed to participate in the study from April 15, 2022, to August 15, 2022, through an online questionnaire. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the general characteristics of participants, descriptive statistics of variables, reliability of tools, and correlation of variables. AMOS 28.0 was used to verify the hypothesis and to assess the fitness of hypothetical models.

RESULTS

The modified model fitness was χ2/df = 3.29, goodness-of-fit index = .93, standardized root-mean-square residual = .06, root- mean -square error of approximation = .08, comparative fit index = .92, Tucker-Lewis index = .88, PNFI = .62. All hypotheses were statistically significant. The more positive attitude toward weight management behaviors (β = .52, p < .001), the higher perceived behavioral control (β = .21, p = .011) and subjective norms (β = .31, p = .034) were shown to have a significant effect on weight management behavioral intentions. They explained 77% of the variance in weight management behavioral intention. Weight management intentions (β = .63, p < .001) and perceived behavioral control (β = .52, p = .003) significantly influenced weight management behaviors, explaining 79% of the behavior variance. Enhanced weight management behaviors significantly reduced gestational weight gain accounting for 31% of the variance in gestational weight gain (β = -.56, p < .001).

CONCLUSION

Establishing a nursing intervention strategy that addresses attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control is crucial as these factors enhance weight management intentions and behaviors, thereby facilitating appropriate gestational weight gain and reducing pregnancy complications.

Delay Discounting and BMI in Hypertensives: Serial Mediations of Self-Efficacy, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior

Objective

Our study aimed to examine the association between delay discounting (DD) and body mass index (BMI) in individuals with hypertension. Additionally, we sought to explore and compare the potential mediating effects of self-efficacy, physical activity and sedentary behavior in this association.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two cities in the Jiangsu province of China, specifically Nanjing and Yangzhou, from March to June 2023. A total of 972 hypertensive patients completed the questionnaire (M age = 64.7 years, SD age = 8.2 years, 54.2% female). Participants engaged in a money choice experiment on computers, provided their height and weight, and completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). The experimental program was generated using the programming software E-Prime version 2.0. Multiple hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to identify potential covariates. Two serial mediation models were conducted using PROCESS macro 4.1 in SPSS 27.0. Physical activity and sedentary behavior were designated as M2 to investigate and contrast their respective mediating effects in the association between delay discounting and body mass index.

Results

Self-efficacy, physical activity, and sedentary behavior served as mediators in the relationship between delay discounting and BMI. Self-efficacy accounted for 14.9% and 14.3% of the total effect in Models 1 and 2, respectively, while physical activity and sedentary behavior each accounted for 14.9% and 9.5% of the total effect, respectively. The serial mediation effects of self-efficacy and physical activity, as well as self-efficacy and sedentary behavior, were significant (B = 0.01, 95% CI [0.01, 0.02]; B = 0.01, 95% CI [0.002, 0.01]), collectively contributing 2.1% and 2.4% of the total effect. Sedentary behavior played a smaller mediating role compared to physical activity in this association.

Conclusion

The results indicated that self-efficacy, physical activity and sedentary behavior could act as mediators in the association between delay discounting and BMI, thus potentially mitigating the risk of obesity in hypertensive individuals.

Evidence-Based Eating Patterns and Behavior Changes to Limit Excessive Gestational Weight Gain: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

International prenatal care guidelines set a standard for clinicians to discuss gestational weight gain with their patients along with the complications associated with prepregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain. Clinicians often lack evidence-based eating, nutrition, and activity strategies to share with patients.

METHODS

This systematic review aimed to find eating patterns and behaviors that could be used safely during pregnancy to limit excessive gestational weight gain. PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science were searched for research or systematic reviews performed in the United States or Canada and published in English from 2013 to 2023. Keyword search terms included weight, manage, behavior, strategy, strategies, gestational weight gain, and nutrition. Excluded research used pediatric or adolescent populations, restrictive diets, such as no carbohydrate or no fat diets, fasting, bariatric surgery, weight loss medications, private industry or profit-earning programs using food brands, or specific diet programs.

RESULTS

A total of 844 abstracts were retrieved, with 103 full-text studies reviewed. Behaviors had to be useful for maintaining a healthy gestational weight gain and had to be safe for use during pregnancy. Behaviors useful during pregnancy included meal planning, home meal preparation, portion control, using diets such as the Mediterranean diet, the low-glycemic index diet, and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet (DASH), regular physical activity, sleeping 6-7 h a night, mindful eating, intuitive eating, and regular seif-weighing.

CONCLUSION

The evidence-based strategies outlined in this review are safe for use during pregnancy and can assist patients in avoiding excessive gestational weight gain while maintaining the nutrition needed for healthy fetal growth.

Context matters: criticism and accommodation by close others associated with treatment attitudes in those with anxiety

BACKGROUND

Many people with anxiety do not seek therapy due to negative views of treatment. Although close others (e.g. romantic partners, family members, close friends) are highly involved in treatment decisions, the role of specific relational behaviours in treatment ambivalence has yet to be studied.

AIMS

This study examines the relationship between social predictors (perceived criticism and accommodation of anxiety symptoms by close others) and treatment ambivalence.

METHOD

Community members who met diagnostic criteria for an anxiety-related disorder (N = 65) and students who showed high levels of anxiety (N = 307) completed an online study. They were asked to imagine they were considering starting cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for their anxiety and complete a measure of treatment ambivalence accordingly. They then completed measures of perceived criticism and accommodation by close others. Linear regression was used to examine the predictive value of these variables while controlling for sample type (clinical/analogue) and therapy experience.

RESULTS

Greater reactivity to criticism from close others and greater accommodation of anxiety symptoms by close others were associated with greater treatment ambivalence in those with anxiety. These predictors remained significant even when controlling for therapy history and sample type.

CONCLUSIONS

When it comes to treatment attitudes, relational context matters. Clients demonstrating ambivalence about starting therapy may benefit from discussion about the impact of their social environment on ambivalence.

Changes in Health-Promoting Behaviors and Their Association with Weight Loss, Retention, and Engagement on a Digital Program: Prospective Study

Health-promoting lifestyle behaviors (e.g., as measured by the HPLP-II) are associated with reductions in lifestyle disease mortality, as well as improved well-being, mental health, and quality of life. However, it is unclear how a weight-management program relates to a broad range of these behaviors (i.e., health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress management), especially a fully digital program on which individuals have to self-manage their own behaviors in their daily lives (with assistance from a virtual human coach). In the context of a digital setting, this study examined the changes in health-promoting behaviors over 12 months, as well as the associations between health-promoting behaviors and weight loss, retention, and engagement, among participants who self-enrolled in a mobile CBT-based nutritionally focused behavior change weight management program (n = 242). Participants lost a statistically significant amount of weight (M = 6.7 kg; SD = 12.7 kg; t(80) = 9.26, p < 0.001) and reported significantly improved overall health-promoting lifestyle behaviors (i.e., HPLP-II summary scores), as well as, specifically, health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, stress management, and interpersonal relations behaviors from baseline to 6 months and from 6 months to 12 months (all ps < 0.008). Health-promoting behaviors at 6 months (i.e., learned health-promoting behaviors) compared to baseline were better predictors of retention and program engagement. A fully digital, mobile weight management intervention can improve HPLP-II scores, which, in turn, has implications for improved retention, program engagement, and better understanding the comprehensive effects of weight management programs, particularly in a digital setting.

Psychometric Testing: Self-Efficacy for Calorie Control and Exercise

Enhancing self-efficacy for calorie control and exercise is a crucial strategy for successful weight management. This study developed and psychometrically tested a 13-item quick checklist for assessing self-efficacy for calorie control and exercise (QCSE-CCE). A convenience sample of 425 adults between 18 and 69 years old completed the QCSE-CCE online. The principle axis factor analysis and a parallel analysis demonstrated a three-factor structure that accounts for 72.8% of the total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good model fit (χ²/df = 2.168, GFI = .913, AGFI = .873, RMR = .049, RMSEA = .073, CFI = .959). The predictive validity was adequate (.38 < r < .39, p < .000), with Cronbach's alphas ranging from .87 to .91. The test-retest demonstrated good stability (r = .69; p < .001). The QCSE-CCE is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing self-efficacy for calorie control and exercise for weight management purposes.

Differences in weight loss outcomes for males and females on a low-carbohydrate diet: A systematic review

It has been widely demonstrated that there are a broad range of individual responses to all weight management regimens, often masked by reports of the mean. Identifying features of responders and non-responders to weight loss regimens enables a more tailored approach to the provision of weight management advice. Low-carbohydrate diets are currently popular, and anecdote suggests that males are more successful at losing weight using this approach. This is feasible given the physiological and socio-psychological differences between the genders. We analysed the extent and variation in weight change for males and females separately through a systematic search for all low-carbohydrate diet trials published since 1985. Very few studies compared weight loss outcomes by gender and, of those that did, most lacked supporting data. The majority of studies reported no gender difference but when a gender difference was found, males were more frequently reported as losing more weight than females on a low-carbohydrate diet. The lack of gender stratification in weight loss trials is concerning, as there are a range of gender-based factors that affect weight loss outcomes. This study highlights the importance of examining weight change for males and females separately, since as failure to do so may mask any potential differences, which, if detected, could assist with better weight loss outcomes.

Relationship among Self-Efficacy Expectations, Locus of Control, and Attributions in Bariatric Patients

Background: Bariatric surgery is the most effective method for achieving accelerated weight loss. However, in the short- and medium-term, between 20% and 40% of patients regain a significant percentage of the weight lost. Cognitive and attitudinal psychological variables contribute to explaining weight regain. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in self-efficacy, locus of control, and attributions among bariatric patients, in accordance with weight maintenance or weight regain. Methods: Participants were classified according to weight regain (≥15% weight regain) and weight maintenance (<15% weight regain). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was employed to assess the diagnostic value of the locus of control for weight loss and to establish a cutoff point to differentiate those who maintained weight loss from those who regained more than 15% of the weight lost. Results: Those who maintained weight loss showed a statistically higher locus of control ratio than those who regained weight. The locus of control ratio was associated with a lower risk of weight regain (odds ratio 0.760, p = 0.018). Using the area under the ROC curve (AUC), the locus of control significantly identified those who maintained weight (AUC = 0.761; p = 0.001). The maximum combination of sensitivity and specificity was shown at the cutoff point of 39. Qualitative results show a difference in the type of attributions and expectations according to current weight maintenance or weight regain status. Conclusion: Participants’ self-efficacy expectations, locus of control, and attributions change in accordance with the outcome achieved in terms of weight regain or weight maintenance.

Nightly Variation in Sleep Influences Self-efficacy for Adhering to a Healthy Lifestyle: A Prospective Study

BACKGROUND

Self-efficacy, or the perceived capability to engage in a behavior, has been shown to play an important role in adhering to weight loss treatment. Given that adherence is extremely important for successful weight loss outcomes and that sleep and self-efficacy are modifiable factors in this relationship, we examined the association between sleep and self-efficacy for adhering to the daily plan. Investigators examined whether various dimensions of sleep were associated with self-efficacy for adhering to the daily recommended lifestyle plan among participants (N = 150) in a 12-month weight loss study.

METHOD

This study was a secondary analysis of data from a 12-month prospective observational study that included a standard behavioral weight loss intervention. Daily assessments at the beginning of day (BOD) of self-efficacy and the previous night's sleep were collected in real-time using ecological momentary assessment.

RESULTS

The analysis included 44,613 BOD assessments. On average, participants reported sleeping for 6.93 ± 1.28 h, reported 1.56 ± 3.54 awakenings, and gave low ratings for trouble sleeping (3.11 ± 2.58; 0: no trouble; 10: a lot of trouble) and mid-high ratings for sleep quality (6.45 ± 2.09; 0: poor; 10: excellent). Participants woke up feeling tired 41.7% of the time. Using linear mixed effects modeling, a better rating in each sleep dimension was associated with higher self-efficacy the following day (all p values < .001).

CONCLUSION

Our findings supported the hypothesis that better sleep would be associated with higher levels of reported self-efficacy for adhering to the healthy lifestyle plan.

Effects of the Healthy Children, Healthy Families, Healthy Communities Program for Obesity Prevention among Vulnerable Children: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: We aimed to examine whether the Healthy Children, Healthy Families, and Healthy Communities Program, consisting of multi-level strategies for obesity prevention tailoring the context of socioeconomically vulnerable children based on an ecological perspective, would be effective on improving their healthy lifestyle behaviors and obesity status. Methods: Participants were 104 children (and 59 parents) enrolled in public welfare systems in Seoul, South Korea. Based on a cluster-randomized controlled trial (no. ISRCTN11347525), eight centers were randomly assigned to intervention (four centers, 49 children, 27 parents) versus control groups (four centers, 55 children, 32 parents). Multi-level interventions of child-, parent-, and center-level strategies were conducted for 12 weeks. Children’s healthy lifestyle behaviors and obesity status were assessed as daily recommended levels and body mass index ≥85th percentile, respectively. Parents’ parenting behaviors were measured by the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity scale. Results: Compared to the control group, the intervention group showed significant improvements in total composite scores of healthy-lifestyle behaviors—including 60-min of moderate physical activity—but not in obesity status among children. Moreover, the intervention group showed significant improvements in parenting behaviors among parents. Conclusion: The multi-level strategies for obesity prevention based on an ecological perspective may be effective for promoting healthy lifestyles among socioeconomically vulnerable children.

Self-efficacy Mediates Perceived Benefits and Barriers of Adherence of Heroin-dependent Patients to Methadone for Addiction Treatment: A Health Belief Model Study

OBJECTIVE

Although methadone for addiction treatment (MAT) has been widely used in China, the low adherence rate in MAT clinics poses a great challenge. We aimed to investigate the factors related to the adherence of heroin-dependent patients to MAT based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in Sichuan, China.

METHODS

A cross-sectional structured interview was conducted between August and November 2018. Stratified multi-stage sampling was carried out. A total of 581 participants were enrolled from 5 clinics and completed the face-to-face structured interview. Univariate, adjusted logistic regression, multivariate logistic regression analysis and the structural equation modeling (SEM) were employed to explore the association between constructs of HBM and adherence to MAT among heroin-dependent patients.

RESULTS

The adherence rate of MAT was 79.3% in the past 6 months. Among all constructs of HBM, self-efficacy (AOR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.22), perceived benefits (AOR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.10) and perceived barriers (AOR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.98) were associated with adherence to MAT. Self-efficacy was directly associated with adherence to MAT (β = 0.347, P < 0.05). Perceive benefits (β = 0.276, P < 0.01) and perceived barriers (β = -0.241, P < 0.05) were directly associated with self-efficacy. However, perceived benefits (β = 0.096, P < 0.01) and perceived barriers (β = -0.084, P < 0.01) were only indirectly associated with adherence to MAT.

CONCLUSION

The adherence of heroin-dependent patients to MAT can be explained by self-efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers. Self-efficacy plays a significant role as a mediating variable. Future interventions should be considered to improve patients' self-efficacy to MAT.

Validity of Nursing Outcomes Classification health promotion behavior scale in college students

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the reliability and validity of the health promotion behavior scale, of the Nursing Outcomes Classification, in university students. Method: methodological study carried out with 324 university students from a federal institution, based in a city in the Northeast of Brazil. Internal consistency was verified using Cronbach’s alpha and item-total correlation. Validity was performed through exploratory factor analysis via main components. Results: the scale showed a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.83, showing good reliability. The item-total correlations remained above 0.3 for most items, only items 01, 13, 19 and 20 were below this mark. In the exploratory factor analysis, two components were extracted whose variances explained 44.54% of the instrument’s composition. Conclusion: the health promotion behavior scale showed good reliability and validity, demonstrating that it can be applied to the population of university students.

Psychometric properties of the health-promoting lifestyle profile II: cross-cultural validation of the Malay language version

BACKGROUND

Health-promoting behaviour is an important concept for health education. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of validated instruments to measure levels of health-promoting behaviour in the Malaysian context. The purpose of this study was to validate a Malay-language version of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) using a confirmatory approach.

METHODS

Participants were 997 university undergraduate students, with a mean age of 21 years (SD = 1.58). The majority of the participants (80.4%) were female. Health-promoting behaviour was assessed using the 52-item HPLP-II, which measures six components of health-promoting behaviour outcomes. HPLP-II was translated into the Malay language using standard forward and backward translation procedures. Participants then completed the HPLP-II Malay version (HPLP-II-M). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted using Mplus 8.0 software on the six domains of HPLP-II-M model.

RESULTS

The CFA result based on the hypothesised measurement model of six factors was aligned with the original HPLP-II, except for two low loading items which were subsequently removed from the CFA analysis. The final CFA measurement model with 50 items resulted in a good fit to the data based on RMSEA and SRMR fit indices (RMSEA = 0.046, 90%CI = 0.045, 0.048, SRMR = 0.062). The construct reliabilities for the HPLP-II-M subscales were acceptable, ranging from 0.737 to 0.878.

CONCLUSION

The HPLP-II-M with six components of health-promoting behaviour outcomes and 50 items was considered valid and reliable for the present Malaysian sample.

How Does Obesity, Self-efficacy for Eating Control and Body Image in Women Affect Each Other?

Objectives

This study evaluates the interaction of obesity, self-efficacy for eating control and body image on each other in women.

Material and Methods

This is a descriptive analytic study performed on 300 healthy married women. Our sample included three groups of individuals including those with normal, high and very high BMI levels, with 100 consecutive cases in each group; the participants were asked to complete three questionnaires: Demographic Information Questionnaire, Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire (WEL), and Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ).

Outcomes

A higher BMI level was correlated with older age (r=0.304, p0.001). The WEL score was significantly and inversely correlated with the BMI level (r=-0.817, p0.001) Participants of normal, overweight and obese BMI groups had a mean WEL score of 168.78±9.17, 136.69±22.23 and 68.57±17.55, respectively. All MBSRQ subscale scores were significantly correlated with the BMI level.

Conclusions

A higher BMI level is associated with older age, lower weight self-efficacy and higher body image dissatisfaction among women.

Drug-Avoidance Self-Efficacy Among Exclusive Cannabis Users vs. Other Drug Users Visiting the Emergency Department

BACKGROUND

Medical care in the emergency department (ED) is a growing and complex area of outpatient care, with about 256 visits made to EDs every minute in 2013. Studies report that, compared to people who do not use drugs, people who use illicit drugs are more likely to use the ED for their medical care. Self-efficacy has been shown to be a predictor of abstinence or reduced use among drug-using individuals.

OBJECTIVES

The current study describes drug avoidance self-efficacy among exclusive cannabis-using individuals and other drug-using individuals who use the ED for any reason.

METHODS

Participants were 693 adult patients visiting the trauma units and EDs of two large urban "safety net" hospitals (i.e., providing care to low-income, uninsured, and vulnerable population) in Southern California who reported using illicit drugs in the past 30 days.

RESULTS

For people who use only cannabis, higher drug-avoidance self-efficacy was associated with older age, lower drug involvement scores, lower drug severity scores, and higher readiness to change use. For people who use other drugs, higher drug avoidance self-efficacy scores was associated with lower drug severity scores, lower psychiatric severity scores, higher medical severity scores, and higher readiness to change use.

CONCLUSION

This study identified several factors (some common, some unique) related to higher drug-avoidance self-efficacy for both groups. Results may be important when designing intervention protocols for use in the ED.

Distance learning strategies for weight management utilizing online social networks versus group phone conference call

OBJECTIVE

The increase in technology and online social networks (OSNs) may present healthcare providers with an innovative modality for delivering weight management programmes that could have an impact on health care at the population level. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of using an OSN to deliver a weight loss programme to inform future, large-scale trials.

METHODS

Seventy individuals (age = 47 ± 12.4, minority = 24.3%) with obesity (BMI = 36.2 ± 4.0) completed a 6-month weight loss intervention and were randomized to either a conference call or OSN delivery group. Weight loss was achieved by reducing energy intake by 500-700 kcal·d-1 below estimated total daily energy expenditure and progressing physical activity to 300 min/week. Behavioural weight loss strategies were delivered weekly throughout the intervention.

RESULTS

Conference call and OSN groups produced clinically meaningful weight loss of ≥5% from baseline to 6 months (phone = -6.3 ± 6.4%, OSN = -5.8 ± 6.7%). There was no significant difference in weight change between groups (p = 0.765).

CONCLUSION

The phone and OSN groups met the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/The Obesity Society's Guidelines by reducing baseline weight by 5-10% within 6 months. OSNs appear to be a viable delivery platform for weight loss interventions; however, larger scale adequately powered trials are needed.

Initial Response to Program, Program Participation, and Weight Reduction Among 375 MOVE! Participants, Augusta, Georgia, 2008-2010

INTRODUCTION

Obesity management guidelines specify initial goals for participation and weight reduction for the first 6 months of a weight-reduction intervention, but guidelines do not specify when to assess early response and make adjustments. We aimed to determine whether very early or early weight reduction in the weight-reduction program MOVE! predicted later participation or achievement of weight-reduction goals.

METHODS

Using clinical data from 375 MOVE! participants enrolled from July 2008 through May 2010, we examined program participation and weight reduction. Very early response was defined as achieving a weight reduction of 0.5% or more at week 2, and early response was defined as achieving weight reduction of 1.0% or more at week 4. Success, or achievement of weight-reduction goal, at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years was defined as a weight reduction of 5% or more. Participation was assessed according to the number of sessions attended within the first 6 months of program enrollment; attendance of 14 or more sessions was classified as high-intensity participation.

RESULTS

Very early responders were more than 5 times as likely (odds ratio [OR] = 5.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.69-17.71; P = .005) and early responders were more than 10 times as likely (OR = 10.76; 95% CI, 2.64-43.80; P = .001) to achieve the 6-month weight-reduction goal as participants who were not very early responders or early responders, respectively. Early responders were almost 7 times as likely to achieve the 1-year weight-reduction goal (OR = 6.96; 95% CI, 1.85-26.13; P = .004). Neither very early nor early response predicted participation, high-intensity participation, or success at 2 years.

CONCLUSION

This research supports the predictive value of very early response and early response to MOVE! on weight-reduction success at 6 months; early response also predicted 1-year success, suggesting that the 2-week point may be an ideal time to assess initial response and make intervention adjustments.

Longitudinal Weight Loss Patterns and their Behavioral and Demographic Associations

BACKGROUND

Identification of weight change patterns may allow tailored interventions to improve long-term weight loss.

PURPOSE

To identify patterns of weight change over 18 months, and assess participant characteristics and intervention adherence factors associated with weight change patterns in a sample of 359 overweight/obese adults.

METHODS

Weight loss (0-6 months) was achieved with reduced energy intake and increased physical activity (PA). Maintenance (7-18 months) provided adequate energy to maintain weight and continued PA.

RESULTS

Latent profile analysis identified three weight change profiles. During weight loss/maintenance, participants in profiles 2 and 3 (18-month weight loss ∼14 %) attended more behavioral sessions and performed more PA compared with profile 1 (18-month weight loss <1 %). Self-efficacy for both weight management and exercise barriers were higher in profiles 2 and 3 compared with profile 1 following weight loss and during maintenance.

CONCLUSION

Weight change patterns can be identified and are associated with both participant characteristics and intervention adherence.