Influence of transition readiness from paediatric to adult health care on quality of life in child-parent dyads with long-term conditions

Patient-caregiver dyad concordance of transition readiness assessment for adolescent with cancer: A network analysis

AIMS

The concordance of adolescents with cancer and caregivers was examined, and the core elements of transition readiness were identified.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, 196 adolescent-caregiver dyads completed the Chinese version of Self-Management and Transition to Adulthood with Rx = Treatment Questionnaire and its parent version between March 2023 and August 2023. Intraclass correlation coefficients, paired t-tests and network analysis were used for data analysis.

RESULTS

Caregivers reported slightly lower scores for transition readiness than adolescents (3.28 vs. 3.32). Healthcare engagement and provider communication were core elements in transition readiness networks. At the dyad level, agreement between adolescents' and caregivers' transition readiness ranged from poor to fair (intraclass correlation coefficients 0.103-0.486), and a significant difference in structure was found between the two networks.

CONCLUSIONS

Caregivers tended to underestimate adolescents' transition readiness. Attaining better concordance between adolescents and family caregivers is critical to aligning roles and responsibilities in the transition process.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PAEDIATRIC CANCER CARE

This study extends the evidence on the variation in adolescents' transition readiness, clarifying the complex associative relationships among the elements of transition readiness, which can be potential pathways for improving transition readiness. Second, this study is the first to assess transition readiness from a dyad's perspective. The findings highlighted the patient-caregiver incongruence in rating patients' transition readiness, suggesting that targeted dyadic interventions should be developed and implemented to improve patient-caregiver transition readiness concordance, facilitate effective communication and mutuality between patients and caregivers, and contribute to their collaboration during the transition of adolescents and optimization of outcomes. WHAT PROBLEM DID THE STUDY ADDRESS?: Increased long-term survival rates of survivors of paediatric cancer highlighted the significant need for care continuity. Transitional readiness is an important predictor of adolescent survivor's ability to adapt to a long-term survival period. Assessments of adolescents' transition readiness are limited and overlook the synergies between family caregivers and adolescents in the transition period. WHAT WERE THE MAIN FINDINGS?: The levels of agreement on rating transition readiness varied from poor to fair among adolescent-caregiver dyads, and caregivers tended to underestimate adolescents' transition readiness. The findings highlighted the patient-caregiver incongruence in rating patients' transition readiness. Targeted dyadic interventions should be developed and implemented to improve patient-caregiver's transition readiness concordance, and facilitate effective communication and mutuality between patients and caregivers.

REPORTING METHOD

Study methods and results reported in adherence to the STROBE checklist.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

No patients or members of the public were involved in the study.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE WIDER GLOBAL CLINICAL COMMUNITY

The main findings introduce pathways for improving transition readiness, which can enhance healthcare transition among other medical populations.

The TRUST Study-TRansition US Together: Evaluating the Impact of a Parent- and Adolescent-Centered Transition Toolkit on Transition Readiness in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

OBJECTIVE

Adolescents with chronic rheumatic disease must increasingly take on more responsibility for disease management from parents as they transition from pediatric to adult care. Yet, there are limited resources to inform and support parents about transition. Here, we evaluate the impact of a Transition Toolkit, geared towards parents and adolescents, on transition readiness, and explore the potential impact of parent-adolescent communication.

METHODS

A prospective cohort study of youths aged 14-18 years old and their parents was performed. Participant demographics, disease characteristics, transition readiness scores (Transition-Q, max 100), and parent-adolescent communication scores (PACS, max 100) were collected at enrollment (when the Transition Toolkit was shared with adolescents and their parents. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses determined the influence of the Toolkit on transition readiness and explored the role of parent-adolescent communication quality. Subgroup analyses were conducted by sex.

RESULTS

A total of 21 patients were included; 19 completed one post-intervention Transition-Q and 16 completed two. Transition-Q scores increased over time and the rate of increase doubled after the Toolkit was shared (β = 7.8, p < 0.05, and β = 15.5, p < 0.05, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Transition readiness improved at each follow-up, the greatest increase was seen after the Toolkit was shared. Parent-adolescent communication quality did not appear to impact changes in transition readiness.

Parental entrustment of healthcare responsibilities to youth with chronic conditions: A concept analysis

PURPOSE

Chronic health conditions impact nearly 40% of children in the United States, necessitating parents/caregivers to entrust healthcare responsibilities to youth aging into adulthood. Understanding the parental entrustment process may lead to tailored transition support; however, the concept lacks conceptual clarity, limiting its research and practical applications.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis method was used to clarify the parental entrustment of healthcare responsibilities to youth with chronic health conditions. PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases were searched without date restrictions, including full-text, English-language, primary source articles related to parent-child healthcare transition preparation. Following title, abstract, and full-text screenings, data were analyzed using a hybrid thematic approach to identify antecedents, attributes, and consequences.

RESULTS

Forty-three studies from August 1996 to September 2023 were identified. Antecedents encompass social cues and readiness factors, while attributes involve a) responsibility transfer, support, and facilitation, b) a dynamic process, c) balancing trust and fear, d) navigating conflict, and e) parental letting go. Consequences entail shifts in parental and adolescent roles. Parental entrustment is an iterative process wherein parents guide their maturing child through responsibility transfer via facilitation, support, conflict navigation, and trust building.

CONCLUSION

The clarified concept underscores the role of parents/caregivers in empowering youth to manage their health. Introducing a working definition and conceptual model contributes to understanding the processes families navigate in the larger landscape of healthcare transition.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

This clarification holds implications for clinicians and policymakers, offering insights to enhance support and guidance for families navigating healthcare transition.

Stakeholders' perspectives on caregiver outcomes for health care transition for adolescents and young adults with special health care needs: A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Previous literature has explored parent/caregiver perspectives and satisfaction with the health care transition (HCT) process for their adolescents and young adults with special health care needs (AYASHCN). Limited research has explored the opinion of health care providers and researchers on parent/caregiver outcomes associated with a successful HCT for AYASHCN.

METHODS

A web-based survey was distributed through the international and interdisciplinary Health Care Transition Research Consortium listserv, which at the time of the survey was composed of 148 providers dedicated to optimizing the HCT of AYAHSCN. Participants responded to the open-ended question, 'What parent/caregiver-related outcome(s) would represent a successful healthcare transition?' Respondents included 109 providers (52 health care professionals, 38 social service professionals and 19 other). Responses were coded for emergent themes, and research suggestions were identified.

RESULTS

Qualitative analyses identified two major themes: emotion- and behaviour-based outcomes. Emotion-based subthemes included relinquishing control of child's health management (n = 50, 45.9%) as well as parental satisfaction and confidence in their child's care and HCT (n = 42, 38.5%). Respondents also noted that parents/caregivers should experience an improved sense of well-being and decreased stress (n = 9, 8.2%) due to a successful HCT. Behaviour-based outcomes included early preparation and planning for HCT (n = 12, 11.0%) and parental instruction on the knowledge and skills necessary for their adolescent to independently manage their health (n = 10, 9.1%).

CONCLUSIONS

Health care providers can assist parents/caregivers in learning strategies for instructing their AYASHCN about condition-related knowledge and skills as well as provide support for 'letting go' of the caregiver role during the HCT to adult-focused health services and adulthood. Communication between the AYASCH, their parents/caregivers and paediatric- and adult-focused providers needs to be consistent and comprehensive to ensure continuity of care and a successful HCT. We also offered strategies to address the outcomes suggested by the participants of this study.

Perceptions of caregivers and adolescents/young adults with cystic fibrosis regarding health care transition readiness during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study

Purpose

Medical advances have increased the life expectancy of adolescents and young adults (AYA) with cystic fibrosis (CF) and importance of high-quality health care transitions (HCT) from pediatric-to-adult focused health care. The purpose of this study was to describe perceptions of HCT readiness among caregivers and AYA with CF during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design and methods

Using a qualitative descriptive design, caregivers and AYA aged 12-21 years old were recruited from three large CF care centers across the eastern U.S. Data were collected using an online questionnaire with open ended and closed ended questions. Survey topics were: perceptions of HCT readiness, actions to prepare for HCT, and the impact of COVID-19. Results were interpreted using an adapted framework of the Health Care Transition Research Consortium Model and qualitative content analysis.

Results

The sample included 73 caregivers (62 mothers) and 34 AYA (24 female, mean age 15.5 years). Three attributes of HCT readiness were identified from caregiver and AYA perceptions: (1) strong concerns that AYA lacked readiness to manage self-care needs in the future, (2) gaps in resources hindered ongoing efforts to enhance transition readiness, and (3) COVID changes created new barriers and facilitators to health care transition readiness.

Conclusions

Caregivers and AYA felt they lacked readiness for HCT, they worried about worsening outcomes in adult-focused care, and they were challenged by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Practical implications

These findings provide a solid description of perceived transition readiness during a pandemic that may enhance transitional care design.