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Okekunle AP, Asowata OJ, Akpa OM, Fakunle AG, Bodunde I, Komolafe M, Arulogun O, Sarfo FS, Obiako R, Osaigbovo G, Ogbole G, Bello A, Adeniyi S, Calys-Tagoe B, Appiah L, Jenkins C, Oyinloye O, Dambatta H, Balogun O, Singh A, Olalere A, Mensah Y, Ogah OS, Ibinaiye P, Adebayo O, Adebajo O, Adebayo P, Chukwuonye I, Akinyemi R, Ovbiagele B, Owolabi M. Dietary patterns associated with hypertension among stroke-free indigenous Africans: insights from the Stroke Investigative Research and Educational Network study. J Hypertens 2024; 42:620-628. [PMID: 38230616 PMCID: PMC11126300 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dietary factors associated with the high burden of hypertension among indigenous Africans remain poorly understood. We assessed the relationship between dietary patterns and hypertension among indigenous Africans. METHOD In this study, 1550 participants with hypertension matched (for age: ± 5 years, sex and ethnicity) with 1550 participants without hypertension were identified from the stroke-free population in the Stroke Investigative Research and Educational Network study in Ghana and Nigeria. Food consumption was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary information was summarized using principal component analysis to identify seven dietary patterns. Conditional logistic regression was applied to compute the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the risk of hypertension by tertiles of dietary patterns adjusting for age, education, income, smoking, alcohol use, physical inactivity, family history of cardiovascular diseases, obesity and salt intake at a two-sided P less than 0.05. RESULTS Multivariable-adjusted OR [95% confidence interval (CI)] for risk of hypertension by second and third tertiles [using the lowest (first) tertile as reference] of dietary patterns were 0.62 (0.48-0.80), 0.70 (0.54-0.90) for whole grains and fruit drinks; 0.87 (0.68-1.12), 0.83 (0.64-1.08) for fruits; 0.85 (0.65-1.10), 0.97 (0.75-1.26) for vegetables, legumes and potatoes; 0.78 (0.60-1.00), 0.84 (0.65-1.08) for fried foods and sweetened drinks; 1.13 (0.88-1.45), 0.80 (0.62-1.03) for poultry product and organ meat; 1.11 (0.86-1.43), 0.88 (0.68-1.14) for red meat; and 1.14 (0.88-1.48), 1.09 (0.84-1.43) for processed foods ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION A higher adherence to dietary consumption of whole grains and fruits was inversely associated with low odds of hypertension in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle
- Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Koreay
| | | | - Onoja Matthew Akpa
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Ibadan
| | - Adekunle Gregory Fakunle
- Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Public Health, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State
| | | | - Morenikeji Komolafe
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife
| | - Oyedunni Arulogun
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fred Stephen Sarfo
- Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | | | | | - Godwin Ogbole
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
| | - Abiodun Bello
- Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Adeniyi
- Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Benedict Calys-Tagoe
- Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | - Lambert Appiah
- Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | | | - Olalekan Oyinloye
- Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife
| | | | | | - Arti Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Yaw Mensah
- Department of Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rufus Akinyemi
- Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training College of Medicine
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bruce Ovbiagele
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Mayowa Owolabi
- Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Lebanese American University of Beirut, Lebanon
- Blossom Specialist Medican Centre, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Iddrisu A, Adam M. Assessing body mass index stages, individual diabetes and hypertension history effects on the risk of developing hypertension among Ghanaians: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1650. [PMID: 37900089 PMCID: PMC10600335 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims This study aimed to understand the relationship between body mass index (BMI), diabetes and hypertension history, and other risk of hypertension among Ghanaians. Methods The BMI data are categorized according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition. The data were obtained from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO SAGE) Ghana Wave 2. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the variables, and the association between these variables and hypertension was assessed using the χ². Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between hypertension and different BMI levels and other variables. Results Obesity class II individuals have about a 4-fold higher risk of developing hypertension compared to underweight individuals. Obesity class III, class I, and preobesity individuals have approximately a 3-fold higher risk. Normal weight is associated with increased hypertension risk. Both males and females show a significant increase in hypertension risk across all BMI categories. History of hypertension is linked to a 2.2-fold increased risk. Diabetes history is associated with hypertension when considering other factors. Elevated hypertension risk is observed among married, divorced, and widowed males then never married males. Only widowed females showed an increased risk. Older age significantly increases hypertension risk, particularly in females. Vegetable servings reduce hypertension risk, while fruit servings are associated with an increased risk. Vigorous exercise increases hypertension risk, particularly in females. Conclusion Regular check-ups are recommended for married, divorced, and widowed males, focusing on blood pressure (BP) levels. Regular exercise from young age helps lower BP in later years. Individuals with a history of hypertension should follow BP control measures. Encouraging the consumption of the right combination of vegetables and fruits can help lower BP. Female tobacco smoking should be strongly discouraged due to a 54% increased risk of developing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul‐Karim Iddrisu
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyaniGhana
| | - Mohammed Adam
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyaniGhana
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Nakamura K, Suzuki Y, Goto K, Yamaguchi S, Hiramitsu M. Antihypertensive and Vasorelaxant Effects of Citric Acid and Lemon Juice in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:3849. [PMID: 37686881 PMCID: PMC10489964 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a key risk factor for heart, brain, and kidney disease development. Fruit consumption has been associated with a decrease in blood pressure. Lemon juice, which contains antihypertensive compounds, may exert antihypertensive effects. However, no research has verified the antihypertensive effects of citric acid, the most abundant ingredient in lemon juice. In the present study, we demonstrated the antihypertensive effects of citric acid and lemon juice by performing single oral administration tests and the aortic ring assay using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Single oral doses of both agents markedly reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the SHRs. In addition, both these agents relaxed the thoracic aorta from the SHRs; however, these effects were notably attenuated by the removal of the aortic endothelium. Orally administered citric acid was rapidly absorbed and metabolized in vivo. Among the functional compounds in lemon juice, citric acid was identified as the primary antihypertensive component. Although more detailed studies are required to validate our findings, the novel functional attributes of citric acid can achieve the normalization of blood pressure when it is consumed via diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Nakamura
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.G.)
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan;
- Institute of Agriculture, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Yumiko Suzuki
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Kazuma Goto
- Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Shohei Yamaguchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan;
| | - Masanori Hiramitsu
- Pokka Sapporo Food and Beverage Ltd., 10, Okatome, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0013, Japan;
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