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Cancedda R, Mastrogiacomo M. Transit Amplifying Cells (TACs): a still not fully understood cell population. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1189225. [PMID: 37229487 PMCID: PMC10203484 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1189225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of tissue homeostasis and tissue regeneration after an insult are essential functions of adult stem cells (SCs). In adult tissues, SCs proliferate at a very slow rate within "stem cell niches", but, during tissue development and regeneration, before giving rise to differentiated cells, they give rise to multipotent and highly proliferative cells, known as transit-amplifying cells (TACs). Although differences exist in diverse tissues, TACs are not only a transitory phase from SCs to post-mitotic cells, but they also actively control proliferation and number of their ancestor SCs and proliferation and differentiation of their progeny toward tissue specific functional cells. Autocrine signals and negative and positive feedback and feedforward paracrine signals play a major role in these controls. In the present review we will consider the generation and the role played by TACs during development and regeneration of lining epithelia characterized by a high turnover including epidermis and hair follicles, ocular epithelial surfaces, and intestinal mucosa. A comparison between these different tissues will be made. There are some genes and molecular pathways whose expression and activation are common to most TACs regardless their tissue of origin. These include, among others, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog and BMP pathways. However, the response to these molecular signals can vary in TACs of different tissues. Secondly, we will consider cultured cells derived from tissues of mesodermal origin and widely adopted for cell therapy treatments. These include mesenchymal stem cells and dedifferentiated chondrocytes. The possible correlation between cell dedifferentiation and reversion to a transit amplifying cell stage will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Cancedda
- Emeritus Professor, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mastrogiacomo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche (DIMI), Università Degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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Eom YS, Ko BS, Shah FH, Kim SJ. E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Constitutive Photomorphogenic 1 Regulates Differentiation and Inflammation via MAPK Signaling Pathway in Rabbit Articular Chondrocytes. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:239-247. [PMID: 36940307 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1), is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a role in the regulation of various cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, and survival in mammals. In certain conditions such as overexpression or loss of function, COP1 acts either as an oncogenic protein or as a tumor suppressor by targeting specific proteins for ubiquitination-mediated degradation. However, the precise role of COP1 has not been well studied in primary articular chondrocytes. In this study, we investigated the role of COP1 in chondrocyte differentiation. Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that COP1 overexpression reduced type II collagen expression, promoted cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression, and reduced sulfated proteoglycan synthesis, as detected by Alcian blue staining. Upon siRNA treatment, revived type II collagen, sulfated proteoglycan production, and decreased COX-2 expression. Phosphorylation of p38 kinase and ERK-1/-2 signaling pathways was regulated by COP1 upon cDNA and siRNA transfection in chondrocytes. The inhibition of the p38 kinase and ERK-1/-2 signaling pathways with SB203580 and PD98059 ameliorated the expression of type II collagen and COX-2 in transfected chondrocytes, thus suggesting that COP1 regulates differentiation and inflammation in rabbit articular chondrocytes via the p38 kinase and ERK-1/-2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seok Eom
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Su Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Fahad Hassan Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
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3
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The role of TGF-beta3 in cartilage development and osteoarthritis. Bone Res 2023; 11:2. [PMID: 36588106 PMCID: PMC9806111 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage serves as a low-friction, load-bearing tissue without the support with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves, making its repair a big challenge. Transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3), a vital member of the highly conserved TGF-β superfamily, plays a versatile role in cartilage physiology and pathology. TGF-β3 influences the whole life cycle of chondrocytes and mediates a series of cellular responses, including cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Since TGF-β3 is involved in maintaining the balance between chondrogenic differentiation and chondrocyte hypertrophy, its regulatory role is especially important to cartilage development. Increased TGF-β3 plays a dual role: in healthy tissues, it can facilitate chondrocyte viability, but in osteoarthritic chondrocytes, it can accelerate the progression of disease. Recently, TGF-β3 has been recognized as a potential therapeutic target for osteoarthritis (OA) owing to its protective effect, which it confers by enhancing the recruitment of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to damaged cartilage. However, the biological mechanism of TGF-β3 action in cartilage development and OA is not well understood. In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in the research on TGF-β3 in cartilage physiology and pathology, providing up-to-date strategies for cartilage repair and preventive treatment.
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Ding Y, Zhang W, Sun B, Mo X, Wu J. Cyclic freeze–thaw grinding to decellularize meniscus for fabricating porous, elastic scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1824-1839. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Ding
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biologial Science and Medical Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Weixing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biologial Science and Medical Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biologial Science and Medical Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
| | - Jinglei Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano‐Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biologial Science and Medical Engineering Donghua University Shanghai China
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Intermittent Hydrostatic Pressure Promotes Cartilage Repair in an Inflammatory Environment through Hippo-YAP Signaling In Vitro and In Vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3215461. [PMID: 35968240 PMCID: PMC9371873 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3215461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study of chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) as seed cells has become a new focus of cartilage regeneration. The inflammatory environment of osteoarthritis (OA) inhibits the repair ability of CPCs. But the OA patients' CPCs showed an excellent regeneration ability with intermittent hydrostatic pressure (IHP). However, the mechanism is unclear. We compared the expression of the Hippo signaling effect factor YAP between OA and normal cartilages. Then, the relationship between the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) score of OA and the rate of YAP-positive cells was analyzed. The changes of CPCs after IHP and IL-1β applications were observed. The OA model was established by cutting the anterior cruciate ligament of rats. The knee joint of the OA rats was distracted by hinged external fixator to create suitable IHP, named as the IHP group. The IHP group plus intra-articular injection of Verteporfin (VP) was named as the IHP+VP group, and the untreated rat group was named as the CON group. Four and 8 weeks after the operation, the reparative effect was evaluated by MASSON staining and immunohistochemical staining. Lower levels of YAP1 and higher expressions of p-YAP1 were found in the OA group as compared to the normal group. IHP inhibited the Hippo signaling in an inflammatory environment and promoted the proliferation of CPCs. The cartilage deterioration in the CON group progressed more significantly than that in the IHP+VP group. The best reparative effect was observed in the IHP group with increased expression of YAP1 and decreased p-YAP1. These results hint that mechanical stress can activate CPCs and promote cartilage repair in an inflammatory environment through inhibiting Hippo signaling.
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Housmans BAC, Neefjes M, Surtel DAM, Vitík M, Cremers A, van Rhijn LW, van der Kraan PM, van den Akker GGH, Welting TJM. Synovial fluid from end-stage osteoarthritis induces proliferation and fibrosis of articular chondrocytes via MAPK and RhoGTPase signaling. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:862-874. [PMID: 35176481 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alterations in the composition of synovial fluid have been associated with adverse effects on cartilage integrity and function. Here, we examined the phenotypic and proliferative behavior of human articular chondrocytes when cultured in vitro for 13 days with synovial fluid derived from end-stage osteoarthritis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chondrocyte proliferation and phenotypical changes induced by osteoarthritic synovial fluid were analyzed using DNA staining, RT-qPCR, immunostainings, and immunoblotting. The molecular mechanisms by which osteoarthritic synovial fluid induced fibrosis and proliferation were studied using a phospho-protein antibody array and luciferase-based transcription factor activity assays. Specific pathway inhibitors were used to probe the involvement of pathways in fibrosis and proliferation. RESULTS Prolonged stimulation with osteoarthritic synovial fluid sustained chondrocyte proliferation and induced profound phenotypic changes, favoring a fibrotic over a chondrogenic or hypertrophic phenotype. A clear loss of chondrogenic markers at both the transcriptional and protein level was observed, while expression of several fibrosis-associated markers were upregulated over time. Phospho-kinase analysis revealed activation of MAPK and RhoGTPase signaling pathways by osteoarthritic synovial fluid, which was confirmed by elevated transcriptional activity of Elk-1 and SRF. Inhibitor studies revealed that ERK played a central role in the loss of chondrocyte phenotype, while EGFR and downstream mediators p38, JNK and Rac/Cdc42 were essential for fibrosis-associated collagen expression. Finally, we identified EGF signaling as a key activator of chondrocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Osteoarthritic synovial fluid promoted chondrocyte fibrosis and proliferation through EGF receptor activation and downstream MAPK and RhoGTPase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A C Housmans
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M Neefjes
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - D A M Surtel
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M Vitík
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - A Cremers
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - L W van Rhijn
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - G G H van den Akker
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T J M Welting
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Wang B, Jiang B, Li Y, Dai Y, Li P, Li L, Xu J, Li L, Wu P. AKAP2 overexpression modulates growth plate chondrocyte functions through ERK1/2 signaling. Bone 2021; 146:115875. [PMID: 33571699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, the mutation c.2645A > C (p. E882A) was found in the A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 2 (AKAP2) gene, which plays an important role in regulating the development of the skeletal system; however, the specific effect of AKAP2 on chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation and the potential mechanism are still not clear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of AKAP2 in vitro. We successfully isolated human growth plate chondrocytes (GPCs) from growth plate cartilage tissues and identified GPCs by aggrecan expression and flow cytometric analysis. AKAP2 overexpression significantly promoted GPC proliferation, enhanced GPC differentiation, and promoted extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, whereas AKAP2 silencing exerted the opposite effects on GPCs. AKAP2 overexpression increased, while AKAP2 silencing decreased, the protein levels of p-extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)1/2. More importantly, the promotive effects of AKAP2 overexpression on GPC proliferation, differentiation, and ECM synthesis were significantly reversed by the ERK1/2 signaling antagonist U0126, suggesting that AKAP2 enhances GPC functions through ERK1/2 signaling. In conclusion, we demonstrate AKAP2 overexpression-induced enhancement of GPC functions through ERK1/2 signaling. Considering the critical role of GPC functions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) pathogenesis, the application of AKAP2 targeting in AIS treatment should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China.
| | - Yuliang Dai
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Pengzhi Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Jietao Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, China
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Zhang Y, Sun L, Liu X, Zhu D, Dang J, Xue Y, Fan H. Investigating the protective effect of tanshinone IIA against chondrocyte dedifferentiation: a combined molecular biology and network pharmacology approach. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:249. [PMID: 33708876 PMCID: PMC7940936 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease with multifactorial etiology. The dedifferentiation of chondrocytes can accelerate the progress of OA. Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) has been widely used to treat OA for many years and has proved to be effective in inhibiting chondrocyte dedifferentiation. Until now, the precise mechanism of TIIA’s effect against dedifferentiation has not been well understood. Methods The targets of TIIA were explored from public databases using various methods. The related targets of OA were obtained from the GeneCards database and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. The potential targets and signaling pathways were determined using protein-protein interaction (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Cell viability, proliferation, and metabolic activity were analyzed in vitro. The effects of TIIA on chondrocyte dedifferentiation were evaluated by assessing morphological changes, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of cartilage-related genes. After 48 hours of culture in medium with 100 μg/mL TIIA, chondrocytes/hydrogel spheres were implanted to repair cartilage defects in a rat model. The harvested specimens were examined with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry to evaluate cartilage regeneration. Results The results showed that there were 28 genes potentially interacting in the TIIA-chondrocyte dedifferentiation network, and nine hub genes were identified. In vitro experiments showed an inhibitory effect of TIIA on chondrocyte dedifferentiation. The proliferation and viability of chondrocytes were promoted by TIIA at a concentration of 100–200 μg/mL, but inhibited by TIIA at 400 μg/mL. Furthermore, the histology results showed that chondrocyte/hydrogel spheres pre-treated with TIIA had better cartilage repair. Conclusions This study revealed a systematic network pharmacology approach and provided a basis for the future study of TIIA as an effective treatment for cartilage regeneration. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo results confirmed the protective effects of TIIA against chondrocyte dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liguo Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongze Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyi Dang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingsen Xue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongbin Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Yao Y, Wang C. Dedifferentiation: inspiration for devising engineering strategies for regenerative medicine. NPJ Regen Med 2020; 5:14. [PMID: 32821434 PMCID: PMC7395755 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell dedifferentiation is the process by which cells grow reversely from a partially or terminally differentiated stage to a less differentiated stage within their own lineage. This extraordinary phenomenon, observed in many physiological processes, inspires the possibility of developing new therapeutic approaches to regenerate damaged tissue and organs. Meanwhile, studies also indicate that dedifferentiation can cause pathological changes. In this review, we compile the literature describing recent advances in research on dedifferentiation, with an emphasis on tissue-specific findings, cellular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications from an engineering perspective. A critical understanding of such knowledge may provide fresh insights for designing new therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine based on the principle of cell dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Yao
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510120 Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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Cai Z, Hong M, Xu L, Yang K, Li C, Sun T, Feng Y, Zeng H, Lu WW, Chiu KY. Prevent action of magnoflorine with hyaluronic acid gel from cartilage degeneration in anterior cruciate ligament transection induced osteoarthritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:109733. [PMID: 32113051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Chinese medicine, magnoflorine exerted significant anti-inflammatory effects and potentially promoted synthesis of proteoglycans in chondrocytes to reverse the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the latent beneficial effect of magnoflorine for the treatment of traumatic osteoarthritis (OA) is still unknown. Therefore, we aim to demonstrate the efficacy of magnoflorine combined with HA-gel in attenuating cartilage degeneration in anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) induced OA rat model. We found that the histological results showed the elevated cartilage matrix, chondrogenic signals and chondroprogenitor cells in HA-gel + magnoflorine treatment. HA-gel + magnoflorine treatment resulted in a decreased modified Mankin's score, and a higher volume ratio of hyaline cartilage (HC)/calcified cartilage (CC) and HC/Sum (whole cartilage), compared to ACLT and HA-gel groups. Furthermore, both the volume ratios of HC/Sum and HC/CC were negatively correlated with modified Mankin's scores. Finally, HA-gel + magnoflorine could significantly increase the BV/TV, Tb.Th, and decrease the Tb.Pf, Po(tot), Conn.Dn and Tb.Sp. In vitro, 50 μg/ml magnoflorine treatment could significantly increase the viability, S-phase, migration rate and chondrogenesis of chondroprogenitor cells. There were significant downregulations of MAPK/NF-κB signaling, and upregulations of chondrogenic signals in 50 μg/ml magnoflorine treatment. There were significant downregulations of proinflammatory cytokines and upregulation of IL-10 in HA-gel + magnoflorine treated group. Therefore, our study elucidated a protective effect of HA-gel + magnoflorine on attenuating cartilage degradation and maintaining SCB stabilization in ACLT induced OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cai
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, 1. Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China; 2. Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Hong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kedi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chentian Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tianhao Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Traumatology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Huasong Zeng
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - William Weijia Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Kwong-Yuen Chiu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Organic and inorganic zinc show similar regulatory effects on the expression of some germ cell specific markers induced in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells after treatment with retinoic acid. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Speichert S, Molotkov N, El Bagdadi K, Meurer A, Zaucke F, Jenei-Lanzl Z. Role of Norepinephrine in IL-1β-Induced Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation under Physioxia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051212. [PMID: 30861996 PMCID: PMC6429278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), chondrocytes lose their phenotype and become hypertrophic, or dedifferentiate, mainly driven by interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The contribution of other factors to the dedifferentiation process is not completely understood. Recent studies suggested a dose-dependent role for the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) in OA chondrocyte metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the contribution of NE (10-8 M, 10-6 M) to human articular OA chondrocyte dedifferentiation in the absence or presence of IL-1β (0.5 ng/mL). Here, we demonstrate that OA chondrocytes express α2A-, α2C- and β2-adrenoceptors (AR) and show the characteristic shift towards a fibroblast-like shape at day 7 in physioxic monolayer culture. NE alone did not affect morphology but, in combination with IL-1β, markedly accelerated this shift. Moderate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) staining was observed in untreated and NE-treated cells, while IL-1β strongly decreased GAG deposition. IL-1β alone or in combination with NE decreased SOX9, type II collagen, COMP, and aggrecan, and induced MMP13 and ADAMTS4 gene expression, indicating an accelerated dedifferentiation. NE alone did not influence gene expression and did not modulate IL-1β-mediated effects. In conclusion, these results indicate that low-grade inflammation exerts a dominant effect on chondrocyte dedifferentiation and should be targeted early in OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Speichert
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstr. 2, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Natalie Molotkov
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstr. 2, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Karima El Bagdadi
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstr. 2, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Andrea Meurer
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstr. 2, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstr. 2, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim gGmbH, Marienburgstr. 2, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Naseer N, Bashir S, Latief N, Latif F, Khan SN, Riazuddin S. Human amniotic membrane as differentiating matrix for in vitro chondrogenesis. Regen Med 2018; 13:821-832. [PMID: 30299207 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study is to use human amniotic membrane (HAM) for in vitro chondrogenesis of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and umbilical cord-derived MSCs. Materials & methods: MSCs from the placenta and umbilical cord were isolated, characterized by immunophenotyping and after analyzing their rate of proliferation, cytotoxicity and viability, chondrogenesis was performed on plastic adherent surface and on HAM. Results: Successfully isolated and characterized placenta-derived MSCs and umbilical cord-derived MSCs revealed positive expression of MSCs markers CD90, CD73, CD105 and CD49d, while they were negative for CD45. Both types of cells in the presence of chondrogenic induction medium on plastic adherent surface and HAM showed aggregates of proteoglycan and strong expression of COL2A1 (collagen 2) and ACAN1 (aggrecan). Conclusion: HAM supported proliferation as well as chondrogenesis of MSCs and provide novelty of HAM utilization as an efficient natural delivery matrix for stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Naseer
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niazbaig Lahore, Punjab, 53700 Pakistan
| | - Saliha Bashir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niazbaig Lahore, Punjab, 53700 Pakistan
| | - Noreen Latief
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niazbaig Lahore, Punjab, 53700 Pakistan
| | - Farzana Latif
- Ameer-ud-din Medical College, Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI), Lahore General Hospital, 6-Abdur Rehman Chughtai Road (Birdwood Road), Jail Road, Shadman, Lahore,54000 Pakistan
| | - Shaheen N Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niazbaig Lahore, Punjab, 53700 Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niazbaig Lahore, Punjab, 53700 Pakistan
- Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Jinnah hospital Moulana Shabir Ahmed Usmani Road, Faisal Town Lahore 54550 Pakistan
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), PIMS, G-8/3, Islamabad, 44000 Pakistan
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14
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Huang Y, Cai GQ, Peng JP, Shen C. Glucocorticoids induce apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in chondrocytes through the NOX4/ROS/p38 MAPK pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29526705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the results from our previous study, dexamethasone (Dex) increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and subsequently induces cell death and matrix catabolism in chondrocytes. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4) is one of the major enzymes responsible for intracellular ROS production during the inflammatory process. The objective of the current study was to investigate the role of NOX4 in Dex-induced ROS over-production. Healthy chondrocytes were harvested from the cartilage debris from 6 female patients. NOX4 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression levels in these cells were evaluated in the presence of Dex. Changes in the number of apoptotic and viable Dex-treated chondrocytes were recorded after the cells were treated with NOX and p38 MAPK inhibitors. Changes in matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) expression levels in Dex-treated chondrocytes were also investigated. The Dex treatment increased NOX4 expression via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Treatment of cells with apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, decreased intracellular ROS levels and inhibited p38 MAPK activation. Treatment of cells with a ROS scavenger also reduced p38 MAPK expression. Treatment of cells with a NOX inhibitor, ROS scavenger and p38 MAPK inhibitor rescued chondrocytes from Dex-induced apoptosis. Moreover, treatment of cells with these agents blocked MMP-13 expression in Dex-treated chondrocytes. NOX4 silencing also suppressed p38 MAPK and MMP-13 expression. Dex triggered apoptosis and MMP-13 expression through the NOX4/ROS/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. NOX4 may be a therapeutic target in the management of Dex-induced complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui-Quan Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ping Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Xu W, Wang Y, Zhao H, Fan B, Guo K, Cai M, Zhang S. Delta-like 2 negatively regulates chondrogenic differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:6574-6582. [PMID: 29057471 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Delta-like 2 (Dlk2), a glycoprotein highly homologous to Dlk1, belongs to the Notch/Delta/Serrata family. Dlk2 has been shown to be an important regulator of adipogenesis; however, its role in other cellular differentiation processes is still unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the role of Dlk2 in chondrogenic differentiation. We found that Dlk2 overexpression promoted the growth of ATDC5 cells but inhibited insulin-induced ATDC5 chondrogenic differentiation, as supported by the reduction in cartilage matrix formation and gene expression of aggrecan (acan), collagentype II (col2a1) and X (col10a1). In contrast, Dlk2 silencing inhibited the proliferation of ATDC5 cells but enhanced their chondrogenic differentiation. We then evaluated the roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are activated by insulin during the chondrogenesis of ATDC5 cells. Overexpression of Dlk2 protein strongly promoted the activation of p38, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, as expected, Dlk2 silencing inhibited the activation of p38, but had no effect on the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways. Finally, we also detected the expression of Dlk2 in mouse epiphyseal cartilage during embryo development. The expression of the Dlk2 protein in the limb bud could be detected at embryonic day 11.5; additionally, it was found to decrease in the superficial zones, but remained unchanged in the deep/hypertrophic zones. In conclusion, our results suggested that Dlk2 acted as an important regulator of chondrogenesis through the p38 pathway. These findings may lead to strategies for the treatment of cartilage-related diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yexin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Haoming Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Baotin Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ke Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ming Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shanyong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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16
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Lin M, Lin Y, Li X, Liang W, Wang S, Liu J, Liu X, Chen L, Qin Y. Warm sparse-dense wave inhibits cartilage degradation in papain-induced osteoarthritis through the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3674-3680. [PMID: 29042963 PMCID: PMC5639397 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage degradation is an important in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Abnormal activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in chondrocytes promotes an inflammatory response, resulting in the release of chondral matrix-degrading enzymes that accelerate the degradation of cartilage. As a non-pharmaceutical and non-invasive physical therapy regimen, warm sparse-dense wave (WSDW) has been successfully used for the treatment of OA. However, it remains unclear whether WSDW inhibits cartilage degradation in OA through the MAPK signaling pathway. The present study investigated the effects of WSDW on papain-induced OA in rat knee joints. Papain-induced OA was established in rats, which were subsequently divided into a model group and three experimental groups that received a WSDW with the following ratios: WSDW=1:1, WSDW=1:2 and WSDW=2:1. After 12 weeks of treatment, cartilage degradation was evaluated by Mankin scoring of paraffin-embedded sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The changes in cartilage structure were observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the expressions of RAS, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and p53 were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. WSDW was demonstrated to improve the arrangement of collagen fibers, inhibit the tidemark replication and delay cartilage degradation in papain-induced OA. The expressions of RAS, ERK, p38 and p53 in the WSDW (1:2) and (2:1) groups were significantly decreased when compared with the model group (P<0.01). Furthermore, amongst the WSDW groups, the inhibitory effects of the WSDW (1:2) group were typically greater than those of the WSDW (1:1) and (2:1) groups. The results indicate that WSDW may inhibit cartilage degradation in papain-induced OA in rat knee joints by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munan Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghang Hospital, Shanghang, Fujian 364200, P.R. China
| | - Xihai Li
- Institute of Bone Diseases, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Wenna Liang
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Shuiliang Wang
- Laboratory Department, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Liu
- Institute of Bone Diseases, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xianxiang Liu
- Institute of Bone Diseases, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Lidian Chen
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Yin Qin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
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17
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Wang Y, Yang T, Liu Y, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Lu M, Zhang W. Decrease of miR-195 Promotes Chondrocytes Proliferation and Maintenance of Chondrogenic Phenotype via Targeting FGF-18 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050975. [PMID: 28471382 PMCID: PMC5454888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow growth and rapid loss of chondrogenic phenotypes are the major problems affecting chronic cartilage lesions. The role of microRNA-195 (miR-195) and its detailed working mechanism in the fore-mentioned process remains unknown. Fibroblastic growth factor 18 (FGF-18) plays a key role in cartilage homeostasis; whether miR-195 could regulate FGF-18 and its downstream signal pathway in chondrocyte proliferation and maintenance of chondrogenic phenotypes still remains unclear. The present research shows elevated miR-195 but depressed FGF-18 expressed in joint fluid specimens of 20 patients with chronic cartilage lesions and in CH1M and CH3M chondrocytes when compared with that in joint fluid specimens without cartilage lesions and in CH1W and CH2W chondrocytes, respectively. The following loss of function test revealed that downregulation of miR-195 by transfection of miR-195 inhibitors promoted chondrocyte proliferation and expression of a type II collagen α I chain (Col2a1)/aggrecan. Through the online informatics analysis we theoretically predicted that miR-195 could bind to a FGF-18 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), also, we verified that a miR-195 could regulate the FGF-18 and its downstream pathway. The constructed dual luciferase assay further confirmed that FGF-18 was a direct target of miR-195. The executed anti-sense experiment displayed that miR-195 could regulate chondrocyte proliferation and Col2a1/aggrecan expression via the FGF-18 pathway. Finally, through an in vivo anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) model, downregulation of miR-195 presented a significantly protective effect on chronic cartilage lesions. Evaluating all of the outcomes of the current research revealed that a decrease of miR-195 protected chronic cartilage lesions by promoting chondrocyte proliferation and maintenance of chondrogenic phenotypes via the targeting of the FGF-18 pathway and that the miR-195/FGF-18 axis could be a potential target in the treatment of cartilage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
- The 4th Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110024, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
| | - Yadong Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- The 4th Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110024, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
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18
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Yu SM, Yeo HJ, Choi SY, Kim SJ. Cytokine-induced apoptosis inhibitor-1 causes dedifferentiation of rabbit articular chondrocytes via the ERK-1/2 and p38 kinase pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 80:10-18. [PMID: 27644154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced apoptosis inhibitor-1 (CIAPIN-1, formally named anamorsin) is a well-known regulator of apoptosis in many different cell types. Recently, it has been reported that some anti-apoptotic proteins are involved with the regulation of cell differentiation. However, relatively little is known about the role of CIAPIN-1 on rabbit articular chondrocytes differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effects of CIAPIN-1 in chondrocytes, focusing on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 and p38 kinase signaling. CIAPIN-1 caused dedifferentiation, as determined by the inhibition of type II collagen expression and sulfated-proteoglycan synthesis. CIAPIN-1 activated ERK-1/2 and inactivated p38 kinase, as determined by the phosphorylation level of each protein. CIAPIN-1-induced ERK phosphorylation was abolished by the MEK inhibitor, PD98059, which also prevented the CIAPIN-1-induced loss of type II collagen expression. Inhibition of p38 kinase with SB203580 enhanced the decrease in type II collagen expression. Our findings collectively suggest that ERK-1/2 and p38 kinase regulate CIAPIN-1-induced dedifferentiation in rabbit articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Mi Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Ashraf S, Ahn J, Cha BH, Kim JS, Han I, Park H, Lee SH. RHEB: a potential regulator of chondrocyte phenotype for cartilage tissue regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2503-2515. [PMID: 27061379 DOI: 10.1002/term.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As articular cartilage has a limited ability to self-repair, successful cartilage regeneration requires clinical-grade chondrocytes with innate characteristics. However, cartilage regeneration via chondrocyte transplantation is challenging, because chondrocytes lose their innate characteristics during in vitro expansion. Here, we investigated the mechanistic underpinning of the gene Ras homologue enriched in brain (RHEB) in the control of senescence and dedifferentiation through the modulation of oxidative stress in chondrocytes, a hallmark of osteoarthritis. Serial expansion of human chondrocytes led to senescence, dedifferentiation and oxidative stress. RHEB maintained the innate characteristics of chondrocytes by regulating senescence, dedifferentiation and oxidative stress, leading to the upregulation of COL2 expression via SOX9 and the downregulation of p27 expression via MCL1. RHEB also decreased the expression of COL10. RHEB knockdown mimics decreased the expression of SOX9, COL2 and MCL1, while abrogating the suppressive function of RHEB on p27 and COL10 in chondrocytes. RHEB-overexpressing chondrocytes successfully formed cartilage tissue in vitro as well as in vivo, with increased expression of GAG matrix and chondrogenic markers. RHEB induces a distinct gene expression signature that maintained the innate chondrogenic properties over a long period. Therefore, RHEB expression represents a potentially useful mechanism in terms of cartilage tissue regeneration from chondrocytes, by which chondrocyte phenotypic and molecular characteristics can be retained through the modulation of senescence, dedifferentiation and oxidative stress. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ashraf
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B-H Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J-S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - I Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Centre, Kyeunggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - H Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Latief N, Raza FA, Bhatti FUR, Tarar MN, Khan SN, Riazuddin S. Adipose stem cells differentiated chondrocytes regenerate damaged cartilage in rat model of osteoarthritis. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:579-88. [PMID: 26888708 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or autologous chondrocytes has been shown to repair damages to articular cartilage due to osteoarthritis (OA). However, survival of transplanted cells is considerably reduced in the osteoarthritic environment and it affects successful outcome of the transplantation of the cells. Differentiated chrondroytes derived from adipose stem cells have been proposed as an alternative source and our study investigated this possibility in rats. We investigated the regenerative potential of ADSCs and DCs in osteoarthritic environment in the repair of cartilage in rats. We found that ADSCs maintained fibroblast morphology in vitro and also expressed CD90 and CD29. Furthermore, ADSCs differentiated into chondrocytes, accompanied by increased level of proteoglycans and expression of chondrocytes specific genes, such as, Acan, and Col2a1. Histological examination of transplanted knee joints showed regeneration of cartilage tissue compared to control OA knee joints. Increase in gene expression for Acan, Col2a1 with concomitant decrease in the expression of Col1a1 suggested formation of hyaline like cartilage. A significant increase in differentiation index was observed in DCs and ADSCs transplanted knee joints (P = 0.0110 vs. P = 0.0429) when compared to that in OA control knee joints. Furthermore, transplanted DCs showed increased proliferation along with reduction in apoptosis as compared to untreated control. In conclusion, DCs showed better survival and regeneration potential as compared with ADSCs in rat model of OA and thus may serve a better option for regeneration of osteoarthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Latief
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Ali Raza
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fazal-Ur-Rehman Bhatti
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Moazzam Nazir Tarar
- Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen N Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.,Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto University of Medical Sciences, PIMS, Islamabad, Pakistan
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21
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Ashraf S, Cha BH, Kim JS, Ahn J, Han I, Park H, Lee SH. Regulation of senescence associated signaling mechanisms in chondrocytes for cartilage tissue regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:196-205. [PMID: 26190795 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult articular chondrocytes undergo slow senescence and dedifferentiation during in vitro expansion, restricting successful cartilage regeneration. A complete understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in the senescence and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes is essential in order to better characterize chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering applications. During expansion, cell fate is determined by the change in expression of various genes in response to aspects of the microenvironment, including oxidative stress, mechanical stress, and unsuitable culture conditions. Rapid senescence or dedifferentiation not only results in the loss of the chondrocytic phenotype but also enhances production of inflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading enzymes. This review focuses on the two groups of genes that play direct and indirect roles in the induction of senescence and dedifferentiation. Numerous degenerative signaling pathways associated with these genes have been reported. Upregulation of the genes interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), p53, p16, p21, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is responsible for the direct induction of senescence, whereas downregulation of the genes transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), indirectly induces senescence. In senescent and dedifferentiated chondrocytes, it was found that TGF-β, BMP-2, SOX9, and IGF-1 are downregulated, while the levels of IL-1β, p53, p16, p21, and p38 MAPK are upregulated followed by inhibition of the normal molecular functioning of the chondrocytes. This review helps to elucidate the underlying mechanism in degenerative cartilage disease, which may help to improve cartilage tissue regeneration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ashraf
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - B-H Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - J-S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - J Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - I Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59, Yatap-ro Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Kyeunggi-do, 463-712, South Korea.
| | - H Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - S-H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
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22
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Cheng X, Ni B, Zhang F, Hu Y, Zhao J. High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress Mediates Apoptosis and Extracellular Matrix Metabolic Imbalances Possibly via p38 MAPK Activation in Rat Nucleus Pulposus Cells. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:3765173. [PMID: 27635402 PMCID: PMC5011214 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3765173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To investigate whether high glucose-induced oxidative stress is implicated in apoptosis of rat nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and abnormal expression of critical genes involved in the metabolic balance of extracellular matrix (ECM). Methods. NPCs were cultured with various concentrations of glucose to detect cell viability and apoptosis. Cells cultured with high glucose (25 mM) were untreated or pretreated with N-acetylcysteine or a p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 202190. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated. Activation of p38 MAPK was measured by Western blot. The expression of ECM metabolism-related genes, including type II collagen, aggrecan, SRY-related high-mobility-group box 9 (Sox-9), matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), was analyzed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Results. High glucose reduced viability of NPCs and induced apoptosis. High glucose resulted in increased ROS generation and p38 MAPK activation. In addition, it negatively regulated the expression of type II collagen, aggrecan, Sox-9, and TIMP-1 and positively regulated MMP-3 expression. These results were changed by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine or SB 202190. Conclusions. High glucose might promote apoptosis of NPCs, trigger ECM catabolic pathways, and inhibit its anabolic activities, possibly through a p38 MAPK-dependent oxidative stress mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Bin Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Toxicity Evaluation, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- *Jie Zhao:
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23
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A review of crosstalk between MAPK and Wnt signals and its impact on cartilage regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:633-49. [PMID: 25312291 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is a developmental process that is controlled and coordinated by many growth and differentiation factors, in addition to environmental factors that initiate or suppress cellular signaling pathways and the transcription of specific genes in a temporal-spatial manner. As key signaling molecules in regulating cell proliferation, homeostasis and development, both mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and the Wnt family participate in morphogenesis and tissue patterning, playing important roles in skeletal development, especially chondrogenesis. Recent findings suggest that both signals are also actively involved in arthritis and related diseases. Despite the implication that crosstalk between MAPK and Wnt signaling has a significant function in cancer, few studies have summarized this interaction and its regulation of chondrogenesis. In this review, we focus on MAPK and Wnt signaling, referencing their relationships in various types of cells and particularly to their influence on chondrogenesis and cartilage development. We also discuss the interactions between MAPK and Wnt signaling with respect to cartilage-related diseases such as osteoarthritis and explore potential therapeutic targets for disease treatments.
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24
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Zeng L, Chen X, Zhang Q, Yu F, Li Y, Yao Y. Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes in a novel three‐dimensional microcavitary hydrogel. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1693-702. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionGuangzhou510006 China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionGuangzhou510006 China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionGuangzhou510006 China
| | - Feng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionGuangzhou510006 China
| | - Yuli Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionGuangzhou510006 China
| | - Yongchang Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionGuangzhou510006 China
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Low-frequency high-magnitude mechanical strain of articular chondrocytes activates p38 MAPK and induces phenotypic changes associated with osteoarthritis and pain. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14427-41. [PMID: 25196344 PMCID: PMC4159860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating joint disorder resulting from an incompletely understood combination of mechanical, biological, and biochemical processes. OA is often accompanied by inflammation and pain, whereby cytokines associated with chronic OA can up-regulate expression of neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF). Several studies suggest a role for cytokines and NGF in OA pain, however the effects of changing mechanical properties in OA tissue on chondrocyte metabolism remain unclear. Here, we used high-extension silicone rubber membranes to examine if high mechanical strain (HMS) of primary articular chondrocytes increases inflammatory gene expression and promotes neurotrophic factor release. HMS cultured chondrocytes displayed up-regulated NGF, TNFα and ADAMTS4 gene expression while decreasing TLR2 expression, as compared to static controls. HMS culture increased p38 MAPK activity compared to static controls. Conditioned medium from HMS dynamic cultures, but not static cultures, induced significant neurite sprouting in PC12 cells. The increased neurite sprouting was accompanied by consistent increases in PC12 cell death. Low-frequency high-magnitude mechanical strain of primary articular chondrocytes in vitro drives factor secretion associated with degenerative joint disease and joint pain. This study provides evidence for a direct link between cellular strain, secretory factors, neo-innervation, and pain in OA pathology.
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Krock E, Rosenzweig DH, Chabot-Doré AJ, Jarzem P, Weber MH, Ouellet JA, Stone LS, Haglund L. Painful, degenerating intervertebral discs up-regulate neurite sprouting and CGRP through nociceptive factors. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1213-25. [PMID: 24650225 PMCID: PMC4508160 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVD) can result in chronic low back pain, a common cause of morbidity and disability. Inflammation has been associated with IVD degeneration, however the relationship between inflammatory factors and chronic low back pain remains unclear. Furthermore, increased levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are both associated with inflammation and chronic low back pain, but whether degenerating discs release sufficient concentrations of factors that induce nociceptor plasticity remains unclear. Degenerating IVDs from low back pain patients and healthy, painless IVDs from human organ donors were cultured ex vivo. Inflammatory and nociceptive factors released by IVDs into culture media were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and protein arrays. The ability of factors released to induce neurite growth and nociceptive neuropeptide production was investigated. Degenerating discs release increased levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, NGF and BDNF. Factors released by degenerating IVDs increased neurite growth and calcitonin gene-related peptide expression, both of which were blocked by anti-NGF treatment. Furthermore, protein arrays found increased levels of 20 inflammatory factors, many of which have nociceptive effects. Our results demonstrate that degenerating and painful human IVDs release increased levels of NGF, inflammatory and nociceptive factors ex vivo that induce neuronal plasticity and may actively diffuse to induce neo-innervation and pain in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Krock
- Orthopeadic Research Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill Scoliosis and Spine Research Group, Montreal, QC, Canada
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27
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Rosenzweig DH, Chicatun F, Nazhat SN, Quinn TM. Cartilaginous constructs using primary chondrocytes from continuous expansion culture seeded in dense collagen gels. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9360-9. [PMID: 23896567 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies such as autologous chondrocyte implantation require in vitro cell expansion. However, standard culture techniques require cell passaging, leading to dedifferentiation into a fibroblast-like cell type. Primary chondrocytes grown on continuously expanding culture dishes (CE culture) limits passaging and protects against dedifferentiation. The authors tested whether CE culture chondrocytes were advantageous for producing mechanically competent cartilage matrix when three-dimensionally seeded in dense collagen gels. Primary chondrocytes, grown either in CE culture or passaged twice on static silicone dishes (SS culture; comparable to standard methods), were seeded in dense collagen gels and cultured for 3 weeks in the absence of exogenous chondrogenic growth factors. Compared with gels seeded with SS culture chondrocytes, CE chondrocyte-seeded gels had significantly higher chondrogenic gene expression after 2 and 3 weeks in culture, correlating with significantly higher aggrecan and type II collagen protein accumulation. There was no obvious difference in glycosaminoglycan content from either culture condition, yet CE chondrocyte-seeded gels were significantly thicker and had a significantly higher dynamic compressive modulus than SS chondrocyte-seeded gels after 3 weeks. Chondrocytes grown in CE culture and seeded in dense collagen gels produce more cartilaginous matrix with superior mechanical properties, making them more suitable than SS cultured cells for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
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28
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Ye Z, Chen Y, Zhang R, Dai H, Zeng C, Zeng H, Feng H, Du G, Fang H, Cai D. c-Jun N-terminal kinase - c-Jun pathway transactivates Bim to promote osteoarthritis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 92:132-9. [PMID: 24502636 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder. Previous studies have shown abnormally increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in patients and animal models of OA. TNF-α and nitric oxide have been reported to induce chondrocyte ageing; however, the mechanism of chondrocyte apoptosis induced by IL-1β has remained unclear. The aim of this study is to identify the role of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) - c-Jun pathway in regulating induction of Bim, and its implication in chondrocyte apoptosis. This study showed that Bim is upregulated in chondrocytes obtained from the articular cartilage of OA patients and in cultured mouse chondrocytes treated with IL-1β. Upregulation of Bim was found to be critical for chondrocyte apoptosis induced by IL-1β, as revealed by the genetic knockdown of Bim, wherein apoptosis was greatly reduced in the chondrocytes. Moreover, activation of the JNK-c-Jun pathway was observed under IL-1β treatment, as indicated by the increased expression levels of c-Jun protein. Suppression of the JNK-c-Jun pathway, using chemical inhibitors and RNA interference, inhibited the Bim upregulation induced by IL-1β. These findings suggest that the JNK-c-Jun pathway is involved in the upregulation of Bim during OA and that the JNK-c-Jun-Bim pathway is vital for chondrocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ye
- a Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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