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Ramanujam RK, Garyfallogiannis K, Litvinov RI, Bassani JL, Weisel JW, Purohit PK, Tutwiler V. Mechanics and microstructure of blood plasma clots in shear driven rupture. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4184-4196. [PMID: 38686609 PMCID: PMC11135145 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00042k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Intravascular blood clots are subject to hydrodynamic shear and other forces that cause clot deformation and rupture (embolization). A portion of the ruptured clot can block blood flow in downstream vessels. The mechanical stability of blood clots is determined primarily by the 3D polymeric fibrin network that forms a gel. Previous studies have primarily focused on the rupture of blood plasma clots under tensile loading (Mode I), our current study investigates the rupture of fibrin induced by shear loading (Mode II), dominating under physiological conditions induced by blood flow. Using experimental and theoretical approaches, we show that fracture toughness, i.e. the critical energy release rate, is relatively independent of the type of loading and is therefore a fundamental property of the gel. Ultrastructural studies and finite element simulations demonstrate that cracks propagate perpendicular to the direction of maximum stretch at the crack tip. These observations indicate that locally, the mechanism of rupture is predominantly tensile. Knowledge gained from this study will aid in the development of methods for prediction/prevention of thrombotic embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjini K Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John L Bassani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prashant K Purohit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valerie Tutwiler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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2
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Ghetmiri DE, Venturi AJ, Cohen MJ, Menezes AA. Quick model-based viscoelastic clot strength predictions from blood protein concentrations for cybermedical coagulation control. Nat Commun 2024; 15:314. [PMID: 38182562 PMCID: PMC10770315 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44231-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cybermedical systems that regulate patient clotting in real time with personalized blood product delivery will improve treatment outcomes. These systems will harness popular viscoelastic assays of clot strength such as thromboelastography (TEG), which help evaluate coagulation status in numerous conditions: major surgery (e.g., heart, vascular, hip fracture, and trauma); liver cirrhosis and transplants; COVID-19; ICU stays; sepsis; obstetrics; diabetes; and coagulopathies like hemophilia. But these measurements are time-consuming, and thus impractical for urgent care and automated coagulation control. Because protein concentrations in a blood sample can be measured in about five minutes, we develop personalized, phenomenological, quick, control-oriented models that predict TEG curve outputs from input blood protein concentrations, to facilitate treatment decisions based on TEG curves. Here, we accurately predict, experimentally validate, and mechanistically justify curves and parameters for common TEG assays (Functional Fibrinogen, Citrated Native, Platelet Mapping, and Rapid TEG), and verify results with trauma patient clotting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon E Ghetmiri
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, 527 Gale Lemerand Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6250, USA
- ASML, 17075 Thornmint Court, San Diego, CA, 92127-2413, USA
| | - Alessia J Venturi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, 527 Gale Lemerand Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6250, USA
| | - Mitchell J Cohen
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Mailstop C305, Aurora, CO, 80045-2527, USA
- Center for Combat Medicine and Battlefield (COMBAT) Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 12401 East 17th Avenue, Mailstop B215, Aurora, CO, 80045-2589, USA
| | - Amor A Menezes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, 527 Gale Lemerand Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6250, USA.
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6131, USA.
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, 1741 Museum Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0570, USA.
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610-3610, USA.
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3
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Michael C, Pancaldi F, Britton S, Kim OV, Peshkova AD, Vo K, Xu Z, Litvinov RI, Weisel JW, Alber M. Combined computational modeling and experimental study of the biomechanical mechanisms of platelet-driven contraction of fibrin clots. Commun Biol 2023; 6:869. [PMID: 37620422 PMCID: PMC10449797 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While blood clot formation has been relatively well studied, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the subsequent structural and mechanical clot remodeling called contraction or retraction. Impairment of the clot contraction process is associated with both life-threatening bleeding and thrombotic conditions, such as ischemic stroke, venous thromboembolism, and others. Recently, blood clot contraction was observed to be hindered in patients with COVID-19. A three-dimensional multiscale computational model is developed and used to quantify biomechanical mechanisms of the kinetics of clot contraction driven by platelet-fibrin pulling interactions. These results provide important biological insights into contraction of platelet filopodia, the mechanically active thin protrusions of the plasma membrane, described previously as performing mostly a sensory function. The biomechanical mechanisms and modeling approach described can potentially apply to studying other systems in which cells are embedded in a filamentous network and exert forces on the extracellular matrix modulated by the substrate stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Michael
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Francesco Pancaldi
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Samuel Britton
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Oleg V Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Alina D Peshkova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Khoi Vo
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Zhiliang Xu
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mark Alber
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Richter DM, Ku JC, Keckler KE, Burke LR, Abd GM, Li Y. Autologous blood clots: a natural biomaterial for wound healing. FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS 2023; 10. [DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2023.1250013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Repair after injury in mammalian tissue involves a complex cascade of events, with the formation of local blood clots being essential for the initial phases of wound healing. As a result, emerging research has sought to harness this biological activity to generate a pro-regenerative biomaterial to speed up wound healing. According to recent studies, “blood clots” created in vitro can be employed as an orthobiologic-based biomaterial for promoting tissue regeneration. Even though such research is still in its early phases, numerous studies show encouraging results that suggest autologous blood clots created in vitro might be a valuable treatment for soft tissue and orthopedic injuries. In this article, we discuss the function of blood clots in physiologic healing, how exogenous material can affect this process, and the most recent clinical research that proposes the use of autologous blood clots as a therapeutically beneficial biomaterial.
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Litvinov RI, Weisel JW. Blood clot contraction: Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and disease. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100023. [PMID: 36760777 PMCID: PMC9903854 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2022.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A State of the Art lecture titled "Blood Clot Contraction: Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Disease" was presented at the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) Congress in 2022. This was a systematic description of blood clot contraction or retraction, driven by activated platelets and causing compaction of the fibrin network along with compression of the embedded erythrocytes. The consequences of clot contraction include redistribution of the fibrin-platelet meshwork toward the periphery of the clot and condensation of erythrocytes in the core, followed by their deformation from the biconcave shape into polyhedral cells (polyhedrocytes). These structural signatures of contraction have been found in ex vivo thrombi derived from various locations, which indicated that clots undergo intravital contraction within the blood vessels. In hemostatic clots, tightly packed polyhedrocytes make a nearly impermeable seal that stems bleeding and is impaired in hemorrhagic disorders. In thrombosis, contraction facilitates the local blood flow by decreasing thrombus obstructiveness, reducing permeability, and changing susceptibility to fibrinolytic enzymes. However, in (pro)thrombotic conditions, continuous background platelet activation is followed by platelet exhaustion, refractoriness, and impaired intravital clot contraction, which is associated with weaker thrombi predisposed to embolization. Therefore, assays that detect imperfect in vitro clot contraction have potential diagnostic and prognostic values for imminent or ongoing thrombosis and thrombotic embolism. Collectively, the contraction of blood clots and thrombi is an underappreciated and understudied process that has a pathogenic and clinical significance in bleeding and thrombosis of various etiologies. Finally, we have summarized relevant new data on this topic presented during the 2022 ISTH Congress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Salarilak L, Pirdel Z, Dinmohammadi H, Rokni‐Zadeh H, Lavend'homme R, Karimi M, Jacquemin M, Shahani T. Pro-haemostatic effect of DDAVP is partially derived through non-classical (CD14 dim /CD16 ++ ) monocytes residing the spleen. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 27:30-35. [PMID: 36479816 PMCID: PMC9806299 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The splenic endothelial Weibel-palade bodies are one of the most important candidate organelles to release von Willebrand factor upon stimulation with desmopressin. However, the presence of functional desmopressin-specific receptor has not yet been demonstrated on endothelial cells. Experimental evidences are in favour of an indirect pro-haemostatic effect of desmopressin, but the exact mediator and its cellular origin are largely elusive. Here, we report partially hampered desmopressin response in a splenectomised severe haemophilia A/Beta Thalassemia patient without any genetic variant relevant to his incomplete desmopressin response. To further investigate the role of the spleen in this phenomenon, the release of VWF from desmopressin-treated human splenic endothelial cells was assessed in vitro. As a result, desmopressin induced the release of VWF from endothelial cells when the cells were co-cultured with non-classical (CD14dim /CD16++ ), but not other subtypes of monocytes or PBMCs. This in vitro study which resembles close proximity of endothelial cells of sinusoids to monocyte reservoir reside in parenchyma of subcapsular red pulp of the spleen sheds a light upon the role of this highly vascularized VWF-producing organ in driving indirect effect of desmopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Salarilak
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineZanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran
| | - Zahra Pirdel
- Deputy of Research and TechnologyArdabil University of Medical SciencesArdabilIran
| | - Hossein Dinmohammadi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineZanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran
| | - Hassan Rokni‐Zadeh
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research CenterZanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran,Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran
| | - Renaud Lavend'homme
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Mehran Karimi
- Hematology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Marc Jacquemin
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Tina Shahani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineZanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research CenterZanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS)ZanjanIran
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Rezabeigi E, Schmitt C, Hadj Henni A, Barkun AN, Nazhat SN. In Vitro Evaluation of Real-Time Viscoelastic and Coagulation Properties of Various Classes of Topical Hemostatic Agents Using a Novel Contactless Nondestructive Technology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16047-16061. [PMID: 35352550 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhaging is the main cause of death among combat and civilian injuries and has significant clinical and economic consequences. Despite their vital roles in bleeding management, an optimal topical hemostatic agent (HA) has yet to be developed for a particular scenario. This is partly due to a lack of an overarching quantitative testing technology to characterize the various classes of HAs in vitro. Herein, the feasibility of a novel, contactless, and nondestructive technique to quantitatively measure the shear storage modulus (G') and clotting properties of whole blood in contact with different dosages of eight topical HAs, including particulates and gauze-like and sponge-like systems, was assessed. The real-time G'-time profiles of these blood/HA systems revealed their distinct biomechanical behavior to induce and impact coagulation. These were analyzed to characterize the clot initiation time, clotting rate, clotting time, and apparent stiffness of the formed clots (both immediately and temporally), which were correlated with their reported hemostatic mechanisms of action. Moreover, the HAs that worked independently from the natural blood clotting cascade were identified and quantified through this technology. In sum, this study indicated that the nondestructive nature of the technology may offer a promising tool for accurate, quantitative in vitro measurements of the clotting properties of various classes of HAs, which may be used to better predict their in vivo outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Rezabeigi
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Cédric Schmitt
- Rheolution Inc., 5333 Avenue Casgrain, Suite 601, Montreal, Quebec H2T 1X3, Canada
| | - Anis Hadj Henni
- Rheolution Inc., 5333 Avenue Casgrain, Suite 601, Montreal, Quebec H2T 1X3, Canada
| | - Alan N Barkun
- Division of Gastroenterology, The McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Showan N Nazhat
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
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8
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Jiang S, Liu S, Lau S, Li J. Hemostatic biomaterials to halt non-compressible hemorrhage. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7239-7259. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00546h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-compressible hemorrhage is an unmet clinical challenge, which occurs in inaccessible sites in the body where compression cannot be applied to stop bleeding. Current treatments reliant on blood transfusion are...
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Ye T, Zhang X, Li G, Wang S. Biomechanics in thrombus formation from direct cellular simulations. Phys Rev E 2021; 102:042410. [PMID: 33212741 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.042410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Numerically reproducing the process of thrombus formation is highly desired for understanding its mechanism but still remains challenging due to the polydisperse feature of blood components and their multiple biochemical or biomechanical behaviors involved. We numerically implemented a simplified version of the process from the perspective of biomechanics, using a mesoscale particle-based method, smoothed dissipative particle dynamics-immersed boundary method. This version covers the adhesion and aggregation of platelets (PLTs), the deformation and aggregation of red blood cells (RBCs), and the interaction between PLTs and RBCs, as well as the blockage of microvessels. Four critical factors that can affect thrombus formation were investigated: the velocity of blood flow, the adhesive ability of PLTs, the interaction strength between PLTs and RBCs, and the deformability of RBCs. Increasing the velocity of blood flow was found to be the most effective way to reduce the microvessel blockage, and reducing the adhesive ability of PLTs is also a direct and efficient way. However, decreasing the interaction strength between PLTs and RBCs sometimes does not alleviate thrombus formation, and similarly, increasing the deformability of RBCs does not have a significant improvement for the severely blocked microvessel. These results imply that maintaining high-rate blood flow plays a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis, which is even more effective than antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs. The drugs or treatments concentrating on reducing the PLT-RBC interaction or softening the RBCs may not have a significant effect on the thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guansheng Li
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Sitong Wang
- Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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Kim TH, Yan JJ, Jang JY, Lee GM, Lee SK, Kim BS, Chung JJ, Kim SH, Jung Y, Yang J. Tissue-engineered vascular microphysiological platform to study immune modulation of xenograft rejection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/22/eabg2237. [PMID: 34049875 PMCID: PMC8163083 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most of the vascular platforms currently being studied are lab-on-a-chip types that mimic capillary networks and are applied for vascular response analysis in vitro. However, these platforms have a limitation in clearly assessing the physiological phenomena of native blood vessels compared to in vivo evaluation. Here, we developed a simply fabricable tissue-engineered vascular microphysiological platform (TEVMP) with a three-dimensional (3D) vascular structure similar to an artery that can be applied for ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Furthermore, we applied the TEVMP as ex vivo and in vivo screening systems to evaluate the effect of human CD200 (hCD200) overexpression in porcine endothelial cells (PECs) on vascular xenogeneic immune responses. These screening systems, in contrast to 2D in vitro and cellular xenotransplantation in vivo models, clearly demonstrated that hCD200 overexpression effectively suppressed vascular xenograft rejection. The TEVMP has a high potential as a platform to assess various vascular-related responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hee Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Jing Yan
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Jang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Min Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin J Chung
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, YU-KIST Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chan KYT, Yong ASM, Wang X, Ringgold KM, St John AE, Baylis JR, White NJ, Kastrup CJ. The adhesion of clots in wounds contributes to hemostasis and can be enhanced by coagulation factor XIII. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20116. [PMID: 33208779 PMCID: PMC7675984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of blood clots to wounds is necessary to seal injured vasculature and achieve hemostasis. However, it has not been specifically tested if adhesive failure of clots is a major contributor to rebleeding and what mechanisms prevent clot delamination. Here, we quantified the contribution of adhesive and cohesive failure to rebleeding in a rat model of femoral artery injury, and identified mechanisms that contribute to the adhesive strength of bulk clots in a lap-shear test in vitro. In the rat bleeding model, the frequency of clot failures correlated positively with blood loss (R = 0.81, p = 0.014) and negatively with survival time (R = - 0.89, p = 0.0030), with adhesive failures accounting for 51 ± 14% of rebleeds. In vitro, adhesion depended on fibrinogen and coagulation factor XIII (FXIII), and supraphysiological FXIII improved adhesive strength. Furthermore, when exogenous FXIII was topically applied into the wound pocket of rats, eleven adhesive failures occurred between eight rats, compared to seventeen adhesive failures between eight untreated rats, whereas the number of cohesive failures remained the same at sixteen in both groups. In conclusion, rebleeding from both adhesive and cohesive failure of clots decreases survival from hemorrhage in vivo. Both endogenous and exogenous FXIII improves the adhesive strength of clots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y T Chan
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alyssa S M Yong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Kristyn M Ringgold
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - James R Baylis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nathan J White
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Christian J Kastrup
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Naseri S, Koushki N, Rezabeigi E, Ehrlicher A, Nazhat SN. A nondestructive contactless technique to assess the viscoelasticity of blood clots in real-time. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103921. [PMID: 32957216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for reliable and quantitative real-time assessment of blood properties to study and treat a broad spectrum of disorders and cardiovascular diseases as well as to test the efficacy of hemostatic agents. In this study, the real-time changes in viscoelastic/rheological properties of bovine whole blood during coagulation induced by different concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl2; 15, 25, 35 and 45 mM) was investigated. For this purpose, a novel, contactless technique was used to accurately measure the clotting characteristics under controlled and sterile conditions. It was demonstrated that, increasing the calcium concentration from low values (i.e., 15 and 25 mM), led to shorter reaction time; however, a further increase in calcium concentration (i.e., 35 and 45 mM) favored longer reaction times. Additionally, increasing the CaCl2 concentration resulted in higher shear storage modulus (i.e., stiffer clots). These results were also comparable to those generated by thromboelastrograph, a clinically established technique, as well as a conventional rheometer, which quantitatively verified the high correlation of the shear storage modulus data. In sum, the non-destructive testing technique used in this study is reproducible and sensitive in measuring clot formation kinetics, which could be applied to assess the efficacy of hemostatic agents, and may also contribute to better diagnosing relevant circulatory system diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Naseri
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Newsha Koushki
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ehsan Rezabeigi
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Allen Ehrlicher
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Showan N Nazhat
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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13
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The effect of platelet storage temperature on haemostatic, immune, and endothelial function: potential for personalised medicine. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2020; 17:321-330. [PMID: 31385802 DOI: 10.2450/2019.0095-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reports from both adult and paediatric populations indicate that approximately two-thirds of platelet transfusions are used prophylactically to prevent bleeding, while the remaining one-third are used therapeutically to manage active bleeding. These two indications, prophylactic and therapeutic, serve two very distinct purposes and therefore will have two different functional requirements. In addition, disease aetiology in a given patient may require platelets with different functional characteristics. These characteristics can be derived from the various manufacturing methods used in platelet product production, including collection methods, processing methods, and storage options. The iterative combinations of manufacturing methods can result in a number of unique platelet products with different efficacy and safety profiles, which could potentially be used to benefit patient populations by meeting diverse clinical needs. In particular, cold storage of platelet products causes many biochemical and functional changes, of which the most notable characterised to date include increased haemostatic activity and altered expression of molecules inherent to platelet:leucocyte interactions. The in vivo consequences, both short- and long-term, of these molecular and cellular cold-storage-induced changes have yet to be clearly defined. Elucidation of these mechanisms would potentially reveal unique biologies that could be harnessed to provide more targeted therapies. To this end, in this new era of personalised medicine, perhaps there is an opportunity to provide individual patients with platelet products that are tailored to their clinical condition and the specific indication for transfusion.
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14
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Hong JK, Gao L, Singh J, Goh T, Ruhoff AM, Neto C, Waterhouse A. Evaluating medical device and material thrombosis under flow: current and emerging technologies. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5824-5845. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01284j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the importance of flow in medical device thrombosis and explores current and emerging technologies to evaluate dynamic biomaterial Thrombosis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ki Hong
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- School of Medical Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine and Health
| | - Lingzi Gao
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute
- The University of Sydney
| | - Jasneil Singh
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre
- The University of Sydney
| | - Tiffany Goh
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre
- The University of Sydney
| | - Alexander M. Ruhoff
- Heart Research Institute
- Newtown
- Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre
- The University of Sydney
| | - Chiara Neto
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute
- The University of Sydney
| | - Anna Waterhouse
- School of Medical Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine and Health
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- Heart Research Institute
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15
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Litvinov RI, Nabiullina RM, Zubairova LD, Shakurova MA, Andrianova IA, Weisel JW. Lytic Susceptibility, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Fibrin in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1626. [PMID: 31379831 PMCID: PMC6646676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), thrombotic events are relatively common and contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality rates. An increased risk of thrombosis in various diseases has been shown to be associated with the lytic stability and mechanical stiffness of the fibrin clot determined by its structure. Here we studied alterations of the fibrin clot properties in relation to disease severity in SLE patients. Plasma clots from 28 SLE patients were characterized by the kinetics of formation and fibrinolytic dissolution (using dynamic turbidimetry), the network and fiber ultrastructure (scanning electron microscopy), viscoelasticity (shear rheometry), and the rate and degree of crosslinking (Western blotting) correlated with the disease activity, blood composition, and compared to clotting of pooled normal human plasma. Clots made from plasma of SLE patients were lysed faster with exogenous t-PA than control clots from normal plasma without a significant difference between those from active (SLEDAI>4) and inactive (SLEDAI<4) SLE patients. Clots from the blood of patients with active SLE were characterized by significantly slower onset, but faster rate of fibrin polymerization and a higher optical density due to thicker fibers compared to those from inactive SLE and control pooled normal plasma. The rheological parameters of the clots (storage and loss moduli) were significantly increased in the active SLE patients along with enhanced fibrin crosslinking and hyperfibrinogenemia. The structural and rheological alterations displayed a strong positive correlation with high fibrinogen levels and other laboratory markers of immune inflammation. In conclusion, changes in the blood composition associated with active systemic inflammation in SLE cause significant alterations in the lytic resistance of fibrin clots associated with changes in polymerization kinetics, viscoelastic properties, and structure. The formation of more rigid prothrombotic fibrin clots in the plasma of SLE patients is likely due to the inflammatory hyperfibrinogenemia and greater extent of crosslinking. However, the higher susceptibility of the SLE clots to fibrinolysis may be a protective and/or compensatory mechanism that reduces the risk of thrombotic complications and improves patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Rosa M Nabiullina
- Departments of Biochemistry and General Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Laily D Zubairova
- Departments of Biochemistry and General Pathology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Mileusha A Shakurova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Izabella A Andrianova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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16
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Qiu Y, Myers DR, Lam WA. The biophysics and mechanics of blood from a materials perspective. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2019; 4:294-311. [PMID: 32435512 PMCID: PMC7238390 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-019-0099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells actively interact with their microenvironment, constantly sensing and modulating biochemical and biophysical signals. Blood comprises a variety of non-adherent cells that interact with each other and with endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel walls. Blood cells are further experiencing a range of external forces by the hemodynamic environment and they also exert forces to remodel their local environment. Therefore, the biophysics and material properties of blood cells and blood play an important role in determining blood behaviour in health and disease. In this Review, we discuss blood cells and tissues from a materials perspective, considering the mechanical properties and biophysics of individual blood cells and endothelial cells as well as blood cell collectives. We highlight how blood vessels provide a mechanosensitive barrier between blood and tissues and how changes in vessel stiffness and flow shear stress can be correlated to plaque formation and exploited for the design of vascular grafts. We discuss the effect of the properties of fibrin on blood clotting, and investigate how forces exerted by platelets are correlated to disease. Finally, we hypothesize that blood and vascular cells are constantly establishing a mechanical homeostasis, which, when imbalanced, can lead to hematologic and vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Qiu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David R. Myers
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Corresponding author,
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17
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Williams EK, Oshinowo O, Ravindran A, Lam WA, Myers DR. Feeling the Force: Measurements of Platelet Contraction and Their Diagnostic Implications. Semin Thromb Hemost 2018; 45:285-296. [PMID: 30566972 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the classical biological and biochemical framework, blood clots can also be considered as active biomaterials composed of dynamically contracting platelets, nascent polymeric fibrin that functions as a matrix scaffold, and entrapped blood cells. As platelets sense, rearrange, and apply forces to the surrounding microenvironment, they dramatically change the material properties of the nascent clot, increasing its stiffness by an order of magnitude. Hence, the mechanical properties of blood clots are intricately tied to the forces applied by individual platelets. Research has also shown that the pathophysiological changes in clot mechanical properties are associated with bleeding and clotting disorders, cancer, stroke, ischemic heart disease, and more. By approaching the study of hemostasis and thrombosis from a biophysical and mechanical perspective, important insights have been made into how the mechanics of clotting and the forces applied by platelets are linked to various diseases. This review will familiarize the reader with a mechanics framework that is contextualized with relevant biology. The review also includes a discussion of relevant tools used to study platelet forces either directly or indirectly, and finally, concludes with a summary of potential links between clotting forces and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kendall Williams
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Oluwamayokun Oshinowo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Abhijit Ravindran
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wilbur A Lam
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David R Myers
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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18
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Nellenbach K, Guzzetta NA, Brown AC. Analysis of the structural and mechanical effects of procoagulant agents on neonatal fibrin networks following cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2159-2167. [PMID: 30182421 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Essentials The standard of care (SOC) for treating neonatal bleeding is transfusion of adult blood products. We compared neonatal clots formed with cryoprecipitate (SOC) to two procoagulant therapies. The current SOC resulted in clots with increased stiffness and decreased fibrinolytic properties. Procoagulant therapies may be a viable alternative to SOC treatment for neonatal bleeding. SUMMARY: Background Bleeding is a serious complication of neonates undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Bleeding is addressed through the transfusion of adult blood products, including platelets and cryoprecipitate. However, significant differences exist between neonatal and adult clotting components, specifically fibrinogen. Our recent ex vivo studies have shown that neonatal fibrinogen does not fully integrate with adult fibrinogen, leading to decreased susceptibility to fibrinolysis. These differences may contribute to ineffective clot formation and/or an increased risk of thrombosis. A need exists to identify more effective and safer methods to promote clotting in neonates. Objectives Procoagulant agents, such as prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) and recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa), are being used off-label to treat excessive bleeding in neonates after CPB. Because these agents stimulate endogenous fibrin formation, we hypothesize that their addition to post-CPB neonatal plasma will better recapitulate native clot properties than cryoprecipitate. Methods We analyze the structural, mechanical and degradation properties of fibrin matrices formed by neonatal plasma collected after CPB in the presence of an activated four-factor (F) PCC (FEIBA), rFVIIa, or cryoprecipitate using confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy and a fluidics-based degradation assay. Results The ex vivo addition of FEIBA and rFVIIa to post-CPB neonatal plasma resulted in enhanced clot networks with differences in fibrin alignment, mechanics and degradation properties. Conclusions Our results suggest that these procoagulant agents could be used as an alternative to the transfusion of adult fibrinogen for the treatment of bleeding after CPB in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nellenbach
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - N A Guzzetta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A C Brown
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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19
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Dibiasi C, Plewka J, Ploszczanski L, Glanz V, Lichtenegger H, Windberger U. Viscoelasticity and structure of blood clots generated in-vitro by rheometry: A comparison between human, horse, rat, and camel. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018; 69:515-531. [PMID: 29710696 DOI: 10.3233/ch-189203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the coagulation system is evolutionary well preserved, profound species differences exist in viscoelastic as well as in common laboratory tests of coagulation. OBJECTIVE Evaluating differences in clot formation and material characterisation of clots of four mammalian species on macro-, micro- and nanoscales by the means of rheometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). METHODS Blood samples were collected from healthy human volunteers, laboratory rats (HL/LE inbred strain), warmblood horses and dromedary camels. Clot formation was observed by oscillating shear rheometry until plateau formation of the shear storage modulus G', at which point selected clots were prepared for scanning electron microscopy. SEM images were analysed for fibre diameter and fractal dimension. Additionally, scattering profiles for plasma and whole blood samples were obtained with SAXS. RESULTS Viscoelasticity of clots showed great interspecies variation: clots of rats and horses exhibited shorter clotting times and higher G' plateau values, when compared to human clots. Camel clots showed unique clotting characteristics with no G' plateau formation in the timeframe observed. Less differentiating features were found with SEM and SAXS, although the rat fibre network appears to be more convoluted and dense, which resulted in a higher fractal dimension. CONCLUSION Clotting kinetic differs between the species, which is not only of clinical interest, but could also be an important finding for animal models of blood coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dibiasi
- Department of Biomedical Research, Decentralized Biomedical Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacek Plewka
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leon Ploszczanski
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Glanz
- Department of Biomedical Research, Decentralized Biomedical Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Lichtenegger
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Windberger
- Department of Biomedical Research, Decentralized Biomedical Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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20
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Platelet integrins exhibit anisotropic mechanosensing and harness piconewton forces to mediate platelet aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:325-330. [PMID: 29269394 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710828115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet aggregation at the site of vascular injury is essential in clotting. During this process, platelets are bridged by soluble fibrinogen that binds surface integrin receptors. One mystery in the mechanism of platelet aggregation pertains to how resting platelets ignore soluble fibrinogen, the third most abundant protein in the bloodstream, and yet avidly bind immobile fibrinogen on the surface of other platelets at the primary injury site. We speculate that platelet integrins are mechanosensors that test their ligands across the platelet-platelet synapse. To investigate this model, we interrogate human platelets using approaches that include the supported lipid bilayer platform as well as DNA tension sensor technologies. Experiments suggest that platelet integrins require lateral forces to mediate platelet-platelet interactions. Mechanically labile ligands dampen platelet activation, and the onset of piconewton integrin tension coincides with calcium flux. Activated platelets display immobilized fibrinogen on their surface, thus mediating further recruitment of resting platelets. The distribution of integrin tension was shown to be spatially regulated through two myosin-signaling pathways, myosin light chain kinase and Rho-associated kinase. Finally, we discovered that the termination of integrin tension is coupled with the exposure of phosphatidylserine. Our work reveals the highest spatial and temporal resolution maps of platelet integrin mechanics and its role in platelet aggregation, suggesting that platelets are physical substrates for one another that establish mechanical feedback loops of activation. The results are reminiscent of mechanical regulation of the T-cell receptor, E-cadherin, and Notch pathways, suggesting a common feature for signaling at cell junctions.
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21
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Rheinlaender J, Vogel S, Seifert J, Schächtele M, Borst O, Lang F, Gawaz M, Schäffer TE. Imaging the elastic modulus of human platelets during thrombininduced activation using scanning ion conductance microscopy. Thromb Haemost 2017; 113:305-11. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SummaryPlatelet activation plays a critical role in haemostasis and thrombosis. It is well-known that platelets generate contractile forces during activation. However, their mechanical material properties have rarely been investigated. Here, we use scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) to visualise morphological and mechanical properties of live human platelets at high spatial resolution. We found that their mean elastic modulus decreases during thrombin-induced activation by about a factor of two. We observed a similar softening of platelets during cytochalasin D-induced cytoskeleton depolymerisation. However, thrombin-induced temporal and spatial modulations of the elastic modulus were substantially different from cytochalasin D-mediated changes. We thereby provide new insights into the mechanics of haemostasis and establish SICM as a novel imaging platform for the ex vivo investigation of the mechanical properties of live platelets.
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22
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Abstract
Fibrinogen and fibrin are essential for hemostasis and are major factors in thrombosis, wound healing, and several other biological functions and pathological conditions. The X-ray crystallographic structure of major parts of fibrin(ogen), together with computational reconstructions of missing portions and numerous biochemical and biophysical studies, have provided a wealth of data to interpret molecular mechanisms of fibrin formation, its organization, and properties. On cleavage of fibrinopeptides by thrombin, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin monomers, which interact via knobs exposed by fibrinopeptide removal in the central region, with holes always exposed at the ends of the molecules. The resulting half-staggered, double-stranded oligomers lengthen into protofibrils, which aggregate laterally to make fibers, which then branch to yield a three-dimensional network. Much is now known about the structural origins of clot mechanical properties, including changes in fiber orientation, stretching and buckling, and forced unfolding of molecular domains. Studies of congenital fibrinogen variants and post-translational modifications have increased our understanding of the structure and functions of fibrin(ogen). The fibrinolytic system, with the zymogen plasminogen binding to fibrin together with tissue-type plasminogen activator to promote activation to the active proteolytic enzyme, plasmin, results in digestion of fibrin at specific lysine residues. In spite of a great increase in our knowledge of all these interconnected processes, much about the molecular mechanisms of the biological functions of fibrin(ogen) remains unknown, including some basic aspects of clotting, fibrinolysis, and molecular origins of fibrin mechanical properties. Even less is known concerning more complex (patho)physiological implications of fibrinogen and fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Su J, Shu L, Zhang Z, Cai L, Zhang X, Zhai Y, Liu J. A small deletion in SERPINC1 causes type I antithrombin deficiency by promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncotarget 2016; 7:76882-76890. [PMID: 27708219 PMCID: PMC5363556 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antithrombin (AT) deficiency is an autosomal dominant disorder, and identification of mutation AT variants would improve our understanding of the anticoagulant function of this serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) and the molecular pathways underlying this disorder. In the present study, we performed whole-exome sequencing of a Chinese family with deep vein thrombosis, and identified a new small deletion that eliminates four amino acids (INEL) from exon 4 of SERPINC1 gene. This causes type I AT deficiency by enhancing the intracellular retention of this protein. AT retention leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which further inhibits AT release. In addition, ER stress activates ER-associated degradation, which promotes AT degradation. Suppression of ER stress enhanced the secretion of AT, while inhibition of ER-associated degradation suppressed AT release. Thus, our study identified a new mutation (INEL deletion) causing type I AT deficiency, and uncovered a novel mechanism for AT retention through enhanced ER stress, which may provide an innovative approach for treating AT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Liang Shu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders (No.13dz2260500), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yu Zhai
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jianren Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- Clinical Research Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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24
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Litvinov RI, Weisel JW. Fibrin mechanical properties and their structural origins. Matrix Biol 2016; 60-61:110-123. [PMID: 27553509 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrin is a protein polymer that is essential for hemostasis and thrombosis, wound healing, and several other biological functions and pathological conditions that involve extracellular matrix. In addition to molecular and cellular interactions, fibrin mechanics has been recently shown to underlie clot behavior in the highly dynamic intra- and extravascular environments. Fibrin has both elastic and viscous properties. Perhaps the most remarkable rheological feature of the fibrin network is an extremely high elasticity and stability despite very low protein content. Another important mechanical property that is common to many filamentous protein polymers but not other polymers is stiffening occurring in response to shear, tension, or compression. New data has begun to provide a structural basis for the unique mechanical behavior of fibrin that originates from its complex multi-scale hierarchical structure. The mechanical behavior of the whole fibrin gel is governed largely by the properties of single fibers and their ensembles, including changes in fiber orientation, stretching, bending, and buckling. The properties of individual fibrin fibers are determined by the number and packing arrangements of double-stranded half-staggered protofibrils, which still remain poorly understood. It has also been proposed that forced unfolding of sub-molecular structures, including elongation of flexible and relatively unstructured portions of fibrin molecules, can contribute to fibrin deformations. In spite of a great increase in our knowledge of the structural mechanics of fibrin, much about the mechanisms of fibrin's biological functions remains unknown. Fibrin deformability is not only an essential part of the biomechanics of hemostasis and thrombosis, but also a rapidly developing field of bioengineering that uses fibrin as a versatile biomaterial with exceptional and tunable biochemical and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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25
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Kraus MJ, Seifert J, Strasser EF, Gawaz M, Schäffer TE, Rheinlaender J. Comparative morphology analysis of live blood platelets using scanning ion conductance and robotic dark-field microscopy. Platelets 2016; 27:541-6. [PMID: 27063564 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2016.1158400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many conventional microscopy techniques for investigating platelet morphology such as electron or fluorescence microscopy require highly invasive treatment of the platelets such as fixation, drying and metal coating or staining. Here, we present two unique but entirely different microscopy techniques for direct morphology analysis of live, unstained platelets: scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) and robotic dark-field microscopy (RDM). We demonstrate that both techniques allow for a quantitative evaluation of the morphological features of live adherent platelets. We show that their morphology can be quantified by both techniques using the same geometric parameters and therefore can be directly compared. By imaging the same identical platelets subsequently with SICM and RDM, we found that area, perimeter and circularity of the platelets are directly correlated between SICM and dark-field microscopy (DM), while the fractal dimension (FD) differed between the two microscopy techniques. We show that SICM and RDM are both valuable tools for the ex vivo investigation of the morphology of live platelets, which might contribute to new insights into the physiological and pathophysiological role of platelet spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max-Joseph Kraus
- a Geiselgasteig Ambulance , Grünwald , Munich , Germany.,b Institute for Medical Engineering and Information Processing , University of Koblenz , Koblenz , Germany
| | - Jan Seifert
- c Institute of Applied Physics , University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Erwin F Strasser
- d University Hospital of Erlangen , Transfusion and Haemostaseology Department , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- e Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases , University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Tilman E Schäffer
- c Institute of Applied Physics , University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
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26
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van Kempen THS, Donders WP, van de Vosse FN, Peters GWM. A constitutive model for developing blood clots with various compositions and their nonlinear viscoelastic behavior. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:279-91. [PMID: 26045142 PMCID: PMC4792371 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties determine to a large extent the functioning of a blood clot. These properties depend on the composition of the clot and have been related to many diseases. However, the various involved components and their complex interactions make it difficult at this stage to fully understand and predict properties as a function of the components. Therefore, in this study, a constitutive model is developed that describes the viscoelastic behavior of blood clots with various compositions. Hereto, clots are formed from whole blood, platelet-rich plasma and platelet-poor plasma to study the influence of red blood cells, platelets and fibrin, respectively. Rheological experiments are performed to probe the mechanical behavior of the clots during their formation. The nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of the mature clots is characterized using a large amplitude oscillatory shear deformation. The model is based on a generalized Maxwell model that accurately describes the results for the different rheological experiments by making the moduli and viscosities a function of time and the past and current deformation. Using the same model with different parameter values enables a description of clots with different compositions. A sensitivity analysis is applied to study the influence of parameter variations on the model output. The relative simplicity and flexibility make the model suitable for numerical simulations of blood clots and other materials showing similar behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H S van Kempen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter P Donders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans N van de Vosse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit W M Peters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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27
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Kinetics and mechanics of clot contraction are governed by the molecular and cellular composition of the blood. Blood 2015; 127:149-59. [PMID: 26603837 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-647560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-driven blood clot contraction (retraction) is thought to promote wound closure and secure hemostasis while preventing vascular occlusion. Notwithstanding its importance, clot contraction remains a poorly understood process, partially because of the lack of methodology to quantify its dynamics and requirements. We used a novel automated optical analyzer to continuously track in vitro changes in the size of contracting clots in whole blood and in variously reconstituted samples. Kinetics of contraction was complemented with dynamic rheometry to characterize the viscoelasticity of contracting clots. This combined approach enabled investigation of the coordinated mechanistic impact of platelets, including nonmuscle myosin II, red blood cells (RBCs), fibrin(ogen), factor XIIIa (FXIIIa), and thrombin on the kinetics and mechanics of the contraction process. Clot contraction is composed of 3 sequential phases, each characterized by a distinct rate constant. Thrombin, Ca(2+), the integrin αIIbβ3, myosin IIa, FXIIIa cross-linking, and platelet count all promote 1 or more phases of the clot contraction process. In contrast, RBCs impair contraction and reduce elasticity, while increasing the overall contractile stress generated by the platelet-fibrin meshwork. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which blood cells, fibrin(ogen), and platelet-fibrin interactions modulate clot contraction may generate novel approaches to reveal and to manage thrombosis and hemostatic disorders.
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28
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Wang CW, Perez MJ, Helmke BP, Viola F, Lawrence MB. Integration of acoustic radiation force and optical imaging for blood plasma clot stiffness measurement. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128799. [PMID: 26042775 PMCID: PMC4456080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the life-preserving function blood clotting serves in the body, inadequate or excessive blood clot stiffness has been associated with life-threatening diseases such as stroke, hemorrhage, and heart attack. The relationship between blood clot stiffness and vascular diseases underscores the importance of quantifying the magnitude and kinetics of blood's transformation from a fluid to a viscoelastic solid. To measure blood plasma clot stiffness, we have developed a method that uses ultrasound acoustic radiation force (ARF) to induce micron-scaled displacements (1-500 μm) on microbeads suspended in blood plasma. The displacements were detected by optical microscopy and took place within a micro-liter sized clot region formed within a larger volume (2 mL sample) to minimize container surface effects. Modulation of the ultrasound generated acoustic radiation force allowed stiffness measurements to be made in blood plasma from before its gel point to the stage where it was a fully developed viscoelastic solid. A 0.5 wt % agarose hydrogel was 9.8-fold stiffer than the plasma (platelet-rich) clot at 1 h post-kaolin stimulus. The acoustic radiation force microbead method was sensitive to the presence of platelets and strength of coagulation stimulus. Platelet depletion reduced clot stiffness 6.9 fold relative to platelet rich plasma. The sensitivity of acoustic radiation force based stiffness assessment may allow for studying platelet regulation of both incipient and mature clot mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline W. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science and School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science and School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Helmke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science and School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Francesco Viola
- HemoSonics, LLC, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Lawrence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science and School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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