1
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Wang J, Tian J, Wang L, Yang ZW, Xu P. Mesenchymal stem cells regulate M1 polarization of peritoneal macrophages through the CARD9-NF-κB signaling pathway in severe acute pancreatitis. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2023; 30:338-350. [PMID: 35738898 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages release large numbers of proinflammatory cytokines that trigger inflammatory cascade reactions, which promote the rapid development of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) from local to systemic inflammation. The ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to suppress inflammation is related to inhibition of M1 polarization of macrophages. Our previous studies revealed that caspase recruitment domain protein 9 (CARD9) was involved in SAP inflammation and activation of the CARD9-NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important proinflammatory role in SAP. At present, there is no effective treatment to control the inflammatory response in SAP. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether MSCs regulate the polarization of macrophages through the CARD9-NF-κB signaling pathway in SAP. METHODS Short hairpin RNA interference technology and coculture in vitro were used to assess the activation status of the CARD9-NF-κB signal pathway in macrophages. Furthermore, flow cytometry was used to determine the polarization state of macrophages. RESULTS The results showed MSCs inhibited CARD9 expression in vivo and in vitro (P < .05), alleviated inflammation induced by proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB in macrophages both in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, MSCs downregulated the CARD9-NF-κB signal pathway and inhibited M1 polarization of macrophages. CONCLUSION In conclusion, MSCs regulate M1 polarization of peritoneal macrophages through the CARD9-NF-κB signaling pathway in SAP and transplantation of MSCs presents an effective treatment option for SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Songjiang Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Songjiang Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Yang
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Songjiang Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
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2
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Liu X, Jiang B, Hao H, Liu Z. CARD9 Signaling, Inflammation, and Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880879. [PMID: 35432375 PMCID: PMC9005907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) protein is expressed in many cells especially in immune cells, and is critically involved in the function of the innate and adaptive immune systems through extensive interactions between CARD9 and other signaling molecules including NF-κB and MAPK. CARD9-mediated signaling plays a central role in regulating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress through the productions of important cytokines and chemokines. Abnormalities of CARD9 and CARD9 signaling or CARD9 mutations or polymorphism are associated with a variety of pathological conditions including infections, inflammation, and autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the function of CARD9 and CARD9-mediated signaling pathways, as well as interactions with other important signaling molecules in different cell types and the relations to specific disease conditions including inflammatory diseases, infections, tumorigenesis, and cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyou Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Bimei Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Hao
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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3
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Li G, Chen H, Liu L, Xiao P, Xie Y, Geng X, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Lu T, Tan H, Li L, Sun B. Role of Interleukin-17 in Acute Pancreatitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674803. [PMID: 34594321 PMCID: PMC8476864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a leading cause of death and is commonly accompanied by systemic manifestations that are generally associated with a poor prognosis. Many cytokines contribute to pancreatic tissue damage and cause systemic injury. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a cytokine that may play a vital role in AP. Specifically, IL-17 has important effects on the immune response and causes interactions between different inflammatory mediators in the AP-related microenvironment. In this literature review, we will discuss the existing academic understanding of IL-17 and the impacts of IL-17 in different cells (especially in acinar cells and immune system cells) in AP pathogenesis. The clinical significance and potential mechanisms of IL-17 on AP deterioration are emphasized. The evidence suggests that inhibiting the IL-17 cytokine family could alleviate the pathogenic process of AP, and we highlight therapeutic strategies that directly or indirectly target IL-17 cytokines in acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongze Chen
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinglong Geng
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianqi Lu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongtao Tan
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
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4
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The Role of CARD9 Deficiency in Neutrophils. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6643603. [PMID: 33488294 PMCID: PMC7803395 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6643603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a critical role in innate immune defense and directly contribute to infectious and autoimmune ailments. Great efforts are underway to better understand the nature of neutrophilic inflammation. Of note, CARD9, a myeloid cell-specific signaling protein that mainly expresses in macrophages and dendritic cells, is also present in neutrophils, emerging as a critical mediator for intercellular communication. CARD9-deficiency neutrophils display an increased susceptibility to fungal infection that primarily localize to the central nervous system, subcutaneous, and skin tissue. Additionally, CARD9-deficiency neutrophils are associated with some autoimmune diseases and even provide protection against a few bacteria. Here, the review summarizes recent preclinical and clinical advances that have provided a novel insight into the pathogenesis of CARD9 deficiency in neutrophils.
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5
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Wang J, Tian J, He YH, Yang ZW, Wang L, Lai YX, Xu P. Role of CARD9 in inflammatory signal pathway of peritoneal macrophages in severe acute pancreatitis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:9774-9785. [PMID: 32790017 PMCID: PMC7520331 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that caspase recruitment domain protein 9 (CARD9) was involved in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) inflammation and that interfering with its expression in vivo could inhibit inflammation. However, the specific mechanism is unknown. This study aimed to discover the related signal pathways of CARD9 in macrophages. SiRNA interference technology was used in vivo and in vitro to detect CARD9‐related signal pathways in peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and membrane‐associated C‐type lectin‐1 (Dectin‐1) pathways in macrophages were activated specially to looking for the upstream signal path of CARD9. Results showed up‐regulation of CARD9 expression in peritoneal macrophages of SAP rats (P < .05). CARD9 siRNA alleviated inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited the phosphorylation of NF‐κB and p38MAPK in peritoneal macrophages in vivo or in vitro. Meanwhile, CARD9 siRNA reduced the concentration of CARD9 and Bcl10 in peritoneal macrophages, and TLR4 and Dectin‐1 took part in CARD9 signal pathways in macrophages. In conclusion, there is an inflammation signal pathway comprised of TLR4/Dectin‐1‐CARD9‐NF‐κB/p38MAPK activated in macrophages in SAP. Blockade of CARD9 expression in macrophages can effectively alleviate SAP inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Songjiang Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Huan He
- Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Yang
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Songjiang Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Songjiang Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue-Xing Lai
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Songjiang Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Preparatory Stage), Shanghai, China
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6
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Sun C, Zhang X, Yu Y, Li Z, Xie Y. CARD9 mediates T cell inflammatory response in Coxsackievirus B3-induced acute myocarditis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2020; 49:107261. [PMID: 32771878 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac inflammation in Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis is a consequence of viral-related cardiac injury and immune response. Caspase-associated recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) is a critical adaptor protein involved in transduction of signals from various innate pattern recognition receptors. In this study, the role of CARD9 in acute viral myocarditis was evaluated. CARD9-/- and C57BL/6 mice were infected with CVB3. On day 7 postinfection, myocardial tissue and blood samples were collected and examined. After CARD9 knockout, mRNA and protein levels of transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β), interleukin-17A(IL-17A), and CARD domain of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10(BCL-10) in the myocardium were markedly lower in CARD9-/- mice than in C57BL/6 mice with CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. This trend was similar for the pathological scores for inflammation and serum levels of cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-10(IL-10), interferon -γ(IFN-γ), TGF-β, and IL-17A. These results suggest that the CARD9-mediated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines plays an important role in the immune response to acute viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Kunshan Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhengdong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuquan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Physiological and Pathological Functions of CARD9 Signaling in the Innate Immune System. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 429:177-203. [PMID: 32415389 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caspase recruitment domain protein 9 (CARD9) forms essential signaling complexes in the innate immune system that integrate cues from C-type lectin receptors and specific intracellular pattern recognition receptors. These CARD9-mediated signals are pivotal for host defense against fungi, and they mediate immunity against certain bacteria, viruses and parasites. Furthermore, CARD9-regulated pathways are involved in sterile inflammatory responses critical for immune homeostasis and can control pro- and antitumor immunity in cancer microenvironments. Consequently, multiple genetic alterations of human CARD9 are connected to primary immunodeficiencies or prevalent inflammatory disorders in patients. This review will summarize our current understanding of CARD9 signaling in the innate immune system, its physiological and pathological functions and their implications for human immune-mediated diseases.
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8
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Zhong X, Chen B, Yang L, Yang Z. Molecular and physiological roles of the adaptor protein CARD9 in immunity. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:52. [PMID: 29352133 PMCID: PMC5833731 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CARD9 is a caspase recruitment domain-containing signaling protein that plays a critical role in innate and adaptive immunity. It has been widely demonstrated that CARD9 adaptor allows pattern recognition receptors to induce NF-κB and MAPK activation, which initiates a “downstream” inflammation cytokine cascade and provides effective protection against microbial invasion, especially fungal infection. Here our aim is to update existing paradigms and summarize the most recent findings on the CARD9 signaling pathway, revealing significant mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of CARD9 deficiency. We also discuss the effect of CARD9 genetic mutations on the in vivo immune response, and highlight clinical advances in non-infection inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Chen
- Surgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Hai W, Ping X, Zhi-Wen Y, Chun Z. Therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of pioglitazone in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 51:e6812. [PMID: 29267505 PMCID: PMC5731332 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (Card9) is located upstream of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inflammatory pathways. This study investigated the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of pioglitazone in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). SAP was induced by a retrograde infusion of 5.0% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct of Sprague Dawley rats (n=54), which were then treated with pioglitazone. Blood and pancreatic tissues were harvested at 3, 6, and 12 h after SAP induction. Pancreatic pathological damage was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Serum amylase, serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, and pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of Card9 mRNA and protein in pancreatic tissues was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Pioglitazone had a therapeutic effect in treating rats with SAP by decreasing the level of amylase activity, ameliorating pancreatic histological damage, decreasing serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and tissue MPO activity, and downregulating the expression of NF-κB, p38MAPK, and Card9 mRNAs and proteins (P<0.05). The present study demonstrated that the inhibition of Card9 expression could reduce the severity of SAP. Card9 has a role in the pathogenic mechanism of SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Hai
- Department of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Songjiang Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Ping
- Shanghai Songjiang Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhi-Wen
- Shanghai Songjiang Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Chun
- Shanghai Songjiang Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This report reviews recent aspects of pancreatitis immunology and environmental factors that link to development and progression of disease. RECENT FINDINGS Limited human and animal model studies have recently attempted to understand immune mechanisms that lead to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Based on these studies innate immune responses emerge as critical elements in disease pathogenesis and severity of inflammation. The immune basis for environmental factors such as smoking, which are highly associated with disease progression highlight novel cross talk mechanisms between immune and nonimmune pancreatic cells such as the pancreatic stellate cells. SUMMARY Better understanding of immune responses and signaling pathways are emerging as important contributors in pancreatitis development and progression. Such mechanisms are likely to offer future targetable therapies that can either halt or reverse disease progression.
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11
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Immunopathogenesis of pancreatitis. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:283-298. [PMID: 27848953 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The conventional view of the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis is that it is due to a genetic- or environment-based abnormality of intracellular acinar trypsinogen activation and thus to the induction of acinar cell injury that, in turn, sets in motion an intra-pancreatic inflammatory process. More recent studies, reviewed here, present strong evidence that while such trypsinogen activation is likely a necessary first step in the inflammatory cascade underlying pancreatitis, sustained pancreatic inflammation is dependent on damage-associated molecular patterns-mediated cytokine activation causing the translocation of commensal (gut) organisms into the circulation and their induction of innate immune responses in acinar cells. Quite unexpectedly, these recent studies reveal that the innate responses involve activation of responses by an innate factor, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), and that such NOD1 responses have a critical role in the activation/production of nuclear factor-kappa B and type I interferon. In addition, they reveal that chronic inflammation and its accompanying fibrosis are dependent on the generation of IL-33 by injured acinar cells and its downstream induction of T cells producing IL-13. These recent studies thus establish that pancreatitis is quite a unique form of inflammation and one susceptible to newer, more innovative therapy.
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12
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Yang ZW, Meng XX, Zhang C, Xu P. CARD9 gene silencing with siRNA protects rats against severe acute pancreatitis: CARD9-dependent NF-κB and P38MAPKs pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:1085-1093. [PMID: 27957800 PMCID: PMC5431129 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the up‐regulation of caspase recruitment domain 9 (CARD9) expressions in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) patients, but little is known about its regulation. In this study, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to reduce the levels of CARD9 expression in sodium taurocholate‐stimulated SAP rats. CARD9 was overexpressed in SAP rats, which correlated with the severity of pancreatitis. When compared to the untreated group, the cohort that received the siRNA treatment demonstrated a significant reduction in pancreatic injury, neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase activity and pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, siRNAs showed that the reduction of CARD9 in SAP rats down‐regulated the expression of NF‐κBp65 and P38MAPK which are involved in the transcription and release of a wide variety of inflammatory cytokines. These findings provide evidence that CARD9 is up‐regulated in SAP rats and acts as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment thereof. Blocking the activation of NF‐κB and P38MAPK via siRNA‐mediated gene knock‐down of CARD9 appears to reduce the inflammatory response in pancreatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Yang
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Meng
- Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Shanghai Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Peterson MR, Haller SE, Ren J, Nair S, He G. CARD9 as a potential target in cardiovascular disease. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3799-3804. [PMID: 27920495 PMCID: PMC5125811 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s122508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation and localized macrophage infiltration have been implicated in cardiovascular pathologies, including coronary artery disease, carotid atherosclerosis, heart failure, obesity-associated heart dysfunction, and cardiac fibrosis. Inflammation induces macrophage infiltration and activation and release of cytokines and chemokines, causing tissue dysfunction by instigating a positive feedback loop that further propagates inflammation. Cytosolic adaptor caspase recruitment domain family, member 9 (CARD9) is a protein expressed primarily by dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, in which it mediates cytokine secretion. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of CARD9 as a potential target in inflammation-related cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Peterson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Samantha E Haller
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Sreejayan Nair
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Guanglong He
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA
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